精神科护理
方法
- 判断是否存在即时风险:自杀、暴力、药物急症或躯体疾病。
- 先保障安全:观察、移除危险物品、缓和局面、停用有害药物、寻求帮助。
- 选择治疗性回应:承认感受、陈述现实,避免虚假的安慰和“为什么”式提问。
- 尊重权利:采用限制最少的方案,知情同意,以及保密及其限度。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 6 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
Which feature helps distinguish normal grief from major depression?
再喂养的第三天,一名严重神经性厌食患者出现踝部肿胀、低磷血症和脉搏不规则。最可能的是什么?
做作性障碍与诈病的关键区别在于,诈病:
一位强迫症来访者出门前要检查炉子二十次。根据认知行为模型,为什么检查会维持这种障碍?
When should a patient take a once-daily proton pump inhibitor such as omeprazole?
A heparin infusion contains 25,000 units in 500 mL. The order is 1,000 units per hour. What rate should be set on the pump?
答案: C · In grief, painful feelings come in waves and self-esteem is usually kept
In grief, sadness tends to come in waves linked to reminders of the loss, and positive memories and humour are possible. Pervasive worthlessness, self-loathing and hopelessness suggest depression.
答案: B · 再喂养综合征
饥饿后再喂养引起胰岛素释放,使磷、钾和镁进入细胞内,导致心力衰竭、水肿、心律失常和意识模糊。应密切监测并补充电解质,并逐渐增加喂养量。
答案: A · 为了金钱或逃避工作等明显的外部利益而伪装症状
两者都涉及故意伪造。做作性障碍的动机是被视为病人,没有明显的外部利益;诈病则有明确的外部诱因。在 DSM-5 中,诈病不属于精神障碍。
答案: C · 检查后的解脱感强化了检查,并阻碍其认识到恐惧没有根据
强迫行为因短期的解脱而得到负强化,并使当事人无法认识到焦虑会自行下降。这就是 ERP 要阻止仪式行为的原因。
答案: D · About 30–60 minutes before the first meal of the day
Proton pump inhibitors block pumps that are active, so they work best when taken before breakfast. Food then activates the pumps when the drug level is high.
答案: A · 20 mL/h
25,000 units ÷ 500 mL = 50 units/mL, and 1,000 units/h ÷ 50 units/mL = 20 mL/h. Heparin is a high-alert drug, so the calculation and pump settings are independently double-checked.
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