NCLEX-PN 风格练习题(LPN/LVN):速成包

公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 34 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。

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1公式与方法

感染控制与患者安全

方法

  1. 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
  2. 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
  3. 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
  4. 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
  5. 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。

优先排序与委派

方法

  1. 问自己:如果什么都不做,什么会最快伤害患者。
  2. 应用 ABC(心脏骤停时为 C-A-B),然后是 Maslow 需求层次:生理需要先于安全,安全先于心理需要。
  3. 比较各选项:急性先于慢性,不稳定先于稳定,意外先于预期,全身性先于局部,并将每项发现与患者的基线对照。
  4. 除非是紧急情况,否则先评估再行动;然后选择其他步骤所依赖的那一步。
  5. 委派时核对五项正确:任务、情境、人员、指示和监督。评估、宣教和评价仍由注册护士负责。

实验室检查值与电解质

方法

  1. 把数值与本实验室自己的参考范围比较,再与患者的基线和趋势比较。
  2. 检查标本:溶血、延迟,或在静脉输液附近采血都可能得出错误结果。
  3. 把数值与其典型体征以及引起它的药物和疾病联系起来。
  4. 注意相互作用:低钾或低镁会增加地高辛中毒的风险;脱水会使锂浓度升高。
  5. 对患者采取行动:评估,血药浓度不安全时暂停用药,复述危急值并通知开医嘱的医生。

内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

方法

  1. 说出问题所在:泵衰竭、动脉阻塞、节律、血栓、气道狭窄、感染或设备问题。
  2. 先检查危险征象:低氧、低血压、胸痛、新出现的意识模糊、冰冷无脉搏的肢体。
  3. 让氧疗与患者相匹配:大多数人为 94–98%,有 CO₂ 潴留风险者为 88–92%。
  4. 把每种药物与其检测和风险联系起来:华法林与 INR,肝素与 aPTT 和血小板,利尿剂与血钾。
  5. 选择安全的第一步措施,然后升级处理并重新评估。

内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

方法

  1. 对每位新出现意识模糊、乏力或癫痫发作的患者都检查血糖。
  2. 把意识水平作为脑部问题最早的警示;瞳孔变化和库欣三联征出现得较晚。
  3. 对于糖尿病急症,要区分 DKA(酮体、酸中毒)和 HHS(渗透压很高、脱水);先补液。
  4. 对于钠和水,要判断是 ADH 过多(SIADH)还是缺乏(尿崩症),并缓慢纠正慢性变化。
  5. 对于肾脏问题,把原因分为肾前性、肾性或肾后性,并监测血钾和液体。

内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

方法

  1. 想一想可能隐藏着什么:内出血、无发热的感染、SpO₂ 正常背后的通气不足。
  2. 利用术后的时间来缩小并发症的范围:出血在数小时内,胸部问题在数天内,伤口和吻合口漏出现得更晚。
  3. 对于疼痛,要评估、用多模式镇痛治疗、重新评估,并且在每次使用阿片类药物时监测镇静程度。
  4. 对于癌症患者,把低谷期的任何疾病都当作中性粒细胞减少性脓毒症处理,并了解肿瘤急症。
  5. 对于烧伤,只计算浅二度/深二度和三度的面积,从烧伤的时刻开始计算 Parkland 时间,并根据尿量调整。

产科护理

方法

  1. 把产妇放在时间轴上定位:孕周、产程阶段或产后第几天,再判断此时什么是正常的。
  2. 找出处于危险中的对象:母亲、胎儿或新生儿,或者其中不止一个。
  3. 把发现与其原因联系起来:减速用 VEAL CHOP,出血用四个 T,产后用 BUBBLE-HE。
  4. 优先选择改善血流和氧合的措施(侧卧、停用缩宫素、宫底按摩),然后再升级处理。

儿科护理

方法

  1. 先记下患儿的年龄:它决定正常生命体征、发育里程碑和合适的疼痛量表。
  2. 评估气道、呼吸和循环,记住儿童代偿很久之后会迅速恶化。
  3. 让措施与发育阶段相匹配,并让家属参与。
  4. 检查答案对儿童是否安全:按体重计算,病毒感染不用阿司匹林,12 岁以下不用可待因。

精神科护理

方法

  1. 判断是否存在即时风险:自杀、暴力、药物急症或躯体疾病。
  2. 先保障安全:观察、移除危险物品、缓和局面、停用有害药物、寻求帮助。
  3. 选择治疗性回应:承认感受、陈述现实,避免虚假的安慰和“为什么”式提问。
  4. 尊重权利:采用限制最少的方案,知情同意,以及保密及其限度。

护理数学与单位换算

公制进位
1 kg = 1000 g, 1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg, 1 L = 1000 mL
体重和长度
1 kg = 2.2 lb, 1 lb = 16 oz, 1 in = 2.54 cm, 1 ft = 12 in
家用计量
1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL
温度
°C = (°F − 32)·5/9, °F = °C·9/5 + 32
24 小时制
PM 1–11 点:加 12; 12 AM = 00:xx; 12 PM = 12:xx
给药速率
mcg/min × 60/1000 = mg/h
实验室换算系数
葡萄糖 1 mmol/L = 18 mg/dL; 肌酐 1 mg/dL = 88.4 µmol/L; Hb 1 g/dL = 10 g/L

方法

  1. 写出已知量及其单位,以及你想要的单位。
  2. 选定等量关系:kg、g、mg 和 mcg 之间,或 L 和 mL 之间为 1000;1 kg = 2.2 lb;1 tsp = 5 mL,1 tbsp = 15 mL,1 fl oz = 30 mL,1 cup = 240 mL。
  3. 写成分数,使不需要的单位相互约去;对于速率,每个变化的单位用一个分数。
  4. 检查方向:单位越小,数字越大。
  5. 只对最终答案取整,精度按题目所述。

剂量计算

由浓度计算剂量
体积 = 剂量 / 浓度
按体重给药
剂量 = mg/kg × 体重
片剂
片数 = 剂量 / 每片规格
单位
1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg

方法

  1. 把医嘱剂量和药品规格换算为同一单位。
  2. 用“需要量除以现有量再乘以数量”:(D/H) × Q。
  3. 按体重给药时,先乘以以 kg 计的体重,再用日剂量除以给药次数。
  4. 先估算,再检查答案是否合理。

静脉输液速度

泵速
mL/h = volume (mL)/time (h)
滴速
drops/min = volume (mL) × drop factor / time (min)
输注时间
time (h) = volume (mL)/rate (mL/h)

方法

  1. 泵速 mL/h:体积除以以小时计的时间。
  2. 滴速 drops/min:体积 × 滴系数,再除以以分钟计的时间。
  3. 剩余时间:剩余体积除以速率。
  4. 按题目或设备的要求取整。

静脉输液与液体平衡

Holliday–Segar 每小时量
4 mL/kg(前 10 kg)+ 2 mL/kg(次 10 kg)+ 1 mL/kg(20 kg 以上每 kg)
Holliday–Segar 每日量
相同分段分别为 100 / 50 / 20 mL/kg
液体平衡
入量 − 出量
冰屑
按其体积的一半计算
尿量
mL/kg/h = mL / (kg × h)
输注时间
时间 (h) = 剩余体积 (mL) / 速率 (mL/h)
已输入体积
mL = 速率 × 时间

临床评估评分

格拉斯哥昏迷量表
GCS = E (1–4) + V (1–5) + M (1–6) = 3–15
Apgar
5 项体征 × 0–2 = 0–10; 7–10 令人放心, 4–6 中度异常, 0–3 低
Braden 量表
5 × (1–4) + 1 × (1–3) = 6–23; ≤ 18 有风险
Morse 跌倒评分
跌倒 25, 诊断 15, 辅助 15/30, 静脉输液 20, 步态 10/20, 精神状态 15
NEWS2 风险
0–4 低; 单项 3 分为中低; 5–6 中; ≥ 7 高
平均动脉压
MAP = (SBP + 2·DBP)/3 = DBP + PP/3
脉压和休克指数
PP = SBP − DBP, SI = HR/SBP
体质指数
BMI = kg/m² = 703·lb/in²

方法

  1. 找出题目使用的评分表及其范围(GCS 3–15,Apgar 0–10,Braden 6–23,Morse 0–125)。
  2. 分别为每个条目评分,将描述与其对应的等级匹配。
  3. 把各条目得分相加,并检查总分是否在范围内。
  4. 应用分界值:对于 NEWS2,还要查看是否有单项参数得 3 分。
  5. 对于导出的数值,使用 MAP = (SBP + 2·DBP)/3,PP = SBP − DBP,SI = HR/SBP,BMI = kg/m²。

2练习题

1.护理学基础中等

How should a nurse help a patient with severe visual impairment on admission?

  1. AMove the patient's belongings around to keep the area tidy
  2. BGuide the patient by pushing them gently from behind as they walk
  3. CIntroduce themselves, describe the room and keep items in place
  4. DSpeak more loudly than usual
2.护理学基础困难

一名有决策能力的成年患者请护士不要把自己的癌症诊断告诉家人。护士应该怎么做?

  1. A告诉家人,因为亲属有权知道严重的诊断
  2. B无论如何请医生告诉家人
  3. C尊重这一要求,不与家人分享该信息
  4. D只有家人直接询问时才告诉他们
3.感染控制与患者安全中等

A portable x-ray is taken at the bedside. Which action protects the nurse?

  1. AStay close to the patient to keep them still without protection
  2. BStep away from the patient or wear a lead apron during the exposure
  3. CLook directly at the x-ray tube during the exposure to check its position
  4. DStand next to the patient and hold the film without protection
4.感染控制与患者安全困难

A patient restrained because of violent behavior is now calm, oriented and following instructions. What should the nurse do?

  1. AKeep the restraints until the order expires
  2. BRemove the restraints, because the reason for them has ended
  3. CRemove one restraint each day to test the patient’s behavior
  4. DKeep the restraints until the next provider visit
5.优先排序与委派中等

A nurse teaches a patient with heart failure. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?

  1. A“I will weigh myself every morning after I use the toilet.”
  2. B“I will take my water tablet in the morning.”
  3. C“I will call if my weight goes up quickly over a day or two.”
  4. D“I add extra salt to my food so it tastes better.”
6.优先排序与委派困难

A 2-month-old infant has a spiral fracture of the femur. The parents say the baby rolled off the sofa. What should the nurse recognize?

  1. AA spiral fracture in an infant is always caused by birth trauma
  2. BThe injury does not fit the infant’s development, so possible abuse must be reported
  3. CInfants of this age often roll off furniture and break bones in this way
  4. DNo further action is needed once the fracture is treated
7.临床护理中等

Which is a major risk factor for Clostridioides difficile infection?

  1. AA diet high in fibre and fresh fruit
  2. BTaking regular paracetamol
  3. CRecent broad-spectrum antibiotic use
  4. DRegular exercise
8.临床护理困难

A nurse teaches a patient with a new ileostomy. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?

  1. A"My stoma should look pink or red and moist."
  2. B"My output will be firm and formed like before."
  3. C"I will empty the bag when it is about a third to half full."
  4. D"I will drink extra fluids when it is hot."
9.实验室检查值与电解质中等

Apart from the lithium level, which tests are monitored regularly in long-term lithium therapy?

  1. AINR and the platelet count
  2. BTroponin and creatine kinase (CK)
  3. CKidney function and thyroid function
  4. DLiver enzymes and serum amylase
10.实验室检查值与电解质困难

A patient with C. difficile diarrhea has a white cell count of 24 × 10³/µL and a creatinine that has risen to 2.1 mg/dL (186 µmol/L). What does this indicate?

  1. ASevere C. difficile infection
  2. BUnrelated chronic kidney disease
  3. CMild infection needing no treatment
  4. DSuccessful response to treatment
11.药理学中等

Why should NSAIDs be used with caution in some people with asthma?

  1. AThey can trigger bronchospasm in aspirin-sensitive asthma
  2. BThey increase the clearance of salbutamol
  3. CThey block the anti-inflammatory effect of inhaled corticosteroids
  4. DThey cause mucus plugs by drying the airways
12.药理学困难

非竞争性(不可逆)拮抗剂如何改变量效曲线?

  1. A使曲线右移,最大效应不变
  2. B使曲线左移
  3. C降低最大效应
  4. D使曲线变陡,没有其他变化
13.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸中等

What is the purpose of a mucolytic such as carbocisteine in chronic productive cough?

  1. ATo widen the airways within minutes
  2. BTo kill bacteria in the airways
  3. CTo stop the patient coughing completely, day and night
  4. DTo make sputum thinner and easier to cough up
14.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸困难

Three hours after femoral cardiac catheterisation, a patient has new lower back and flank pain, a heart rate of 112/min and BP 92/60 mmHg. The groin looks normal. What should the nurse suspect?

  1. AAn allergic reaction to the contrast
  2. BA urinary tract infection
  3. CRetroperitoneal bleeding
  4. DNormal back ache from lying flat
15.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏中等

A patient who has had type 1 diabetes for 30 years says they no longer feel the warning signs of a hypo. What is this called?

  1. AHypoglycaemia unawareness
  2. BDiabetic ketoacidosis
  3. CInsulin resistance
  4. DThe dawn phenomenon
16.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏困难

A student has fever, a severe headache, a spreading non-blanching rash and a BP of 85/50 mmHg. A lumbar puncture is planned. What is the priority?

  1. AArrange a CT scan of the head before any treatment
  2. BWait until after the lumbar puncture before giving antibiotics
  3. CGive paracetamol (acetaminophen) and recheck observations in an hour
  4. DGive IV antibiotics at once and start sepsis treatment
17.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤中等

为什么肝硬化患者的出血风险增加?

  1. A肝硬化时的高动脉血压使血管破裂
  2. B肝硬化使血小板计数升高,从而使血小板变弱
  3. C凝血因子减少、血小板低,以及门静脉高压引起的曲张静脉
  4. D瘢痕化的肝脏将肝素等抗凝物质释放到血液中
18.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤困难

一名从房屋火灾中获救的患者未吸氧时 SpO₂ 为 99%,但有头痛、意识混乱和樱桃红色嘴唇。护士应怎么做?

  1. A通过非重复呼吸面罩给予 100% 氧气,并申请碳氧血红蛋白水平检测
  2. B通过鼻导管以 2 L/min 给氧,一小时后复查
  3. C撤掉氧气,因为血氧饱和度完全正常
  4. D用对乙酰氨基酚治疗头痛,并观察患者一夜
19.产科护理中等

Why is an indwelling catheter placed before a caesarean birth?

  1. ATo prevent postpartum haemorrhage
  2. BTo keep the bladder empty during surgery
  3. CTo measure the baby's fluid balance
  4. DTo collect a urine sample for culture
20.产科护理困难

A deceleration lasts 3 minutes before the baseline recovers. How is this classified?

  1. AA prolonged deceleration
  2. BAn early deceleration
  3. CA change of baseline
  4. DA variable acceleration
21.儿科护理中等

A child with suspected measles is admitted. Which precaution is most important?

  1. AAirborne precautions, ideally in a negative-pressure room
  2. BNo special precautions once the rash appears
  3. CDroplet precautions in a shared bay
  4. DContact precautions only, with gloves
22.儿科护理困难

A child with a new forearm cast has severe pain not relieved by analgesia and screams when the nurse gently moves the fingers. What should the nurse suspect?

  1. AAnxiety; distract the child with play
  2. BCompartment syndrome; report it at once
  3. CNormal pain after a fracture; give more time
  4. DItching under the cast; give an antihistamine
23.精神科护理中等

首次服用氟哌啶醇几小时后,一名年轻男子的颈部扭向一侧,眼球上翻。这是什么?

  1. A5-羟色胺综合征
  2. B迟发性运动障碍
  3. C急性肌张力障碍
  4. D抗精神病药恶性综合征
24.精神科护理困难

A voluntary patient asks to leave the ward now. While talking, he says he plans to jump from a bridge on the way home. What should the nurse do?

  1. ALet him leave, because voluntary patients can always go when they want
  2. BStay with him and inform the team at once, so he can be urgently assessed under mental health law
  3. CAsk him to promise that he will not jump, and then let him go home on his own
  4. DTell him to go home now and come back tomorrow morning when he feels calmer and safer
25.护理数学与单位换算中等
12345678910111209:00?11:00 AM9:00 AM8:00 AM9:00 PM

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一个剂量记录在 09:00(24 小时制)。哪个条目是 12 小时制中的同一时间?点击它。

09:00
  1. 111:00 AM
  2. 29:00 AM
  3. 38:00 AM
  4. 49:00 PM
26.护理数学与单位换算困难
1 杯? mL1½ tsp? mL3 fl oz? mL3 tbsp? mLΣ = ? mL

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一个班次中,患者摄入了1 杯 / 茶, 1½ tsp / 止咳糖浆, 3 fl oz / 果汁, 3 tbsp / 液体营养补充剂。按给出的等量关系,求以 mL 表示的口服总摄入量V。

1 杯 = 8 fl oz = 240 mL1 tsp = 5 mL1 fl oz = 30 mL1 tbsp = 15 mL
V = mL
27.剂量计算中等
1 g+ 9.6 mLV = ? mL

一个药瓶中含有 1 g 的粉末。标签上写着:加入 9.6 mL 注射用水,得到总容量 10 mL。医嘱为 300 mg。你应给予复溶后溶液的多少容量 V?

1 g+ 9.6 mL → 10 mL300 mg
V = mL
28.剂量计算困难
100 mg/1 mLV = ? mL

一名患者体重 123.2 lb。医嘱为单次剂量 1 mg/kg,储备液为 1 mL 中含 100 mg。按 1 kg = 2.2 lb 计算,你应给予多少容量 V?

123.2 lb1 mg/kg100 mg/1 mL1 kg = 2.2 lb
V = mL
29.静脉输液速度中等
1330 mL剩余? mL/h9 h 剩余

医嘱要求在 12 小时内输入 1500 mL。3 小时后你发现袋中还剩 1330 mL,而输液仍须按时完成。 必须把泵重新设定为多少 mL/h 的速率 R?

1500 mL / 12 h经过 3 h: 1330 mL
R = mL/h
30.静脉输液速度困难
4 g1000 mL? mL/h3 mg/min

一袋中含有 4 g 药物,溶于 1000 mL。医嘱为每分钟 3 mg。泵速 R 应设为多少 mL/h?

4 g/1000 mL3 mg/min
R = mL/h
31.静脉输液与液体平衡中等
入量出量12 小时班次牛奶240 mL水240 mL静脉输液125 mL/h × 12 h静脉抗生素1 × 50 mL尿液475 mL尿液375 mL

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 记录显示了一名患者在一个 12 小时班次中的出入量。静脉输液在整个班次中按所示速率输注。求总入量 I,以 mL 计。

牛奶: 240 mL水: 240 mL静脉输液: 125 mL/h × 12 h静脉抗生素: 1 × 50 mL
I = mL
32.静脉输液与液体平衡困难
1000 mL450 mL 已输入60 mL/h11:30t = ? h

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一袋 1000 mL 的液体用输液泵以 60 mL/h 输注。到 11:30 时已输入 450 mL。还要多少小时 t 袋子才会输完? 保留一位小数。

1000 mL450 mL 已输入60 mL/h
t = h
33.临床评估评分中等
S? / 4+M? / 4+A? / 4+Mob? / 4+N? / 4+F? / 3Σ?

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 用 Braden 量表评估一位练习患者:感觉知觉: 完全受限; 潮湿程度: 持续潮湿; 活动: 局限于椅子; 活动能力: 不受限制; 营养: 非常差; 摩擦力和剪切力: 潜在问题。求 Braden 总分B。

6–23
B =
34.临床评估评分困难
无风险轻度风险中度风险高风险极高风险

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 用 Braden 量表评估一位练习患者:感觉知觉: 轻度受限; 潮湿程度: 非常潮湿; 活动: 卧床不起; 活动能力: 轻度受限; 营养: 可能不足; 摩擦力和剪切力: 潜在问题。使用的分级为:19–23 无风险,15–18 轻度,13–14 中度,10–12 高,9 或以下极高。点击风险等级。

  1. 1无风险
  2. 2轻度风险
  3. 3中度风险
  4. 4高风险
  5. 5极高风险

3溶液

1.护理学基础

答案: C · Introduce themselves, describe the room and keep items in place

为什么是这个答案

Saying who you are, explaining the layout and keeping items in familiar places help orientation and safety. When guiding, let the patient hold your arm.

答案

C · Introduce themselves, describe the room and keep items in place
2.护理学基础

答案: C · 尊重这一要求,不与家人分享该信息

为什么是这个答案

有决策能力的患者决定谁可以获得自己的健康信息。护士可以了解患者的理由并提供支持,但必须尊重其意愿。

答案

C · 尊重这一要求,不与家人分享该信息
3.感染控制与患者安全

答案: B · Step away from the patient or wear a lead apron during the exposure

为什么是这个答案

Radiation exposure falls quickly with distance. Staff leave the immediate area or wear a lead apron, and anyone who must hold a patient wears protective clothing.

答案

B · Step away from the patient or wear a lead apron during the exposure
4.感染控制与患者安全

答案: B · Remove the restraints, because the reason for them has ended

为什么是这个答案

Restraints are used only as long as needed to keep people safe. Once the patient no longer presents a danger, the restraints are removed, even if the order has not yet expired.

答案

B · Remove the restraints, because the reason for them has ended
5.优先排序与委派

答案: D · “I add extra salt to my food so it tastes better.”

为什么是这个答案

Salt causes fluid retention and can worsen heart failure. Daily weights, reporting rapid weight gain and taking diuretics in the morning are all correct.

答案

D · “I add extra salt to my food so it tastes better.”
6.优先排序与委派

答案: B · The injury does not fit the infant’s development, so possible abuse must be reported

为什么是这个答案

Most 2-month-olds cannot roll, and a spiral fracture in a non-mobile infant suggests a twisting force. Nurses must report suspected abuse according to law and policy.

答案

B · The injury does not fit the infant’s development, so possible abuse must be reported
7.临床护理

答案: C · Recent broad-spectrum antibiotic use

为什么是这个答案

Broad-spectrum antibiotics disrupt normal gut flora, letting C. difficile overgrow. Older age, hospital stay and proton pump inhibitors also increase the risk.

答案

C · Recent broad-spectrum antibiotic use
8.临床护理

答案: B · "My output will be firm and formed like before."

为什么是这个答案

Ileostomy output is liquid to porridge-like because it bypasses the colon. The other statements describe correct care: good hydration, emptying the bag before it is too heavy and recognising a healthy stoma.

答案

B · "My output will be firm and formed like before."
9.实验室检查值与电解质

答案: C · Kidney function and thyroid function

为什么是这个答案

Long-term lithium can cause hypothyroidism and impair kidney function, including nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Creatinine/eGFR and TSH are therefore checked regularly, together with sodium and the lithium level.核对依据: Hypothyroidism · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)

答案

C · Kidney function and thyroid function
10.实验室检查值与电解质

答案: A · Severe C. difficile infection

为什么是这个答案

A white count of 15 × 10³/µL or more or a creatinine above 1.5 mg/dL marks severe C. difficile infection. These patients need prompt treatment, fluid replacement and close monitoring for complications such as toxic megacolon. Contact precautions with soap-and-water hand hygiene are used.

答案

A · Severe C. difficile infection
11.药理学

答案: A · They can trigger bronchospasm in aspirin-sensitive asthma

为什么是这个答案

In aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease, COX inhibition increases leukotriene production, causing bronchospasm. These patients should avoid aspirin and other non-selective NSAIDs.

答案

A · They can trigger bronchospasm in aspirin-sensitive asthma
12.药理学

答案: C · 降低最大效应

为什么是这个答案

竞争性拮抗剂使曲线右移,但更大剂量的激动剂仍可达到相同的最大效应。非竞争性拮抗剂会降低最大效应。

答案

C · 降低最大效应
13.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

答案: D · To make sputum thinner and easier to cough up

为什么是这个答案

Mucolytics reduce sputum viscosity, which can make expectoration easier and may reduce exacerbations in some people with COPD. They are not bronchodilators or antibiotics. Cough suppressants are generally avoided in productive cough.

答案

D · To make sputum thinner and easier to cough up
14.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

答案: C · Retroperitoneal bleeding

为什么是这个答案

A high femoral puncture can bleed into the retroperitoneal space without visible groin swelling. Back or flank pain with tachycardia and hypotension is a warning sign. The nurse calls for urgent help, assesses for shock and expects bloods and imaging.

答案

C · Retroperitoneal bleeding
15.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

答案: A · Hypoglycaemia unawareness

为什么是这个答案

Long duration of diabetes and frequent hypos reduce the adrenaline response, so warning symptoms are lost. This greatly increases the risk of severe hypos. Strict avoidance of hypos for some weeks can partly restore awareness, and glucose sensors with alarms help.

答案

A · Hypoglycaemia unawareness
16.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

答案: D · Give IV antibiotics at once and start sepsis treatment

为什么是这个答案

Meningococcal septicaemia can kill within hours. Antibiotics must not be delayed for a lumbar puncture or scan. Fluids and other sepsis care are started, and a lumbar puncture is often unsafe in a shocked patient.

答案

D · Give IV antibiotics at once and start sepsis treatment
17.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

答案: C · 凝血因子减少、血小板低,以及门静脉高压引起的曲张静脉

为什么是这个答案

凝血因子合成减少使 INR 升高。门静脉高压引起脾大伴血小板滞留,以及可能出血的曲张静脉。患者还可能有血栓倾向增加,所以这种平衡很复杂。

答案

C · 凝血因子减少、血小板低,以及门静脉高压引起的曲张静脉
18.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

答案: A · 通过非重复呼吸面罩给予 100% 氧气,并申请碳氧血红蛋白水平检测

为什么是这个答案

一氧化碳与血红蛋白的结合比氧气更牢固。标准脉搏血氧仪会把碳氧血红蛋白读成氧合血红蛋白,所以 SpO₂ 可能看起来正常。高浓度氧气可加速 CO 的清除。联合血氧测定的血气分析可测量碳氧血红蛋白。

答案

A · 通过非重复呼吸面罩给予 100% 氧气,并申请碳氧血红蛋白水平检测
19.产科护理

答案: B · To keep the bladder empty during surgery

为什么是这个答案

An empty bladder reduces the risk of bladder injury during surgery and allows urine output to be monitored. It is usually removed once the woman can walk.

答案

B · To keep the bladder empty during surgery
20.产科护理

答案: A · A prolonged deceleration

为什么是这个答案

A prolonged deceleration lasts at least 2 minutes but less than 10. A decrease of 10 minutes or more is a baseline change. The cause, such as hypotension or tachysystole, should be found and corrected.

答案

A · A prolonged deceleration
21.儿科护理

答案: A · Airborne precautions, ideally in a negative-pressure room

为什么是这个答案

Measles spreads through the air and can remain in a room for up to about 2 hours. Airborne precautions, a negative-pressure room where available and immune staff are required.

答案

A · Airborne precautions, ideally in a negative-pressure room
22.儿科护理

答案: B · Compartment syndrome; report it at once

为什么是这个答案

Rising pressure within a muscle compartment cuts off blood supply. Severe pain unrelieved by analgesia and pain on passive movement are early signs; pulselessness is late. The prescriber is told immediately, the limb is not elevated above heart level and the cast may need splitting.

答案

B · Compartment syndrome; report it at once
23.精神科护理

答案: C · 急性肌张力障碍

为什么是这个答案

急性肌张力障碍发生在开始使用或增加抗精神病药后数小时至数日内,尤其见于年轻男性。按处方使用抗胆碱能药(如苯扎托品或丙环定)或苯海拉明治疗。

答案

C · 急性肌张力障碍
24.精神科护理

答案: B · Stay with him and inform the team at once, so he can be urgently assessed under mental health law

为什么是这个答案

A voluntary patient who shows immediate serious risk may need urgent assessment under mental health legislation, which often includes short-term holding powers for nurses. The nurse acts quickly to keep him safe.

答案

B · Stay with him and inform the team at once, so he can be urgently assessed under mental health law
25.护理数学与单位换算

答案: 9:00 AM

24 小时制:下午 1 点起,小时数加 12(下午 3:45 = 15:45)。午夜到凌晨 12:59 为 00:00–00:59,中午 12:00–12:59 仍为 12:00–12:59。反过来换算时,13–23 点减 12 并标为下午;00 点变为凌晨 12 点。跨午夜计算时间要分两段:先算到 24:00(00:00),再从 00:00 算起。

换算小时

09 → 9 AM

答案

9:00 AM

答案

9:00 AM
26.护理数学与单位换算

答案: V = 382.5 mL

家用计量和体重:护理考试使用取整的等量关系:1 茶匙(tsp)= 5 mL,1 汤匙(tbsp)= 15 mL = 3 tsp,1 液量盎司(fl oz)= 30 mL = 2 tbsp,1 杯 = 8 fl oz = 240 mL。体重方面,1 kg = 2.2 lb,1 lb = 16 oz;长度方面,1 英寸 = 2.54 cm。设置换算时,要让你不需要的单位相互约去。

每一项的 mL 数

1 杯 = 1·240 = 240 mL
1½ tsp = 1.5·5 = 7.5 mL
3 fl oz = 3·30 = 90 mL
3 tbsp = 3·15 = 45 mL

相加

V = 240 + 7.5 + 90 + 45 = 382.5 mL

答案

V = 382.5 mL
27.剂量计算

答案: V = 3 mL

Dose calculation: the amount to give equals what is prescribed divided by what you have, times the quantity it comes in: amount = (desired dose/stock strength) × stock volume. Always keep the units the same (convert g to mg, mg to mcg first) and check that the answer is sensible.

混合后的浓度

1000 mg/10 mL = 100 mg/mL

体积

V = 300/100 = 3 mL

答案

V = 3 mL
28.剂量计算

答案: V = 0.56 mL

Dose calculation: the amount to give equals what is prescribed divided by what you have, times the quantity it comes in: amount = (desired dose/stock strength) × stock volume. Always keep the units the same (convert g to mg, mg to mcg first) and check that the answer is sensible.

体重 (kg)

123.2/2.2 = 56 kg

剂量

1·56 = 56 mg

体积

V = (56/100)·1 = 0.56 mL

答案

V = 0.56 mL
29.静脉输液速度

答案: R = 147.8 mL/h

Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.

原速率

1500/12 = 125 mL/h

新速率

R = 1330/9 = 147.8 mL/h

答案

R = 147.8 mL/h

许多医院允许在不重开医嘱的情况下进行不超过 25% 的此类调整;请查阅本院规定。

30.静脉输液速度

答案: R = 45 mL/h

Dose-based infusions: concentration = amount of drug in the bag/bag volume. Pump rate (mL/h) = dose per hour/concentration, and dose per hour = mL/h × concentration. Convert per-minute doses to per-hour (× 60) and keep the mass units the same (1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg).

浓度

4000 mg/1000 mL = 4 mg/mL

每小时剂量

3·60 = 180 mg/h

泵速

R = 180/4 = 45 mL/h

答案

R = 45 mL/h
31.静脉输液与液体平衡

答案: I = 2030 mL

出入量:入量计入所有进入体内的液体(口服液体、静脉输液、静脉用药及冲管液、管饲);冰屑按其体积的一半计。出量计入尿液、引流液、呕吐物和其他丢失。平衡 = 总入量 − 总出量;平衡为负表示净丢失。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。

计算入量

口服: 240 + 240 = 480 mL
静脉输液: 125·12 = 1500 mL
静脉抗生素: 1·50 = 50 mL
I = 2030 mL

答案

I = 2030 mL
32.静脉输液与液体平衡

答案: t = 9.2 h

输液时间:时间 (h) = 待输体积 (mL)/速率 (mL/h);使用袋中剩余的体积,而不是袋的容量。已输入体积 = 速率 × 时间。把小数小时换算为小时和分钟时,用小数部分 × 60(0.5 h = 30 min,而不是 50 min)。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。

剩余体积

1000 − 450 = 550 mL

时间

t = 550/60 = 9.167 ≈ 9.2 h

答案

t = 9.2 h

约为 9 h 10 min,所以袋子大约在 20:40 输完。

33.临床评估评分

答案: B = 11

Braden 量表:评估压力性损伤风险的六个分项。感觉知觉、潮湿程度、活动、活动能力和营养各评 1 至 4 分,从最差水平(1)到无问题(4);摩擦力和剪切力评 1 至 3 分。总分为 6 至 23,总分越低风险越高。常用分级:19–23 无风险,15–18 轻度风险,13–14 中度风险,10–12 高风险,9 分及以下为极高风险。

为每个分项评分

感觉知觉: 完全受限 → 1
潮湿程度: 持续潮湿 → 1
活动: 局限于椅子 → 2
活动能力: 不受限制 → 4
营养: 非常差 → 1
摩擦力和剪切力: 潜在问题 → 2

相加

Braden 总分 = 1 + 1 + 2 + 4 + 1 + 2 = 11

答案

B = 11
34.临床评估评分

答案: 中度风险

Braden 量表:评估压力性损伤风险的六个分项。感觉知觉、潮湿程度、活动、活动能力和营养各评 1 至 4 分,从最差水平(1)到无问题(4);摩擦力和剪切力评 1 至 3 分。总分为 6 至 23,总分越低风险越高。常用分级:19–23 无风险,15–18 轻度风险,13–14 中度风险,10–12 高风险,9 分及以下为极高风险。

为每个分项评分

感觉知觉: 轻度受限 → 3
潮湿程度: 非常潮湿 → 2
活动: 卧床不起 → 1
活动能力: 轻度受限 → 3
营养: 可能不足 → 2
摩擦力和剪切力: 潜在问题 → 2

相加

Braden 总分 = 3 + 2 + 1 + 3 + 2 + 2 = 13

风险等级

13 → 中度风险

答案

中度风险

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