精神科护理
方法
- 判断是否存在即时风险:自杀、暴力、药物急症或躯体疾病。
- 先保障安全:观察、移除危险物品、缓和局面、停用有害药物、寻求帮助。
- 选择治疗性回应:承认感受、陈述现实,避免虚假的安慰和“为什么”式提问。
- 尊重权利:采用限制最少的方案,知情同意,以及保密及其限度。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 6 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
A patient taking valproate is starting lamotrigine. Why must lamotrigine be increased especially slowly?
A woman taking carbamazepine for bipolar disorder uses an oral contraceptive pill. What should the nurse teach?
把异常定义为偏离社会规范,主要受到什么批评?
一位患者有精神病性症状已一年;有几周时间出现幻觉而没有任何心境发作,其他时候精神病性症状则出现在重性抑郁发作期间。最可能的诊断是什么?
Which lab tests are monitored in a patient taking carbamazepine?
一名最近开始服用氟哌啶醇的患者出现高热、"铅管样"肌强直、意识混乱和肌酸激酶极度升高。最可能的诊断是什么?
答案: B · Valproate raises lamotrigine levels, which increases the risk of a serious rash
Valproate inhibits the metabolism of lamotrigine, roughly doubling its levels. Because lamotrigine rash, including Stevens-Johnson syndrome, is linked to rapid dose increases, a slower titration is used.
答案: C · Carbamazepine can make the pill less effective, so she should discuss contraception with the prescriber
Carbamazepine induces liver enzymes and speeds up the breakdown of many drugs, including hormonal contraceptives. This can lead to unplanned pregnancy, and carbamazepine is also teratogenic.
答案: A · 规范因文化而异,并随时间变化
社会规范具有文化和时代特异性,因此这一定义可能把无害的不从众行为标记为障碍,并曾被用来为社会控制辩护。
答案: C · 分裂情感性障碍
分裂情感性障碍包括心境发作与精神分裂症症状同时存在,另有至少两周没有心境发作的精神病性症状。在精神病性抑郁中,精神病性症状只出现在心境发作期间。
答案: A · Full blood count and serum sodium
Carbamazepine can rarely cause bone marrow suppression and commonly lowers serum sodium. Blood counts, sodium and liver tests are checked, especially early in treatment.
答案: B · 神经阻滞剂恶性综合征
神经阻滞剂恶性综合征发生在使用多巴胺拮抗剂之后,在数天内发展,表现为铅管样强直、发热和 CK 升高。5-羟色胺综合征发展更快,以阵挛和反射亢进为特征。
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