精神科护理
方法
- 判断是否存在即时风险:自杀、暴力、药物急症或躯体疾病。
- 先保障安全:观察、移除危险物品、缓和局面、停用有害药物、寻求帮助。
- 选择治疗性回应:承认感受、陈述现实,避免虚假的安慰和“为什么”式提问。
- 尊重权利:采用限制最少的方案,知情同意,以及保密及其限度。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 6 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
哪项原则适用于身体约束的使用?
A patient with long-standing schizophrenia is often seen drinking from the taps. Today he is confused, has a headache and his serum sodium is 124 mmol/L (124 mEq/L). What is the most likely problem?
根据克拉克的惊恐认知模型,惊恐发作源于:
哪项证据最能支持 CBT 是焦虑障碍的有效治疗,而不只是安慰剂效应?
A patient with a fentanyl patch is given home-care advice. Which instruction is correct?
庆大霉素与大剂量静脉用呋塞米合用。哪种风险会特别增加?
答案: B · 这是限制较少的措施失败后的最后手段,需密切监测,并在安全时尽快解除
仅在降级处理失败后,为防止迫在眉睫的伤害,并依照法律和政策才使用约束。应持续监测患者的呼吸、循环和健康状况,并记录一切。
答案: D · Water intoxication from psychogenic polydipsia
Some patients with chronic psychosis drink excessive water, which dilutes sodium and can cause confusion, seizures and coma. The nurse reports the result, monitors neurological status and follows orders for fluid restriction and regular weights.
答案: D · 对正常身体感觉的灾难化误解
克拉克提出,人们把心悸或头晕等感觉解释为灾难即将来临的信号,这会加剧焦虑和这些感觉,形成恶性循环。
答案: B · 随机试验表明 CBT 优于可信的注意-安慰剂对照条件
证明优于可信的安慰剂对照,就排除了非特异性因素是唯一解释的可能。许多试验和元分析都报告了 CBT 治疗焦虑障碍的这一结果。
答案: A · Avoid heating pads, hot baths and saunas over or near the patch
Heat increases fentanyl absorption and can cause overdose. Sites are rotated, patches are never cut, and used patches are folded sticky sides together and disposed of safely, away from children and pets.
答案: D · 听力损害
氨基糖苷类和袢利尿剂都可能损害内耳。两者合用会增加耳毒性风险,因此需要谨慎并加以监测。
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