精神科护理
方法
- 判断是否存在即时风险:自杀、暴力、药物急症或躯体疾病。
- 先保障安全:观察、移除危险物品、缓和局面、停用有害药物、寻求帮助。
- 选择治疗性回应:承认感受、陈述现实,避免虚假的安慰和“为什么”式提问。
- 尊重权利:采用限制最少的方案,知情同意,以及保密及其限度。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 6 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
How does repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) differ from ECT?
一名每天服用高剂量苯二氮䓬类药物一年的患者告诉你,她 2 天前突然停药了。主要风险是什么?
来访者说:"我有一次考试不及格,所以我什么都会失败。"这是哪种认知歪曲?
一位老年患者在开始服用一种新药后两天内出现意识混乱,注意力一天中时好时坏。她的女儿说上周她的记忆还很正常。最恰当的解释是什么?
Why is hypovolaemia corrected with IV fluids before or while starting a vasopressor?
A patient on valproate becomes lethargic, starts vomiting and develops jaundice. Which adverse effect should be suspected first?
答案: C · It uses magnetic pulses on the scalp while the patient is awake, without causing a seizure
rTMS stimulates specific brain areas with a magnetic coil held on the head. It does not need anaesthesia or cause a seizure and is used for depression that has not responded to medicines.
答案: D · 戒断性惊厥
长期大剂量使用后突然戒断可引起严重焦虑、震颤、知觉障碍和惊厥。应通知开医嘱者,并考虑在监督下逐渐减量。
答案: D · 过度概括
过度概括是从单一事件得出笼统的结论。贝克的认知疗法教来访者觉察并检验这类歪曲。
答案: B · 谵妄,需要查找躯体原因或药物原因
急性起病伴注意力波动提示谵妄,这是一种医疗急症,原因可能是药物、感染或脱水。痴呆则在数月至数年间逐渐发展。
答案: C · Vasopressors cannot keep perfusion up if the circulation is under-filled
Vasoconstriction without adequate volume reduces organ blood flow and can cause ischaemia. Fluid resuscitation restores preload, and vasopressors are then used for persistent hypotension.
答案: C · Liver toxicity
Valproate can cause serious hepatotoxicity, especially in young children and early in treatment. Liver function tests are checked, and the drug may need to be stopped; pancreatitis is another serious risk.
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