内外科护理:心血管与呼吸
方法
- 说出问题所在:泵衰竭、动脉阻塞、节律、血栓、气道狭窄、感染或设备问题。
- 先检查危险征象:低氧、低血压、胸痛、新出现的意识模糊、冰冷无脉搏的肢体。
- 让氧疗与患者相匹配:大多数人为 94–98%,有 CO₂ 潴留风险者为 88–92%。
- 把每种药物与其检测和风险联系起来:华法林与 INR,肝素与 aPTT 和血小板,利尿剂与血钾。
- 选择安全的第一步措施,然后升级处理并重新评估。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 16 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
How does varenicline help people stop smoking?
During tracheal suctioning, a patient's heart rate drops from 88/min to 48/min. What should the nurse do?
A patient with a spinal cord injury can still feel a light touch around the anus. What does this show?
Weeks after starting insulin, a patient with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes needs much less insulin and has frequent mild hypos. What is the most likely explanation?
What is the most important safety point about misoprostol?
A category (stage) 4 pressure ulcer is now healing and shallower. How should it be documented according to standard guidance?
Why is an ankle–brachial pressure index (ABPI) measured before applying compression bandages to a leg ulcer?
A patient with full mental capacity decides against a treatment that the team thinks is best. What does the Mental Capacity Act 2005 (England and Wales) say?
A patient on warfarin for atrial fibrillation has a target INR of 2.0–3.0. How does the usual target for a patient with a mechanical mitral valve compare?
A patient without symptoms has a finger-stick glucose of 340 mg/dL (18.9 mmol/L). The previous values were normal, and the patient has just peeled an orange. What should the nurse do first?
某练习动脉血气显示 pH 7.06,PaCO₂ 40 mmHg (5.3 kPa),HCO₃⁻ 11 mmol/L。原发性紊乱是代谢性酸中毒。代偿到什么程度?点选你的答案。
某练习血气显示代谢性酸中毒:pH 7.33,PaCO₂ 33 mmHg (4.4 kPa),HCO₃⁻ 17 mmol/L。把实测的PaCO₂与温特公式比较。点选你的解读。
解读这条 II 导联心律条带。这是什么节律?点击你的答案。
依次按五个步骤解读这条 II 导联心电图:心率、节律、P 波、PR 间期、QRS 时限。你在哪一步发现第一个异常?点击它。
A nurse cannot read part of a medication order. What should the nurse do?
将哪项分配给 LPN/LVN 最恰当?
答案: A · It partly stimulates and partly blocks nicotine receptors
Varenicline is a partial agonist at nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. It reduces cravings and withdrawal and makes smoking less rewarding. Nausea is common, and patients are asked to report mood changes.
答案: A · Stop suctioning, give oxygen and monitor the patient
Suctioning can cause hypoxaemia and vagal stimulation, leading to bradycardia and arrhythmias. The nurse stops, gives oxygen and observes. Each pass should be short (usually no more than about 10–15 seconds), with pre-oxygenation if needed.
答案: C · The injury is incomplete, which suggests a better chance of recovery
Preserved sensation or movement in the lowest sacral segments (sacral sparing) means the injury is incomplete. Incomplete injuries have a much better chance of some functional recovery.
答案: B · A honeymoon phase, but insulin is still needed
After diagnosis and correction of high glucose, remaining beta cells may work better for a while, so insulin needs fall. This honeymoon phase is temporary. The doses are reduced, but insulin is not stopped.
答案: C · It can cause miscarriage and must not be used in pregnancy
Misoprostol protects the stomach lining against NSAID damage, but it stimulates uterine contraction and can cause miscarriage. Diarrhoea is its most common side effect.
答案: B · As a healing category 4 pressure ulcer
Pressure ulcers are not "reverse staged" because granulation tissue does not replace the muscle, fat and dermis that were lost. The wound is described as a healing category 4 ulcer.
答案: A · To exclude significant arterial disease, as compression could cut off blood flow
ABPI compares ankle and arm blood pressures. A low result suggests arterial insufficiency, where compression could cause ischaemia; venous ulcers with adequate arterial supply are treated with compression.
答案: D · A person is not treated as lacking capacity just because they make an unwise decision
One of the Act's principles is that making an unwise decision is not, on its own, evidence of incapacity. The team should check understanding, explore reasons and document the discussion.
答案: C · Higher, about 2.5–3.5
Mechanical heart valves, especially in the mitral position, have a high risk of thrombosis, so the INR target is usually higher, about 2.5–3.5. An INR of 5 or more carries a high bleeding risk.核对依据: Label: WARFARIN SODIUM tablet · DailyMed (NLM/FDA) (2012)
答案: B · Have the patient wash and dry their hands, then repeat the test
Sugar residue on the fingers can give a falsely high finger-stick result. The hands are washed with soap and water and dried, and the test repeated. If the value is still high, it is confirmed and reported. Treating a false result could cause hypoglycemia.
答案: 未代偿
解读血气(ROME):先看 pH:低于 7.35 为酸血症,高于 7.45 为碱血症。然后找出能解释它的指标。PaCO₂(正常 35–45 mmHg,4.7–6.0 kPa)是呼吸方面的指标,在呼吸性紊乱中与 pH 反向(Opposite)变化;HCO₃⁻(正常 22–26 mmol/L)是代谢方面的指标,与 pH 同向变化(Respiratory Opposite, Metabolic Equal,即呼吸性相反,代谢性相同)。另一个指标显示代偿情况:正常表示未代偿;沿着使 pH 回升的方向异常、而 pH 仍然异常,表示部分代偿;pH 正常而两个指标都异常,表示完全代偿。各实验室的范围略有差异;这些是练习用数值。
临床上还应检查预期代偿:按温特公式,预期 PaCO₂ 为 22.5–26.5 mmHg,所以实测 40 mmHg 提示合并呼吸性酸中毒(混合性紊乱)。上面的答案是按 ROME 法的考试分类。
答案: 适当的代偿
预期代偿:代谢性酸中毒时,温特公式预测 PaCO₂ = 1.5·HCO₃⁻ + 8 ± 2 mmHg;实测值高于该范围提示合并呼吸性酸中毒,低于该范围提示合并呼吸性碱中毒。阴离子间隙 AG = Na⁺ − (Cl⁻ + HCO₃⁻),正常约为 8–12 mmol/L,用于区分高阴离子间隙与正常阴离子间隙代谢性酸中毒;低白蛋白会掩盖升高的间隙(白蛋白低于 4.0 的部分,每 g/dL 加 2.5)。Δ 比值 (AG − 12)/(24 − HCO₃⁻) 约在 0.8 到 2 之间符合单纯高间隙酸中毒(有些教材用 1 代替 0.8),低于此范围提示合并正常间隙酸中毒,高于 2 提示合并代谢性碱中毒。
答案: 正常窦性心律
节律标准(II 导联):窦性心律每个 QRS 之前都有直立的 P 波,PR 恒定为 0.12–0.20 s,QRS 狭窄:60–100 次/分为正常窦性心律,低于 60 为窦性心动过缓,高于 100 为窦性心动过速。心房颤动:无 P 波,基线呈颤动,R–R 绝对不规则。心房扑动:约 250–350 次/分的锯齿状扑动波,伴固定的传导比例,如 2:1 或 4:1。一度房室传导阻滞:窦性心律,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。交界性心律:窄 QRS,40–60 次/分,P 波缺失或倒置(PR 低于 0.12 s,或 P 波在 QRS 之后)。室性早搏(PVC)是提前出现的宽大(0.12 s 或以上)、形态怪异的 QRS,没有 P 波,T 波方向相反,通常有完全性代偿间歇;二联律是指每隔一个搏动就有一个室性早搏。
答案: 节律
每条心电图的五个步骤:1. 心率(300 法或 1500 法;若不规则则用 6 秒法);2. 节律:R–R 间期是否相等;3. P 波:是否存在、在 II 导联直立、每个 QRS 之前各有一个且形态一致;4. PR 间期:0.12–0.20 s 且恒定;5. QRS 时限:低于 0.12 s。五个步骤做完之后才命名节律。正常窦性心律五项全部符合:60–100 次/分,规则,每个 QRS 之前有直立 P 波,PR 0.12–0.20 s,QRS 低于 0.12 s。
答案: C · Contact the prescriber to clarify the order before giving the drug
An unclear order must be clarified with the prescriber before the medication is given. Guessing or ignoring the order can harm the patient.
答案: D · 一名病情稳定的 COPD 患者,需要定时雾化支气管扩张剂和口服药物
病情稳定、接受常规治疗的 COPD 患者,其护理是可预测的。刚从 ICU 转来的患者和新开始的静脉控制心率输注需要 RN 评估,而关于新的高警示药物的初次教育属于 RN。
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