精神科护理
方法
- 判断是否存在即时风险:自杀、暴力、药物急症或躯体疾病。
- 先保障安全:观察、移除危险物品、缓和局面、停用有害药物、寻求帮助。
- 选择治疗性回应:承认感受、陈述现实,避免虚假的安慰和“为什么”式提问。
- 尊重权利:采用限制最少的方案,知情同意,以及保密及其限度。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 6 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
A newly admitted patient asks, "Do you think I'm crazy?" Which response is most therapeutic?
一名 80 岁的外科患者一夜之间出现意识模糊,注意力波动,并拉扯他的静脉输液管。他入院时定向力良好。最恰当的解释是什么?
根据克拉克的惊恐认知模型,惊恐发作源于:
在塞利格曼后来对习得性无助的重新表述(艾布拉姆森、塞利格曼和蒂斯代尔)中,当人们把负面事件归因于哪类原因时最容易抑郁?
How are most medication doses for children calculated?
A 19-year-old woman is starting isotretinoin for severe acne. Which requirement is most important?
答案: B · "You seem worried about what being here means. Can you tell me more?"
The question often hides fear or shame about being in a mental health setting. Exploring the concern shows acceptance, while labelling or false reassurance does not help.
答案: B · 可能是谵妄:寻找潜在的躯体原因并告知团队
急性、波动性的意识模糊提示谵妄,常由感染、疼痛、药物、脱水、尿潴留或缺氧引起。这是医疗急症;应治疗病因,并首先采用非药物措施保证患者的安全。
答案: D · 对正常身体感觉的灾难化误解
克拉克提出,人们把心悸或头晕等感觉解释为灾难即将来临的信号,这会加剧焦虑和这些感觉,形成恶性循环。
答案: A · 内部的、稳定的和全局的
归因重新表述认为,抑郁性归因风格用内部、稳定和全局的原因来解释坏事,从而导致绝望感。
答案: B · By body weight in kilograms, or sometimes body surface area
Children's doses are usually weight-based, sometimes using body surface area, and must not exceed the adult maximum. Accurate, recent weight in kilograms is essential.
答案: D · Reliable contraception and pregnancy tests, as it is highly teratogenic
Isotretinoin causes severe birth defects. Pregnancy prevention programmes require effective contraception and regular pregnancy tests before, during and after treatment.
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