Which finding most suggests fluid overload in a patient with chronic kidney disease?
AA weight gain of 2 kg (4.4 lb) in two days with ankle swelling
BDark yellow urine and thirst
CA dry mouth and a low blood pressure when standing
DA weight loss of 1 kg (2.2 lb) after a hot day
4.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏困难
A patient with untreated end-stage kidney disease has chest pain that is worse lying flat and better sitting forward. A rub is heard over the heart. What is most likely?
AA rib fracture from coughing
BUraemic pericarditis, which usually needs urgent dialysis
CIndigestion from phosphate binders
DA stable angina attack, which needs only a nitrate spray and rest
5.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤中等
Why is it important to prevent perioperative hypothermia?
AIt makes patients wake up from the anaesthetic too quickly
BIt lowers the risk of pain after surgery
CIt increases bleeding, wound infection and heart complications
DIt reduces the amount of anaesthetic needed, which is unsafe
6.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤困难
A patient with a toe ulcer says the leg pain is worse at night and eases when they hang the leg over the side of the bed. What does this suggest?
AVenous insufficiency
BLymphoedema
CNeuropathic itching
DArterial insufficiency
7.临床护理中等
Which is a first-line nursing measure to help prevent constipation in hospital?
AKeeping the patient in bed
BRestricting fluids to reduce urine output
CEncouraging fluids, fibre and mobility
DGiving an enema to every patient on admission
8.临床护理困难
A nurse teaches a patient with asthma about a new inhaled steroid "preventer". Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
A"I will rinse my mouth after using it."
B"I will only use it when I'm wheezy."
C"I will use it every day even when I feel well."
D"I'll keep my reliever inhaler with me."
9.实验室检查值与电解质中等
How should a patient collect a clean-catch midstream urine sample?
ACollect urine from the toilet bowl after voiding into the toilet
BClean the area, start voiding into the toilet, then catch the middle part
CFill the cup completely, then add tap water if there is not enough
DCollect the very first urine of the stream directly in the sterile cup
10.实验室检查值与电解质困难
Which patient should the nurse assess first?
AChest pain with troponin rising from the first to the second sample
BHypertension with a potassium of 3.6 mEq/L on a thiazide
CHeart failure with a BNP lower than the result on admission
DStable angina with a total cholesterol of 245 mg/dL (6.3 mmol/L)
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1交界性心律
2正常窦性心律
3一度房室传导阻滞
4窦性心动过缓
14.心电图节律条带解读困难
依次按五个步骤解读这条 II 导联心电图:心率、节律、P 波、PR 间期、QRS 时限。你在哪一步发现第一个异常?点击它。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1折旧率
2节律
3P 波
4PR 间期
5QRS 时限
15.优先排序与委派中等
一名成年患者在活动室进食时,突然双手抓住喉咙,无法说话、呼吸或咳嗽。护士应首先做什么?
A盲目用手指在口中掏取
B等着看患者能否咳出来
C给患者一杯水把食物冲下去
D呼救,并进行拍背和腹部冲击
16.优先排序与委派困难
A patient opens their eyes only to pain, uses inappropriate words and withdraws from pain. What is the Glasgow Coma Scale score?
A13
B7
C9
D11
3溶液
1.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸
答案: B · Chewing speeds absorption, giving a faster antiplatelet effect
为什么是这个答案
Aspirin irreversibly inhibits platelet cyclo-oxygenase, reducing thromboxane A2 and platelet aggregation. Chewing a non-enteric-coated tablet speeds absorption. It reduces mortality in acute coronary syndromes and is given unless there is a true allergy.
答案
B · Chewing speeds absorption, giving a faster antiplatelet effect
答案: A · A weight gain of 2 kg (4.4 lb) in two days with ankle swelling
为什么是这个答案
Rapid weight gain reflects fluid retention. Oedema, breathlessness, crackles in the lungs and a raised blood pressure are other signs. Daily weights are a simple and reliable way to track fluid balance.
答案
A · A weight gain of 2 kg (4.4 lb) in two days with ankle swelling
4.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏
答案: B · Uraemic pericarditis, which usually needs urgent dialysis
为什么是这个答案
Uraemic toxins can cause pericarditis, with positional chest pain and a friction rub. It is an indication for urgent dialysis and can lead to a pericardial effusion and tamponade.
答案
B · Uraemic pericarditis, which usually needs urgent dialysis
5.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤
答案: C · It increases bleeding, wound infection and heart complications
为什么是这个答案
Even mild hypothermia impairs clotting, increases surgical site infection and cardiac events, and causes shivering and discomfort. Forced-air warming, warmed fluids and covering the patient help prevent it.
答案
C · It increases bleeding, wound infection and heart complications
6.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤
答案: D · Arterial insufficiency
为什么是这个答案
Rest pain eased by dependency is typical of severe peripheral arterial disease. Elevating the leg worsens pain, and compression is avoided. Vascular assessment is needed.
答案
D · Arterial insufficiency
7.临床护理
答案: C · Encouraging fluids, fibre and mobility
为什么是这个答案
Adequate fluids, a fibre-rich diet, mobility and privacy for toileting help prevent constipation. Laxatives are added if needed, especially with opioids.
答案
C · Encouraging fluids, fibre and mobility
8.临床护理
答案: B · "I will only use it when I'm wheezy."
为什么是这个答案
Inhaled corticosteroids must be used regularly to reduce airway inflammation and prevent attacks. The short-acting reliever is used for symptoms.
答案
B · "I will only use it when I'm wheezy."
9.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: B · Clean the area, start voiding into the toilet, then catch the middle part
为什么是这个答案
Cleaning the urethral area and discarding the first part of the stream reduce contamination from skin and urethral bacteria. The inside of the sterile container must not be touched, and the sample should reach the laboratory promptly.核对依据:Clean catch urine sample · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)
答案
B · Clean the area, start voiding into the toilet, then catch the middle part
10.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: A · Chest pain with troponin rising from the first to the second sample
为什么是这个答案
A rising troponin with chest pain indicates acute myocardial injury, possibly infarction, which needs urgent assessment and treatment. High cholesterol is a long-term risk, a falling BNP shows improvement, and a potassium of 3.6 mEq/L is normal.核对依据:Troponin Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2023)
答案
A · Chest pain with troponin rising from the first to the second sample
Eyes open to pain scores 2, inappropriate words score 3 and withdrawal from pain scores 4, giving 9. A score of 8 or less often means the patient cannot protect their airway.