感染控制与患者安全
方法
- 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
- 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
- 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
- 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
- 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 34 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
How should a nurse help a patient with severe visual impairment on admission?
一名有决策能力的成年患者请护士不要把自己的癌症诊断告诉家人。护士应该怎么做?
A portable x-ray is taken at the bedside. Which action protects the nurse?
A patient restrained because of violent behavior is now calm, oriented and following instructions. What should the nurse do?
A nurse teaches a patient with heart failure. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
A 2-month-old infant has a spiral fracture of the femur. The parents say the baby rolled off the sofa. What should the nurse recognize?
Which is a major risk factor for Clostridioides difficile infection?
A nurse teaches a patient with a new ileostomy. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
Apart from the lithium level, which tests are monitored regularly in long-term lithium therapy?
A patient with C. difficile diarrhea has a white cell count of 24 × 10³/µL and a creatinine that has risen to 2.1 mg/dL (186 µmol/L). What does this indicate?
Why should NSAIDs be used with caution in some people with asthma?
非竞争性(不可逆)拮抗剂如何改变量效曲线?
What is the purpose of a mucolytic such as carbocisteine in chronic productive cough?
Three hours after femoral cardiac catheterisation, a patient has new lower back and flank pain, a heart rate of 112/min and BP 92/60 mmHg. The groin looks normal. What should the nurse suspect?
A patient who has had type 1 diabetes for 30 years says they no longer feel the warning signs of a hypo. What is this called?
A student has fever, a severe headache, a spreading non-blanching rash and a BP of 85/50 mmHg. A lumbar puncture is planned. What is the priority?
为什么肝硬化患者的出血风险增加?
一名从房屋火灾中获救的患者未吸氧时 SpO₂ 为 99%,但有头痛、意识混乱和樱桃红色嘴唇。护士应怎么做?
Why is an indwelling catheter placed before a caesarean birth?
A deceleration lasts 3 minutes before the baseline recovers. How is this classified?
A child with suspected measles is admitted. Which precaution is most important?
A child with a new forearm cast has severe pain not relieved by analgesia and screams when the nurse gently moves the fingers. What should the nurse suspect?
首次服用氟哌啶醇几小时后,一名年轻男子的颈部扭向一侧,眼球上翻。这是什么?
A voluntary patient asks to leave the ward now. While talking, he says he plans to jump from a bridge on the way home. What should the nurse do?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一个剂量记录在 09:00(24 小时制)。哪个条目是 12 小时制中的同一时间?点击它。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一个班次中,患者摄入了1 杯 / 茶, 1½ tsp / 止咳糖浆, 3 fl oz / 果汁, 3 tbsp / 液体营养补充剂。按给出的等量关系,求以 mL 表示的口服总摄入量V。
一个药瓶中含有 1 g 的粉末。标签上写着:加入 9.6 mL 注射用水,得到总容量 10 mL。医嘱为 300 mg。你应给予复溶后溶液的多少容量 V?
一名患者体重 123.2 lb。医嘱为单次剂量 1 mg/kg,储备液为 1 mL 中含 100 mg。按 1 kg = 2.2 lb 计算,你应给予多少容量 V?
医嘱要求在 12 小时内输入 1500 mL。3 小时后你发现袋中还剩 1330 mL,而输液仍须按时完成。 必须把泵重新设定为多少 mL/h 的速率 R?
一袋中含有 4 g 药物,溶于 1000 mL。医嘱为每分钟 3 mg。泵速 R 应设为多少 mL/h?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 记录显示了一名患者在一个 12 小时班次中的出入量。静脉输液在整个班次中按所示速率输注。求总入量 I,以 mL 计。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一袋 1000 mL 的液体用输液泵以 60 mL/h 输注。到 11:30 时已输入 450 mL。还要多少小时 t 袋子才会输完? 保留一位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 用 Braden 量表评估一位练习患者:感觉知觉: 完全受限; 潮湿程度: 持续潮湿; 活动: 局限于椅子; 活动能力: 不受限制; 营养: 非常差; 摩擦力和剪切力: 潜在问题。求 Braden 总分B。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 用 Braden 量表评估一位练习患者:感觉知觉: 轻度受限; 潮湿程度: 非常潮湿; 活动: 卧床不起; 活动能力: 轻度受限; 营养: 可能不足; 摩擦力和剪切力: 潜在问题。使用的分级为:19–23 无风险,15–18 轻度,13–14 中度,10–12 高,9 或以下极高。点击风险等级。
答案: C · Introduce themselves, describe the room and keep items in place
Saying who you are, explaining the layout and keeping items in familiar places help orientation and safety. When guiding, let the patient hold your arm.
答案: C · 尊重这一要求,不与家人分享该信息
有决策能力的患者决定谁可以获得自己的健康信息。护士可以了解患者的理由并提供支持,但必须尊重其意愿。
答案: B · Step away from the patient or wear a lead apron during the exposure
Radiation exposure falls quickly with distance. Staff leave the immediate area or wear a lead apron, and anyone who must hold a patient wears protective clothing.
答案: B · Remove the restraints, because the reason for them has ended
Restraints are used only as long as needed to keep people safe. Once the patient no longer presents a danger, the restraints are removed, even if the order has not yet expired.
答案: D · “I add extra salt to my food so it tastes better.”
Salt causes fluid retention and can worsen heart failure. Daily weights, reporting rapid weight gain and taking diuretics in the morning are all correct.
答案: B · The injury does not fit the infant’s development, so possible abuse must be reported
Most 2-month-olds cannot roll, and a spiral fracture in a non-mobile infant suggests a twisting force. Nurses must report suspected abuse according to law and policy.
答案: C · Recent broad-spectrum antibiotic use
Broad-spectrum antibiotics disrupt normal gut flora, letting C. difficile overgrow. Older age, hospital stay and proton pump inhibitors also increase the risk.
答案: B · "My output will be firm and formed like before."
Ileostomy output is liquid to porridge-like because it bypasses the colon. The other statements describe correct care: good hydration, emptying the bag before it is too heavy and recognising a healthy stoma.
答案: C · Kidney function and thyroid function
Long-term lithium can cause hypothyroidism and impair kidney function, including nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Creatinine/eGFR and TSH are therefore checked regularly, together with sodium and the lithium level.核对依据: Hypothyroidism · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)
答案: A · Severe C. difficile infection
A white count of 15 × 10³/µL or more or a creatinine above 1.5 mg/dL marks severe C. difficile infection. These patients need prompt treatment, fluid replacement and close monitoring for complications such as toxic megacolon. Contact precautions with soap-and-water hand hygiene are used.
答案: A · They can trigger bronchospasm in aspirin-sensitive asthma
In aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease, COX inhibition increases leukotriene production, causing bronchospasm. These patients should avoid aspirin and other non-selective NSAIDs.
答案: C · 降低最大效应
竞争性拮抗剂使曲线右移,但更大剂量的激动剂仍可达到相同的最大效应。非竞争性拮抗剂会降低最大效应。
答案: D · To make sputum thinner and easier to cough up
Mucolytics reduce sputum viscosity, which can make expectoration easier and may reduce exacerbations in some people with COPD. They are not bronchodilators or antibiotics. Cough suppressants are generally avoided in productive cough.
答案: C · Retroperitoneal bleeding
A high femoral puncture can bleed into the retroperitoneal space without visible groin swelling. Back or flank pain with tachycardia and hypotension is a warning sign. The nurse calls for urgent help, assesses for shock and expects bloods and imaging.
答案: A · Hypoglycaemia unawareness
Long duration of diabetes and frequent hypos reduce the adrenaline response, so warning symptoms are lost. This greatly increases the risk of severe hypos. Strict avoidance of hypos for some weeks can partly restore awareness, and glucose sensors with alarms help.
答案: D · Give IV antibiotics at once and start sepsis treatment
Meningococcal septicaemia can kill within hours. Antibiotics must not be delayed for a lumbar puncture or scan. Fluids and other sepsis care are started, and a lumbar puncture is often unsafe in a shocked patient.
答案: C · 凝血因子减少、血小板低,以及门静脉高压引起的曲张静脉
凝血因子合成减少使 INR 升高。门静脉高压引起脾大伴血小板滞留,以及可能出血的曲张静脉。患者还可能有血栓倾向增加,所以这种平衡很复杂。
答案: A · 通过非重复呼吸面罩给予 100% 氧气,并申请碳氧血红蛋白水平检测
一氧化碳与血红蛋白的结合比氧气更牢固。标准脉搏血氧仪会把碳氧血红蛋白读成氧合血红蛋白,所以 SpO₂ 可能看起来正常。高浓度氧气可加速 CO 的清除。联合血氧测定的血气分析可测量碳氧血红蛋白。
答案: B · To keep the bladder empty during surgery
An empty bladder reduces the risk of bladder injury during surgery and allows urine output to be monitored. It is usually removed once the woman can walk.
答案: A · A prolonged deceleration
A prolonged deceleration lasts at least 2 minutes but less than 10. A decrease of 10 minutes or more is a baseline change. The cause, such as hypotension or tachysystole, should be found and corrected.
答案: A · Airborne precautions, ideally in a negative-pressure room
Measles spreads through the air and can remain in a room for up to about 2 hours. Airborne precautions, a negative-pressure room where available and immune staff are required.
答案: B · Compartment syndrome; report it at once
Rising pressure within a muscle compartment cuts off blood supply. Severe pain unrelieved by analgesia and pain on passive movement are early signs; pulselessness is late. The prescriber is told immediately, the limb is not elevated above heart level and the cast may need splitting.
答案: C · 急性肌张力障碍
急性肌张力障碍发生在开始使用或增加抗精神病药后数小时至数日内,尤其见于年轻男性。按处方使用抗胆碱能药(如苯扎托品或丙环定)或苯海拉明治疗。
答案: B · Stay with him and inform the team at once, so he can be urgently assessed under mental health law
A voluntary patient who shows immediate serious risk may need urgent assessment under mental health legislation, which often includes short-term holding powers for nurses. The nurse acts quickly to keep him safe.
答案: 9:00 AM
24 小时制:下午 1 点起,小时数加 12(下午 3:45 = 15:45)。午夜到凌晨 12:59 为 00:00–00:59,中午 12:00–12:59 仍为 12:00–12:59。反过来换算时,13–23 点减 12 并标为下午;00 点变为凌晨 12 点。跨午夜计算时间要分两段:先算到 24:00(00:00),再从 00:00 算起。
答案: V = 382.5 mL
家用计量和体重:护理考试使用取整的等量关系:1 茶匙(tsp)= 5 mL,1 汤匙(tbsp)= 15 mL = 3 tsp,1 液量盎司(fl oz)= 30 mL = 2 tbsp,1 杯 = 8 fl oz = 240 mL。体重方面,1 kg = 2.2 lb,1 lb = 16 oz;长度方面,1 英寸 = 2.54 cm。设置换算时,要让你不需要的单位相互约去。
答案: V = 3 mL
Dose calculation: the amount to give equals what is prescribed divided by what you have, times the quantity it comes in: amount = (desired dose/stock strength) × stock volume. Always keep the units the same (convert g to mg, mg to mcg first) and check that the answer is sensible.
答案: V = 0.56 mL
Dose calculation: the amount to give equals what is prescribed divided by what you have, times the quantity it comes in: amount = (desired dose/stock strength) × stock volume. Always keep the units the same (convert g to mg, mg to mcg first) and check that the answer is sensible.
答案: R = 147.8 mL/h
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
许多医院允许在不重开医嘱的情况下进行不超过 25% 的此类调整;请查阅本院规定。
答案: R = 45 mL/h
Dose-based infusions: concentration = amount of drug in the bag/bag volume. Pump rate (mL/h) = dose per hour/concentration, and dose per hour = mL/h × concentration. Convert per-minute doses to per-hour (× 60) and keep the mass units the same (1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg).
答案: I = 2030 mL
出入量:入量计入所有进入体内的液体(口服液体、静脉输液、静脉用药及冲管液、管饲);冰屑按其体积的一半计。出量计入尿液、引流液、呕吐物和其他丢失。平衡 = 总入量 − 总出量;平衡为负表示净丢失。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
答案: t = 9.2 h
输液时间:时间 (h) = 待输体积 (mL)/速率 (mL/h);使用袋中剩余的体积,而不是袋的容量。已输入体积 = 速率 × 时间。把小数小时换算为小时和分钟时,用小数部分 × 60(0.5 h = 30 min,而不是 50 min)。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
约为 9 h 10 min,所以袋子大约在 20:40 输完。
答案: B = 11
Braden 量表:评估压力性损伤风险的六个分项。感觉知觉、潮湿程度、活动、活动能力和营养各评 1 至 4 分,从最差水平(1)到无问题(4);摩擦力和剪切力评 1 至 3 分。总分为 6 至 23,总分越低风险越高。常用分级:19–23 无风险,15–18 轻度风险,13–14 中度风险,10–12 高风险,9 分及以下为极高风险。
答案: 中度风险
Braden 量表:评估压力性损伤风险的六个分项。感觉知觉、潮湿程度、活动、活动能力和营养各评 1 至 4 分,从最差水平(1)到无问题(4);摩擦力和剪切力评 1 至 3 分。总分为 6 至 23,总分越低风险越高。常用分级:19–23 无风险,15–18 轻度风险,13–14 中度风险,10–12 高风险,9 分及以下为极高风险。
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