精神科护理
方法
- 判断是否存在即时风险:自杀、暴力、药物急症或躯体疾病。
- 先保障安全:观察、移除危险物品、缓和局面、停用有害药物、寻求帮助。
- 选择治疗性回应:承认感受、陈述现实,避免虚假的安慰和“为什么”式提问。
- 尊重权利:采用限制最少的方案,知情同意,以及保密及其限度。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 6 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
Which finding in a patient with anorexia nervosa is most concerning?
A behaviour plan states that staff will no longer give attention to a child's tantrums but will praise calm behaviour. For the first few days, the tantrums become worse. What does this most likely show?
哪种模式定义了双相 II 型障碍?
一项研究把一种新疗法与等待名单对照组比较,发现效果很大。为什么这可能高估了该疗法的特异性效果?
ACE 抑制剂如何降低血压?
Before starting long-term bisphosphonate treatment, a patient is advised to have a dental check-up. Why?
答案: D · A resting heart rate of 38/min
Severe bradycardia suggests cardiovascular compromise from starvation and can lead to dangerous arrhythmias. It is a common reason for urgent medical admission.
答案: B · An extinction burst, which is expected before the behaviour decreases
When a reinforced behaviour stops being rewarded, it often increases temporarily (an extinction burst) before declining. Consistency by all staff is essential, while safety is always maintained.
答案: C · 至少一次轻躁狂发作和至少一次重性抑郁发作
双相 II 型需要有轻躁狂发作和重性抑郁发作,但没有躁狂发作。只要有一次躁狂发作就诊断为双相 I 型。
答案: D · 等待名单控制了时间推移,但没有控制关注、期望或治疗联盟
等待名单设计表明治疗优于不治疗,但希望和与治疗师接触等共同因素没有得到控制。要检验特异性成分,需要积极疗法对照或注意-安慰剂对照。
答案: D · 阻断血管紧张素 I 转化为血管紧张素 II
ACE 抑制剂(如雷米普利)减少血管紧张素 II,使血管扩张、醛固酮减少。它们还减少缓激肽的降解,这解释了干咳。
答案: A · They are linked to osteonecrosis of the jaw after dental surgery
Osteonecrosis of the jaw is a rare but serious adverse effect, mostly after invasive dental work. Dental problems are treated before starting, and good oral hygiene is maintained.
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