NCLEX-PN 风格练习题(LPN/LVN):速成包

公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 34 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。

新题目返回课程

在打印窗口中选择“另存为 PDF”,即可在设备上保存一份副本。

1公式与方法

感染控制与患者安全

方法

  1. 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
  2. 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
  3. 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
  4. 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
  5. 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。

优先排序与委派

方法

  1. 问自己:如果什么都不做,什么会最快伤害患者。
  2. 应用 ABC(心脏骤停时为 C-A-B),然后是 Maslow 需求层次:生理需要先于安全,安全先于心理需要。
  3. 比较各选项:急性先于慢性,不稳定先于稳定,意外先于预期,全身性先于局部,并将每项发现与患者的基线对照。
  4. 除非是紧急情况,否则先评估再行动;然后选择其他步骤所依赖的那一步。
  5. 委派时核对五项正确:任务、情境、人员、指示和监督。评估、宣教和评价仍由注册护士负责。

实验室检查值与电解质

方法

  1. 把数值与本实验室自己的参考范围比较,再与患者的基线和趋势比较。
  2. 检查标本:溶血、延迟,或在静脉输液附近采血都可能得出错误结果。
  3. 把数值与其典型体征以及引起它的药物和疾病联系起来。
  4. 注意相互作用:低钾或低镁会增加地高辛中毒的风险;脱水会使锂浓度升高。
  5. 对患者采取行动:评估,血药浓度不安全时暂停用药,复述危急值并通知开医嘱的医生。

内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

方法

  1. 说出问题所在:泵衰竭、动脉阻塞、节律、血栓、气道狭窄、感染或设备问题。
  2. 先检查危险征象:低氧、低血压、胸痛、新出现的意识模糊、冰冷无脉搏的肢体。
  3. 让氧疗与患者相匹配:大多数人为 94–98%,有 CO₂ 潴留风险者为 88–92%。
  4. 把每种药物与其检测和风险联系起来:华法林与 INR,肝素与 aPTT 和血小板,利尿剂与血钾。
  5. 选择安全的第一步措施,然后升级处理并重新评估。

内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

方法

  1. 对每位新出现意识模糊、乏力或癫痫发作的患者都检查血糖。
  2. 把意识水平作为脑部问题最早的警示;瞳孔变化和库欣三联征出现得较晚。
  3. 对于糖尿病急症,要区分 DKA(酮体、酸中毒)和 HHS(渗透压很高、脱水);先补液。
  4. 对于钠和水,要判断是 ADH 过多(SIADH)还是缺乏(尿崩症),并缓慢纠正慢性变化。
  5. 对于肾脏问题,把原因分为肾前性、肾性或肾后性,并监测血钾和液体。

内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

方法

  1. 想一想可能隐藏着什么:内出血、无发热的感染、SpO₂ 正常背后的通气不足。
  2. 利用术后的时间来缩小并发症的范围:出血在数小时内,胸部问题在数天内,伤口和吻合口漏出现得更晚。
  3. 对于疼痛,要评估、用多模式镇痛治疗、重新评估,并且在每次使用阿片类药物时监测镇静程度。
  4. 对于癌症患者,把低谷期的任何疾病都当作中性粒细胞减少性脓毒症处理,并了解肿瘤急症。
  5. 对于烧伤,只计算浅二度/深二度和三度的面积,从烧伤的时刻开始计算 Parkland 时间,并根据尿量调整。

产科护理

方法

  1. 把产妇放在时间轴上定位:孕周、产程阶段或产后第几天,再判断此时什么是正常的。
  2. 找出处于危险中的对象:母亲、胎儿或新生儿,或者其中不止一个。
  3. 把发现与其原因联系起来:减速用 VEAL CHOP,出血用四个 T,产后用 BUBBLE-HE。
  4. 优先选择改善血流和氧合的措施(侧卧、停用缩宫素、宫底按摩),然后再升级处理。

儿科护理

方法

  1. 先记下患儿的年龄:它决定正常生命体征、发育里程碑和合适的疼痛量表。
  2. 评估气道、呼吸和循环,记住儿童代偿很久之后会迅速恶化。
  3. 让措施与发育阶段相匹配,并让家属参与。
  4. 检查答案对儿童是否安全:按体重计算,病毒感染不用阿司匹林,12 岁以下不用可待因。

精神科护理

方法

  1. 判断是否存在即时风险:自杀、暴力、药物急症或躯体疾病。
  2. 先保障安全:观察、移除危险物品、缓和局面、停用有害药物、寻求帮助。
  3. 选择治疗性回应:承认感受、陈述现实,避免虚假的安慰和“为什么”式提问。
  4. 尊重权利:采用限制最少的方案,知情同意,以及保密及其限度。

护理数学与单位换算

公制进位
1 kg = 1000 g, 1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg, 1 L = 1000 mL
体重和长度
1 kg = 2.2 lb, 1 lb = 16 oz, 1 in = 2.54 cm, 1 ft = 12 in
家用计量
1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL
温度
°C = (°F − 32)·5/9, °F = °C·9/5 + 32
24 小时制
PM 1–11 点:加 12; 12 AM = 00:xx; 12 PM = 12:xx
给药速率
mcg/min × 60/1000 = mg/h
实验室换算系数
葡萄糖 1 mmol/L = 18 mg/dL; 肌酐 1 mg/dL = 88.4 µmol/L; Hb 1 g/dL = 10 g/L

方法

  1. 写出已知量及其单位,以及你想要的单位。
  2. 选定等量关系:kg、g、mg 和 mcg 之间,或 L 和 mL 之间为 1000;1 kg = 2.2 lb;1 tsp = 5 mL,1 tbsp = 15 mL,1 fl oz = 30 mL,1 cup = 240 mL。
  3. 写成分数,使不需要的单位相互约去;对于速率,每个变化的单位用一个分数。
  4. 检查方向:单位越小,数字越大。
  5. 只对最终答案取整,精度按题目所述。

剂量计算

由浓度计算剂量
体积 = 剂量 / 浓度
按体重给药
剂量 = mg/kg × 体重
片剂
片数 = 剂量 / 每片规格
单位
1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg

方法

  1. 把医嘱剂量和药品规格换算为同一单位。
  2. 用“需要量除以现有量再乘以数量”:(D/H) × Q。
  3. 按体重给药时,先乘以以 kg 计的体重,再用日剂量除以给药次数。
  4. 先估算,再检查答案是否合理。

静脉输液速度

泵速
mL/h = volume (mL)/time (h)
滴速
drops/min = volume (mL) × drop factor / time (min)
输注时间
time (h) = volume (mL)/rate (mL/h)

方法

  1. 泵速 mL/h:体积除以以小时计的时间。
  2. 滴速 drops/min:体积 × 滴系数,再除以以分钟计的时间。
  3. 剩余时间:剩余体积除以速率。
  4. 按题目或设备的要求取整。

静脉输液与液体平衡

Holliday–Segar 每小时量
4 mL/kg(前 10 kg)+ 2 mL/kg(次 10 kg)+ 1 mL/kg(20 kg 以上每 kg)
Holliday–Segar 每日量
相同分段分别为 100 / 50 / 20 mL/kg
液体平衡
入量 − 出量
冰屑
按其体积的一半计算
尿量
mL/kg/h = mL / (kg × h)
输注时间
时间 (h) = 剩余体积 (mL) / 速率 (mL/h)
已输入体积
mL = 速率 × 时间

临床评估评分

格拉斯哥昏迷量表
GCS = E (1–4) + V (1–5) + M (1–6) = 3–15
Apgar
5 项体征 × 0–2 = 0–10; 7–10 令人放心, 4–6 中度异常, 0–3 低
Braden 量表
5 × (1–4) + 1 × (1–3) = 6–23; ≤ 18 有风险
Morse 跌倒评分
跌倒 25, 诊断 15, 辅助 15/30, 静脉输液 20, 步态 10/20, 精神状态 15
NEWS2 风险
0–4 低; 单项 3 分为中低; 5–6 中; ≥ 7 高
平均动脉压
MAP = (SBP + 2·DBP)/3 = DBP + PP/3
脉压和休克指数
PP = SBP − DBP, SI = HR/SBP
体质指数
BMI = kg/m² = 703·lb/in²

方法

  1. 找出题目使用的评分表及其范围(GCS 3–15,Apgar 0–10,Braden 6–23,Morse 0–125)。
  2. 分别为每个条目评分,将描述与其对应的等级匹配。
  3. 把各条目得分相加,并检查总分是否在范围内。
  4. 应用分界值:对于 NEWS2,还要查看是否有单项参数得 3 分。
  5. 对于导出的数值,使用 MAP = (SBP + 2·DBP)/3,PP = SBP − DBP,SI = HR/SBP,BMI = kg/m²。

2练习题

1.护理学基础中等

哪种行为体现了积极倾听?

  1. A情绪出现时转移话题
  2. B患者说话时盘算自己的回答
  3. C复述患者所说的话以确认理解
  4. D谈话期间看着电脑屏幕做记录
2.护理学基础困难

A patient's potassium result is 6.8 mmol/L (6.8 mEq/L). Why is this urgent?

  1. AIt means the patient urgently needs more potassium
  2. BVery high potassium can cause life-threatening heart arrhythmias
  3. CIt is normal for patients after surgery
  4. DHigh potassium causes only mild muscle cramps that settle without treatment
3.感染控制与患者安全中等

A patient with a severe latex allergy is booked for surgery. Which measure is commonly used?

  1. AWrap latex items in plastic before use
  2. BUse latex gloves only for short procedures
  3. CGive the patient antihistamines before surgery and then use the normal supplies
  4. DUse latex-free supplies and schedule the patient as the first case of the day
4.感染控制与患者安全困难

A patient has signed a surgical consent form but tells the nurse, “I don’t really understand what they are going to do.” What should the nurse do?

  1. AReassure the patient that the surgeon knows best and continue with the preparation
  2. BGive the preoperative sedative so the patient relaxes
  3. CExplain the risks and benefits in place of the surgeon
  4. DInform the surgeon so the procedure can be explained again before any sedation
5.优先排序与委派中等

A patient is booked for a CT scan with iodinated contrast. Which of the patient’s medications may need to be held according to protocol?

  1. ALevothyroxine
  2. BAcetaminophen (paracetamol)
  3. CMetformin
  4. DOmeprazole
6.优先排序与委派困难

一个团队包括一名 RN、一名 LPN/LVN 和一名护理助理。哪种分工最恰当?

  1. A助理:口服药物;LPN/LVN:护理计划;RN:稳定患者的卫生护理
  2. BRN:新入院患者;LPN/LVN:稳定患者的用药;助理:卫生护理
  3. CLPN/LVN:所有初步评估;RN:定时用药;助理:出院教育
  4. D助理:新入院患者;LPN/LVN:卫生护理;RN:稳定患者的常规生命体征
7.临床护理中等

Why is it important to prevent hypothermia during and after surgery?

  1. AIt increases the risk of wound infection, bleeding and cardiac complications
  2. BIt makes the patient's pain disappear
  3. CIt causes high blood glucose only
  4. DIt makes the patient wake up too quickly and become agitated in recovery
8.临床护理困难

A patient has sudden, severe "tearing" chest pain going through to the back and a large difference in blood pressure between the arms. What should be suspected?

  1. AStable angina
  2. BPericarditis
  3. CAortic dissection
  4. DGastro-oesophageal reflux
9.实验室检查值与电解质中等

A patient has had severe watery diarrhea for 4 days. Which laboratory pattern would the nurse expect?

  1. AHigh sodium and high calcium
  2. BLow glucose and high magnesium
  3. CHigh potassium and high bicarbonate
  4. DLow potassium and low bicarbonate
10.实验室检查值与电解质困难

A patient on IV gentamicin has a trough level above the target, and the creatinine has risen since yesterday. The next dose is due. What is the best action?

  1. AGive half of the dose and document the reason for it
  2. BGive the dose with extra oral fluids to protect the kidneys
  3. CHold the dose and report the results to the prescriber
  4. DGive the dose now and recheck the levels next week
11.药理学中等

Which adverse effect of ciprofloxacin should a patient report at once?

  1. AMild tiredness in the first few days
  2. BDarker stools than usual
  3. CA slightly bitter or metallic taste for a while after each dose
  4. DPain or swelling in a tendon, such as the Achilles tendon
12.药理学困难

为什么建议使用长效硝酸酯类药物的患者每天有几小时的无硝酸酯期?

  1. A降低出血风险
  2. B让肝脏从毒性中恢复
  3. C防止对硝酸酯产生耐受
  4. D避免硝酸酯在脂肪组织中蓄积
13.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸中等

A patient on home oxygen has dry, sore lips. Which product is safest to use?

  1. APetroleum jelly
  2. BAn alcohol-based gel
  3. CAn oil-based balm
  4. DA water-based lubricant
14.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸困难

After a pneumonectomy, how is the patient usually positioned?

  1. AHead down with the legs raised, to drain secretions from the lung
  2. BFully on the non-operated side, to help drain the empty space
  3. CFlat and prone for the whole of the first day after surgery
  4. DOn the back or the operated side, not fully on the remaining lung
15.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏中等

A patient with multiple sclerosis says their symptoms get worse after a hot bath. What should the nurse explain?

  1. AThey should take very cold baths to reverse the damage
  2. BHeat can briefly worsen MS symptoms, which settle when they cool down
  3. CHot baths cause new areas of damage in the brain
  4. DThis shows that the disease has entered a new progressive stage
16.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏困难

A patient with type 1 diabetes is vomiting at home. Their glucose is 12 mmol/L (216 mg/dL), and blood ketones are 3.5 mmol/L. What advice is correct?

  1. ADrink less fluid to stop the vomiting
  2. BStop insulin until the vomiting has settled
  3. CWait until the glucose is above 20 mmol/L (360 mg/dL)
  4. DSeek urgent hospital assessment for possible DKA
17.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤中等

A patient is starting regular oral morphine. Which bowel advice is most appropriate?

  1. AStop eating fibre completely
  2. BWait until there has been no stool for a week
  3. CStart a regular laxative at the same time
  4. DTake a bulk-forming laxative only with very little water
18.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤困难

腹部手术后第 6 天,一名患者说咳嗽时有东西“裂开了”,并且伤口处可见肠管。护士应立即做什么?

  1. A在等待团队时给患者吃点轻食以使其平静
  2. B用生理盐水浸湿的无菌敷料覆盖,屈膝,呼叫外科医生
  3. C轻轻把肠管推回去,用胶带把伤口边缘牢牢粘在一起
  4. D不覆盖伤口,让患者在床上完全坐直
19.产科护理中等

A woman at 37 weeks is GBS-positive. When should she receive antibiotics?

  1. AIntravenously during labour
  2. BNot at all, because GBS is normal flora
  3. COnly to the baby after birth
  4. DOrally at 37 weeks only
20.产科护理困难

A woman 2 hours after birth asks for help to the bathroom. She had an epidural that is now off. What is the main safety concern?

  1. AFainting from low blood glucose only
  2. BLeg weakness or numbness causing a fall
  3. CIncreased lochia from walking
  4. DReopening of the epidural site
21.儿科护理中等

Which nursing action is correct for a newborn receiving phototherapy?

  1. AApply a moisturising lotion to the skin before each session to prevent drying under the lights
  2. BCover the eyes, expose as much skin as possible and monitor temperature and hydration
  3. CStop feeds during phototherapy so that bilirubin falls faster
  4. DKeep the baby fully dressed under the lights to prevent heat loss
22.儿科护理困难

Which practice most reduces the risk of errors with high-alert medicines such as insulin or opioid infusions in children?

  1. AChecking the dose only when the drug is given for the first time
  2. BAn independent double check by a second nurse before giving the medicine
  3. CRounding doses up to the nearest whole number to keep things simple
  4. DAsking the child's parent to look at the syringe and confirm that the dose looks right
23.精神科护理中等

Which risk applies when antipsychotics are used in older people with dementia?

  1. AImproved memory within a few days
  2. BA lower risk of falls than with no medicine at all
  3. CAn increased risk of stroke and death
  4. DA guaranteed cure of the dementia
24.精神科护理困难

开始使用氯氮平三周后,一名患者出现胸痛、静息心率 125 次/分和发热。护士应怀疑什么?

  1. A心肌炎,需要紧急医疗评估
  2. B便秘
  3. C会自行缓解的正常副作用
  4. D焦虑发作
25.护理数学与单位换算中等
12345678910111217:20?7:20 PM5:20 PM4:20 PM5:20 AM

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一个剂量记录在 17:20(24 小时制)。哪个条目是 12 小时制中的同一时间?点击它。

17:20
  1. 17:20 PM
  2. 25:20 PM
  3. 34:20 PM
  4. 45:20 AM
26.护理数学与单位换算困难
402 mg/dL? mmol/L1 mmol/L = 18 mg/dL

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 血糖结果为 402 mg/dL。按葡萄糖 1 mmol/L = 18 mg/dL,求以 mmol/L 表示的c。取到一位小数。

402 mg/dL1 mmol/L = 18 mg/dL
c = mmol/L
27.剂量计算中等
1%w/vV = ? mL

需要从 1%(w/v)溶液中取 100 mg 的剂量。多少容量 V 含有这一剂量?

100 mg1% w/v
V = mL
28.剂量计算困难
00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.911 mL

处方剂量为 3560 微克。安瓿浓度为 4 mg/mL。请用 1 mL 注射器抽取剂量:应给多少体积 V?

3560 mcg4 mg/mL
V = mL
29.静脉输液速度中等
1500 mL15 gtt/mL4 h? gtt/min

用滴系数为 15 滴/mL 的输液器在 4 小时内输入 1500 mL。求滴速 R(滴/分)。 取整到最接近的整数。

1500 mL4 h15 gtt/mL
R = gtt/min
30.静脉输液速度困难
100 mg500 mL12 mL/h? mg/h

一袋液体在 500 mL 中含药 100 mg,以 12 mL/h 的速度输注。患者每小时获得多少毫克 D?

100 mg/500 mL12 mL/h
D = mg/h
31.静脉输液与液体平衡中等
入量出量12 小时班次汤250 mL茶150 mL静脉输液80 mL/h × 12 h静脉抗生素1 × 50 mL尿液150 mL尿液150 mL尿液325 mL尿液300 mL伤口引流70 mL呕吐物150 mL

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 记录显示了一名患者在一个 12 小时班次中的出入量。患者体重 50 kg。求平均尿量 U,以 mL/kg/h 计。 保留两位小数。

50 kg12 h尿液: 150 mL尿液: 150 mL尿液: 325 mL尿液: 300 mL伤口引流: 70 mL呕吐物: 150 mL
U = mL/kg/h
32.静脉输液与液体平衡困难
500 mL→ 125 mL/h开始 16:30t总数​ = ? h120 mL/h × 3 h

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一份 500 mL 的输液于 16:30 开始以 120 mL/h 输注。3 小时后速率改为 125 mL/h,之后不再改变。从开始算起多少小时 t 后袋子会输完? 保留一位小数。

500 mL120 mL/h · 3 h125 mL/h
t = h
33.临床评估评分中等
E2 / 4+V3 / 5+M? / 6GCS 9?

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一张练习图表记录了 GCS 9,其中 E2 和 V3。记录的运动评分M是多少,它描述的是哪种反应?请给出数字。

GCS 9E2V3
M =
34.临床评估评分困难
体重过轻健康体重超重肥胖 I 级肥胖 II 级肥胖 III 级

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一名成人体重 72 kg,身高 186 cm。计算 BMI 并点击 WHO 体重分类。

72 kg186 cm
  1. 1体重过轻
  2. 2健康体重
  3. 3超重
  4. 4肥胖 I 级
  5. 5肥胖 II 级
  6. 6肥胖 III 级

3溶液

1.护理学基础

答案: C · 复述患者所说的话以确认理解

为什么是这个答案

积极倾听包括专注、适当的目光接触、点头、反映和复述。它让患者感到被倾听,也让护士获得准确的信息。

答案

C · 复述患者所说的话以确认理解
2.护理学基础

答案: B · Very high potassium can cause life-threatening heart arrhythmias

为什么是这个答案

Severe hyperkalaemia can cause cardiac arrest. The result is escalated at once; an ECG and treatment follow, and a repeat sample checks whether the result was falsely raised.

答案

B · Very high potassium can cause life-threatening heart arrhythmias
3.感染控制与患者安全

答案: D · Use latex-free supplies and schedule the patient as the first case of the day

为什么是这个答案

Latex proteins can become airborne on glove powder and settle in the room. Using a latex-safe room and supplies and scheduling the patient first, when airborne latex is lowest, reduce the risk.

答案

D · Use latex-free supplies and schedule the patient as the first case of the day
4.感染控制与患者安全

答案: D · Inform the surgeon so the procedure can be explained again before any sedation

为什么是这个答案

Informed consent is the responsibility of the person doing the procedure. If the patient does not understand, the nurse pauses the process and tells the surgeon, before any sedative drug is given.

答案

D · Inform the surgeon so the procedure can be explained again before any sedation
5.优先排序与委派

答案: C · Metformin

为什么是这个答案

If contrast causes kidney injury, metformin can build up and cause lactic acidosis. Protocols often hold metformin around the procedure, especially when kidney function is reduced.

答案

C · Metformin
6.优先排序与委派

答案: B · RN:新入院患者;LPN/LVN:稳定患者的用药;助理:卫生护理

为什么是这个答案

RN 负责评估和复杂护理,LPN/LVN 护理稳定患者并给予常规药物,助理负责常规的卫生护理和测量。其他选项把任务分配到了超出该人员工作范围的人。

答案

B · RN:新入院患者;LPN/LVN:稳定患者的用药;助理:卫生护理
7.临床护理

答案: A · It increases the risk of wound infection, bleeding and cardiac complications

为什么是这个答案

Inadvertent perioperative hypothermia impairs clotting and immune function and increases cardiac events and wound infection. Patients are warmed actively and their temperature monitored.

答案

A · It increases the risk of wound infection, bleeding and cardiac complications
8.临床护理

答案: C · Aortic dissection

为什么是这个答案

Aortic dissection classically causes abrupt, tearing pain radiating to the back, with unequal arm pulses or pressures. It is a surgical emergency, and thrombolysis must not be given.

答案

C · Aortic dissection
9.实验室检查值与电解质

答案: D · Low potassium and low bicarbonate

为什么是这个答案

Lower gut fluid contains potassium and bicarbonate, so severe diarrhea causes hypokalemia and a normal anion gap (hyperchloremic) metabolic acidosis, plus dehydration. Vomiting, in contrast, causes metabolic alkalosis.核对依据: Potassium Blood Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024); Metabolic acidosis · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)

答案

D · Low potassium and low bicarbonate
10.实验室检查值与电解质

答案: C · Hold the dose and report the results to the prescriber

为什么是这个答案

A high aminoglycoside trough with rising creatinine means the drug is accumulating, which increases the risk of kidney damage and hearing loss. The nurse holds the dose, reports to the prescriber and asks about hearing changes and tinnitus. Only the prescriber or pharmacist changes the regimen.核对依据: Gentamicin sulfate injection - Boxed Warning (US prescribing information) · Pfizer Medical Information (FDA label)

答案

C · Hold the dose and report the results to the prescriber
11.药理学

答案: D · Pain or swelling in a tendon, such as the Achilles tendon

为什么是这个答案

Fluoroquinolones can cause tendinitis and tendon rupture. Patients should stop exercise and report tendon pain promptly.

答案

D · Pain or swelling in a tendon, such as the Achilles tendon
12.药理学

答案: C · 防止对硝酸酯产生耐受

为什么是这个答案

血药浓度恒定时,对硝酸酯的耐受很快产生。采用不对称给药方案或夜间揭去贴片可以保持其疗效。

答案

C · 防止对硝酸酯产生耐受
13.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

答案: D · A water-based lubricant

为什么是这个答案

Oil-based products such as petroleum jelly can ignite or burn intensely in high oxygen concentrations and have caused facial burns. Water-based products are recommended. Oxygen cylinders are kept upright and secured, away from heat and flames.

答案

D · A water-based lubricant
14.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

答案: D · On the back or the operated side, not fully on the remaining lung

为什么是这个答案

After a pneumonectomy, the remaining lung needs room to expand, and the mediastinum must not shift. Patients usually lie on their back or on the operated side, semi-upright. Lying fully on the non-operated side can compress the remaining lung. Chest drains, if present, are managed per surgical instructions.

答案

D · On the back or the operated side, not fully on the remaining lung
15.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

答案: B · Heat can briefly worsen MS symptoms, which settle when they cool down

为什么是这个答案

Heat sensitivity (Uhthoff's phenomenon) is common in MS. A rise in body temperature slows conduction in demyelinated nerves and temporarily worsens symptoms. It is not a relapse, and the symptoms settle with cooling.

答案

B · Heat can briefly worsen MS symptoms, which settle when they cool down
16.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

答案: D · Seek urgent hospital assessment for possible DKA

为什么是这个答案

Blood ketones above 3 mmol/L, especially with vomiting, mean a high risk of DKA, even if the glucose is only moderately raised. The patient needs urgent assessment. Insulin should not be stopped.

答案

D · Seek urgent hospital assessment for possible DKA
17.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

答案: C · Start a regular laxative at the same time

为什么是这个答案

Opioids slow gut movement, and tolerance to constipation does not develop. A regular laxative, often a stimulant with a softener, is started with the opioid, alongside fluids and mobility where possible.

答案

C · Start a regular laxative at the same time
18.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

答案: B · 用生理盐水浸湿的无菌敷料覆盖,屈膝,呼叫外科医生

为什么是这个答案

内脏脱出是外科急症。用无菌、生理盐水浸湿的敷料覆盖脏器,让患者取低半卧位并屈膝以减少张力,保持禁食,监测休克并呼叫外科医生。绝不能试图将脏器还纳。

答案

B · 用生理盐水浸湿的无菌敷料覆盖,屈膝,呼叫外科医生
19.产科护理

答案: A · Intravenously during labour

为什么是这个答案

Oral antibiotics before labour do not prevent recolonisation. IV antibiotics in labour, given ideally at least 4 hours before birth, greatly reduce early-onset GBS disease in the newborn.

答案

A · Intravenously during labour
20.产科护理

答案: B · Leg weakness or numbness causing a fall

为什么是这个答案

After an epidural, the nurse checks that leg sensation and strength have returned before she stands. Combined with orthostatic hypotension and blood loss, this makes the first walk a high fall risk.

答案

B · Leg weakness or numbness causing a fall
21.儿科护理

答案: B · Cover the eyes, expose as much skin as possible and monitor temperature and hydration

为什么是这个答案

Phototherapy works on bilirubin in the skin, so maximal skin should be exposed while the eyes are shielded. Babies can lose extra fluid and become too warm or cold, so temperature, hydration and feeding are monitored; lotions can cause burns.

答案

B · Cover the eyes, expose as much skin as possible and monitor temperature and hydration
22.儿科护理

答案: B · An independent double check by a second nurse before giving the medicine

为什么是这个答案

Paediatric doses are individualised and often very small, so tenfold errors are a real risk. Independent double checks of the calculation, dose and pump settings for high-alert medicines are a key safety measure.

答案

B · An independent double check by a second nurse before giving the medicine
23.精神科护理

答案: C · An increased risk of stroke and death

为什么是这个答案

Antipsychotics in older people with dementia are linked to increased rates of stroke and death. They are used only when non-drug approaches have failed and distress or risk is severe, at the lowest dose for the shortest time.

答案

C · An increased risk of stroke and death
24.精神科护理

答案: A · 心肌炎,需要紧急医疗评估

为什么是这个答案

氯氮平引起的心肌炎通常出现在最初 2 个月,表现为心动过速、发热、胸痛或流感样症状。需要紧急评估(心电图、肌钙蛋白、炎症标志物)。

答案

A · 心肌炎,需要紧急医疗评估
25.护理数学与单位换算

答案: 5:20 PM

24 小时制:下午 1 点起,小时数加 12(下午 3:45 = 15:45)。午夜到凌晨 12:59 为 00:00–00:59,中午 12:00–12:59 仍为 12:00–12:59。反过来换算时,13–23 点减 12 并标为下午;00 点变为凌晨 12 点。跨午夜计算时间要分两段:先算到 24:00(00:00),再从 00:00 算起。

换算小时

17 − 12 = 5 → PM

答案

5:20 PM

答案

5:20 PM
26.护理数学与单位换算

答案: c = 22.3 mmol/L

量纲分析:先写出已知量,再乘以写成分数形式的换算系数(例如 60 min/1 h 或 1 mg/1000 mcg),使每个不需要的单位在分子和分母各出现一次并相互约去。只剩下所求单位时再计算。使用题目给出的等量关系,只对最终答案取整。

转换

c = 402/18 = 22.33 ≈ 22.3 mmol/L

答案

c = 22.3 mmol/L
27.剂量计算

答案: V = 10 mL

Solution strengths: a percentage strength is grams per 100 mL, so 1% = 1 g/100 mL = 10 mg/mL. A ratio strength 1:1000 means 1 g in 1000 mL = 1 mg/mL; 1:10 000 is 0.1 mg/mL. For a dilution the amount of drug stays the same: C₁·V₁ = C₂·V₂.

浓度

1% = 10 mg/mL

体积

V = 100/10 = 10 mL

答案

V = 10 mL
28.剂量计算

答案: V = 0.89 mL

抽取剂量:体积 = (处方剂量/药物浓度) × 药物体积。先换算成相同的单位,再检查该体积是否适合注射器,并落在它的某一个刻度上。

单位相同

4 mg/mL = 4000 mcg/mL

体积

V = 3560/4000 = 0.89 mL

答案

V = 0.89 mL
29.静脉输液速度

答案: R = 94 gtt/min

输注速率:输液泵按 mL/h = 体积/时间(小时)设定。重力滴注按每分钟滴数计:gtt/min = 体积 (mL) × 滴系数 (gtt/mL)/时间 (min)。 滴系数印在输液器包装上:普通输液器为 10、15 或 20 gtt/mL(输血器在美国常为 10 gtt/mL,在英国为 15),微量输液器为 60 gtt/mL。务必使用题目或包装给出的滴系数。

以分钟计的时间

4·60 = 240 min

滴速

R = 1500·15/240 = 93.75 ≈ 94 gtt/min

答案

R = 94 gtt/min

床旁取最接近的整滴:94 滴/分。

30.静脉输液速度

答案: D = 2.4 mg/h

输注速率:输液泵按 mL/h = 体积/时间(小时)设定。重力滴注按每分钟滴数计:gtt/min = 体积 (mL) × 滴系数 (gtt/mL)/时间 (min)。 滴系数印在输液器包装上:普通输液器为 10、15 或 20 gtt/mL(输血器在美国常为 10 gtt/mL,在英国为 15),微量输液器为 60 gtt/mL。务必使用题目或包装给出的滴系数。

浓度

100/500 = 0.2 mg/mL

给药速率

D = 0.2·12 = 2.4 mg/h

答案

D = 2.4 mg/h
31.静脉输液与液体平衡

答案: U = 1.54 mL/kg/h

出入量:入量计入所有进入体内的液体(口服液体、静脉输液、静脉用药及冲管液、管饲);冰屑按其体积的一半计。出量计入尿液、引流液、呕吐物和其他丢失。平衡 = 总入量 − 总出量;平衡为负表示净丢失。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。

总尿量

150 + 150 + 325 + 300 = 925 mL

每千克每小时

U = 925/(50·12) = 1.542 ≈ 1.54 mL/kg/h

答案

U = 1.54 mL/kg/h
32.静脉输液与液体平衡

答案: t = 4.1 h

输液时间:时间 (h) = 待输体积 (mL)/速率 (mL/h);使用袋中剩余的体积,而不是袋的容量。已输入体积 = 速率 × 时间。把小数小时换算为小时和分钟时,用小数部分 × 60(0.5 h = 30 min,而不是 50 min)。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。

第一部分

120·3 = 360 mL
500 − 360 = 140 mL 剩余

第二部分

140/125 = 1.12 h

总时间

t = 3 + 1.12 = 4.12 ≈ 4.1 h

答案

t = 4.1 h

约为 4 h 07 min,所以袋子大约在 20:37 输完。

33.临床评估评分

答案: M = 4

格拉斯哥昏迷量表:把三个方面的最佳反应相加。睁眼 E:4 自发,3 对声音或言语,2 对压迫,1 无。言语 V:5 定向正常,4 意识模糊,3 用词不恰当,2 发出无法理解的声音,1 无。运动 M:6 遵嘱动作,5 定位,4 正常屈曲(回缩),3 异常屈曲,2 伸展,1 无。总分为 3 至 15。头部损伤后,13–15 通常称为轻度,9–12 为中度,3–8 为重度。

运动评分

M = 9 − 2 − 3 = 4
M4: 把肢体从压迫处缩回(正常屈曲)

答案

M = 4
34.临床评估评分

答案: 健康体重

体质指数:BMI = 体重(kg)/身高(m)²,身高要先换算为米。使用磅和英寸时,BMI = 703 × 体重(lb)/身高(in)²。WHO 成人分类:低于 18.5 为体重过轻,18.5–24.9 为健康体重,25.0–29.9 为超重,30.0–34.9 为肥胖 I 级,35.0–39.9 为肥胖 II 级,40 及以上为肥胖 III 级。

BMI

BMI = 72/1.86² = 20.81

分类

健康体重

答案

健康体重

本内容为独立练习材料。ExamProblems 与该考试的主办机构没有隶属关系,也未获其认可,考试名称仅用于描述内容。 NCLEX®, NCLEX-RN® and NCLEX-PN® 是 the National Council of State Boards of Nursing, Inc. (NCSBN) 的商标,该机构与 ExamProblems 无关,不为其背书,也不保证其准确性。

ExamProblems · examproblems.com/courses/nclex-pn-practice-questions