内外科护理:心血管与呼吸
方法
- 说出问题所在:泵衰竭、动脉阻塞、节律、血栓、气道狭窄、感染或设备问题。
- 先检查危险征象:低氧、低血压、胸痛、新出现的意识模糊、冰冷无脉搏的肢体。
- 让氧疗与患者相匹配:大多数人为 94–98%,有 CO₂ 潴留风险者为 88–92%。
- 把每种药物与其检测和风险联系起来:华法林与 INR,肝素与 aPTT 和血小板,利尿剂与血钾。
- 选择安全的第一步措施,然后升级处理并重新评估。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 16 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
一名哮喘患者每周使用缓解型吸入器超过三次。这提示什么?
A nurse teaches a patient how to measure blood pressure at home. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
Which long-term risk should a kidney transplant recipient be taught to reduce with sun protection?
A patient with a brain injury has a mean arterial pressure of 80 mmHg and an ICP of 25 mmHg. How should the nurse interpret this?
When breaking bad news, what is the first step in frameworks such as SPIKES?
A patient with cirrhosis takes spironolactone and furosemide. Which blood result should the nurse report before the next dose?
Why is blood pressure monitored closely in a patient with an epidural infusion?
A patient with a central venous catheter develops fever and rigors shortly after the line is flushed, with no other obvious source. What should be suspected?
A patient's potassium is 7.0 mEq/L. Which ECG change would the nurse expect?
A patient has fever, chills, flank pain and costovertebral angle tenderness. Urinalysis shows many white cells and white cell casts. Which condition is most likely?
某练习动脉血气显示 pH 7.13,PaCO₂ 37 mmHg (4.9 kPa),HCO₃⁻ 12 mmol/L。原发性紊乱是代谢性酸中毒。代偿到什么程度?点选你的答案。
练习数值:Na⁺ 145,Cl⁻ 114,HCO₃⁻ 13 mmol/L,白蛋白 24 g/L。求经白蛋白校正的阴离子间隙 AGc = AG + 0.25·(40 − 白蛋白)。
解读这条 II 导联心律条带。这是什么节律?点击你的答案。
依次按五个步骤解读这条 II 导联心电图:心率、节律、P 波、PR 间期、QRS 时限。你在哪一步发现第一个异常?点击它。
一名成年患者在活动室进食时,突然双手抓住喉咙,无法说话、呼吸或咳嗽。护士应首先做什么?
After a cervical spinal cord injury, a patient has a blood pressure of 80/50 mmHg, a heart rate of 48/min and warm, dry skin. What is most likely?
答案: C · 哮喘控制不佳,治疗需要复核
经常需要缓解药、夜间因症状醒来或活动受限,说明哮喘控制不佳。应检查吸入技术、依从性和诱因,并升级规律使用的预防治疗。
答案: C · "I will measure it straight after my morning jog."
Home readings should be taken after resting quietly for about 5 minutes, sitting with back supported, feet flat and the arm supported at heart level, with no recent exercise, caffeine or smoking. Two readings are often recorded. Measuring after exercise gives falsely high results.
答案: D · Skin cancer
Transplant recipients have a much higher risk of skin cancers, especially squamous cell carcinoma, because of immunosuppression. Sun protection and regular skin checks are important.
答案: B · The cerebral perfusion pressure is 55 mmHg, below the usual target
CPP = MAP − ICP, so 80 − 25 = 55 mmHg. A CPP below about 60 mmHg risks brain ischaemia. The team will act to lower the ICP and support the MAP.
答案: D · Set up a private setting with enough time
SPIKES starts with setting up a private, quiet space with time and the right people present. It then explores the patient's perception and wishes, shares knowledge in small steps, responds to emotions and agrees a plan.
答案: D · Potassium 6.0 mmol/L
Spironolactone blocks aldosterone and can cause hyperkalaemia, which risks arrhythmias. A potassium of 6.0 mmol/L is above the normal range (about 3.5–5.0) and needs urgent review before further doses.
答案: B · The local anaesthetic can block sympathetic nerves and cause hypotension
Epidural local anaesthetic can cause vasodilation and hypotension. Nurses also monitor sedation, respiratory rate, block height, motor function and the catheter site.
答案: C · A catheter-related bloodstream infection
Rigors after flushing suggest bacteria colonising the catheter. Blood cultures are taken (often from the line and a peripheral vein) and the team decides whether to remove the line.
答案: C · Tall, peaked T waves
Hyperkalemia first causes tall, peaked T waves, then a prolonged PR interval, loss of P waves and a wide QRS, which can lead to ventricular fibrillation or asystole. U waves and flat T waves are signs of hypokalemia.核对依据: High potassium level · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025); Potassium test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答案: A · Acute pyelonephritis
White cell casts show that the inflammation is in the kidney itself, not just the bladder. With fever and flank pain this indicates pyelonephritis. Glomerulonephritis typically causes red cell casts, and nephrotic syndrome causes heavy protein loss.核对依据: Urinary casts · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025); Glomerulonephritis · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答案: 未代偿
解读血气(ROME):先看 pH:低于 7.35 为酸血症,高于 7.45 为碱血症。然后找出能解释它的指标。PaCO₂(正常 35–45 mmHg,4.7–6.0 kPa)是呼吸方面的指标,在呼吸性紊乱中与 pH 反向(Opposite)变化;HCO₃⁻(正常 22–26 mmol/L)是代谢方面的指标,与 pH 同向变化(Respiratory Opposite, Metabolic Equal,即呼吸性相反,代谢性相同)。另一个指标显示代偿情况:正常表示未代偿;沿着使 pH 回升的方向异常、而 pH 仍然异常,表示部分代偿;pH 正常而两个指标都异常,表示完全代偿。各实验室的范围略有差异;这些是练习用数值。
临床上还应检查预期代偿:按温特公式,预期 PaCO₂ 为 24–28 mmHg,所以实测 37 mmHg 提示合并呼吸性酸中毒(混合性紊乱)。上面的答案是按 ROME 法的考试分类。
答案: AGc = 22 mmol/L
预期代偿:代谢性酸中毒时,温特公式预测 PaCO₂ = 1.5·HCO₃⁻ + 8 ± 2 mmHg;实测值高于该范围提示合并呼吸性酸中毒,低于该范围提示合并呼吸性碱中毒。阴离子间隙 AG = Na⁺ − (Cl⁻ + HCO₃⁻),正常约为 8–12 mmol/L,用于区分高阴离子间隙与正常阴离子间隙代谢性酸中毒;低白蛋白会掩盖升高的间隙(白蛋白低于 4.0 的部分,每 g/dL 加 2.5)。Δ 比值 (AG − 12)/(24 − HCO₃⁻) 约在 0.8 到 2 之间符合单纯高间隙酸中毒(有些教材用 1 代替 0.8),低于此范围提示合并正常间隙酸中毒,高于 2 提示合并代谢性碱中毒。
校正后高于约 12:阴离子间隙升高。
答案: 窦性心动过缓
节律标准(II 导联):窦性心律每个 QRS 之前都有直立的 P 波,PR 恒定为 0.12–0.20 s,QRS 狭窄:60–100 次/分为正常窦性心律,低于 60 为窦性心动过缓,高于 100 为窦性心动过速。心房颤动:无 P 波,基线呈颤动,R–R 绝对不规则。心房扑动:约 250–350 次/分的锯齿状扑动波,伴固定的传导比例,如 2:1 或 4:1。一度房室传导阻滞:窦性心律,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。交界性心律:窄 QRS,40–60 次/分,P 波缺失或倒置(PR 低于 0.12 s,或 P 波在 QRS 之后)。室性早搏(PVC)是提前出现的宽大(0.12 s 或以上)、形态怪异的 QRS,没有 P 波,T 波方向相反,通常有完全性代偿间歇;二联律是指每隔一个搏动就有一个室性早搏。
答案: PR 间期
每条心电图的五个步骤:1. 心率(300 法或 1500 法;若不规则则用 6 秒法);2. 节律:R–R 间期是否相等;3. P 波:是否存在、在 II 导联直立、每个 QRS 之前各有一个且形态一致;4. PR 间期:0.12–0.20 s 且恒定;5. QRS 时限:低于 0.12 s。五个步骤做完之后才命名节律。正常窦性心律五项全部符合:60–100 次/分,规则,每个 QRS 之前有直立 P 波,PR 0.12–0.20 s,QRS 低于 0.12 s。
答案: C · 呼救,并进行拍背和腹部冲击
不能说话、呼吸或咳嗽的成人存在严重的气道梗阻。欧洲复苏委员会等复苏指南建议拍背最多 5 次,然后腹部冲击最多 5 次,重复直至异物排出;有些指南则从腹部冲击开始。如果患者失去反应,则开始心肺复苏。盲目用手指掏取可能把异物推得更深。
答案: B · Neurogenic shock
Neurogenic shock follows loss of sympathetic tone, causing vasodilation, hypotension and bradycardia with warm skin. Hypovolemic shock usually causes a fast pulse and cool, clammy skin.
ExamProblems · examproblems.com/courses/medical-surgical-nursing