感染控制与患者安全
方法
- 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
- 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
- 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
- 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
- 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 34 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
哪种行为体现了积极倾听?
A patient's potassium result is 6.8 mmol/L (6.8 mEq/L). Why is this urgent?
A patient with a severe latex allergy is booked for surgery. Which measure is commonly used?
A patient has signed a surgical consent form but tells the nurse, “I don’t really understand what they are going to do.” What should the nurse do?
A patient is booked for a CT scan with iodinated contrast. Which of the patient’s medications may need to be held according to protocol?
一个团队包括一名 RN、一名 LPN/LVN 和一名护理助理。哪种分工最恰当?
Why is it important to prevent hypothermia during and after surgery?
A patient has sudden, severe "tearing" chest pain going through to the back and a large difference in blood pressure between the arms. What should be suspected?
A patient has had severe watery diarrhea for 4 days. Which laboratory pattern would the nurse expect?
A patient on IV gentamicin has a trough level above the target, and the creatinine has risen since yesterday. The next dose is due. What is the best action?
Which adverse effect of ciprofloxacin should a patient report at once?
为什么建议使用长效硝酸酯类药物的患者每天有几小时的无硝酸酯期?
A patient on home oxygen has dry, sore lips. Which product is safest to use?
After a pneumonectomy, how is the patient usually positioned?
A patient with multiple sclerosis says their symptoms get worse after a hot bath. What should the nurse explain?
A patient with type 1 diabetes is vomiting at home. Their glucose is 12 mmol/L (216 mg/dL), and blood ketones are 3.5 mmol/L. What advice is correct?
A patient is starting regular oral morphine. Which bowel advice is most appropriate?
腹部手术后第 6 天,一名患者说咳嗽时有东西“裂开了”,并且伤口处可见肠管。护士应立即做什么?
A woman at 37 weeks is GBS-positive. When should she receive antibiotics?
A woman 2 hours after birth asks for help to the bathroom. She had an epidural that is now off. What is the main safety concern?
Which nursing action is correct for a newborn receiving phototherapy?
Which practice most reduces the risk of errors with high-alert medicines such as insulin or opioid infusions in children?
Which risk applies when antipsychotics are used in older people with dementia?
开始使用氯氮平三周后,一名患者出现胸痛、静息心率 125 次/分和发热。护士应怀疑什么?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一个剂量记录在 17:20(24 小时制)。哪个条目是 12 小时制中的同一时间?点击它。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 血糖结果为 402 mg/dL。按葡萄糖 1 mmol/L = 18 mg/dL,求以 mmol/L 表示的c。取到一位小数。
需要从 1%(w/v)溶液中取 100 mg 的剂量。多少容量 V 含有这一剂量?
处方剂量为 3560 微克。安瓿浓度为 4 mg/mL。请用 1 mL 注射器抽取剂量:应给多少体积 V?
用滴系数为 15 滴/mL 的输液器在 4 小时内输入 1500 mL。求滴速 R(滴/分)。 取整到最接近的整数。
一袋液体在 500 mL 中含药 100 mg,以 12 mL/h 的速度输注。患者每小时获得多少毫克 D?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 记录显示了一名患者在一个 12 小时班次中的出入量。患者体重 50 kg。求平均尿量 U,以 mL/kg/h 计。 保留两位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一份 500 mL 的输液于 16:30 开始以 120 mL/h 输注。3 小时后速率改为 125 mL/h,之后不再改变。从开始算起多少小时 t 后袋子会输完? 保留一位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一张练习图表记录了 GCS 9,其中 E2 和 V3。记录的运动评分M是多少,它描述的是哪种反应?请给出数字。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一名成人体重 72 kg,身高 186 cm。计算 BMI 并点击 WHO 体重分类。
答案: C · 复述患者所说的话以确认理解
积极倾听包括专注、适当的目光接触、点头、反映和复述。它让患者感到被倾听,也让护士获得准确的信息。
答案: B · Very high potassium can cause life-threatening heart arrhythmias
Severe hyperkalaemia can cause cardiac arrest. The result is escalated at once; an ECG and treatment follow, and a repeat sample checks whether the result was falsely raised.
答案: D · Use latex-free supplies and schedule the patient as the first case of the day
Latex proteins can become airborne on glove powder and settle in the room. Using a latex-safe room and supplies and scheduling the patient first, when airborne latex is lowest, reduce the risk.
答案: D · Inform the surgeon so the procedure can be explained again before any sedation
Informed consent is the responsibility of the person doing the procedure. If the patient does not understand, the nurse pauses the process and tells the surgeon, before any sedative drug is given.
答案: C · Metformin
If contrast causes kidney injury, metformin can build up and cause lactic acidosis. Protocols often hold metformin around the procedure, especially when kidney function is reduced.
答案: B · RN:新入院患者;LPN/LVN:稳定患者的用药;助理:卫生护理
RN 负责评估和复杂护理,LPN/LVN 护理稳定患者并给予常规药物,助理负责常规的卫生护理和测量。其他选项把任务分配到了超出该人员工作范围的人。
答案: A · It increases the risk of wound infection, bleeding and cardiac complications
Inadvertent perioperative hypothermia impairs clotting and immune function and increases cardiac events and wound infection. Patients are warmed actively and their temperature monitored.
答案: C · Aortic dissection
Aortic dissection classically causes abrupt, tearing pain radiating to the back, with unequal arm pulses or pressures. It is a surgical emergency, and thrombolysis must not be given.
答案: D · Low potassium and low bicarbonate
Lower gut fluid contains potassium and bicarbonate, so severe diarrhea causes hypokalemia and a normal anion gap (hyperchloremic) metabolic acidosis, plus dehydration. Vomiting, in contrast, causes metabolic alkalosis.核对依据: Potassium Blood Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024); Metabolic acidosis · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答案: C · Hold the dose and report the results to the prescriber
A high aminoglycoside trough with rising creatinine means the drug is accumulating, which increases the risk of kidney damage and hearing loss. The nurse holds the dose, reports to the prescriber and asks about hearing changes and tinnitus. Only the prescriber or pharmacist changes the regimen.核对依据: Gentamicin sulfate injection - Boxed Warning (US prescribing information) · Pfizer Medical Information (FDA label)
答案: D · Pain or swelling in a tendon, such as the Achilles tendon
Fluoroquinolones can cause tendinitis and tendon rupture. Patients should stop exercise and report tendon pain promptly.
答案: C · 防止对硝酸酯产生耐受
血药浓度恒定时,对硝酸酯的耐受很快产生。采用不对称给药方案或夜间揭去贴片可以保持其疗效。
答案: D · A water-based lubricant
Oil-based products such as petroleum jelly can ignite or burn intensely in high oxygen concentrations and have caused facial burns. Water-based products are recommended. Oxygen cylinders are kept upright and secured, away from heat and flames.
答案: D · On the back or the operated side, not fully on the remaining lung
After a pneumonectomy, the remaining lung needs room to expand, and the mediastinum must not shift. Patients usually lie on their back or on the operated side, semi-upright. Lying fully on the non-operated side can compress the remaining lung. Chest drains, if present, are managed per surgical instructions.
答案: B · Heat can briefly worsen MS symptoms, which settle when they cool down
Heat sensitivity (Uhthoff's phenomenon) is common in MS. A rise in body temperature slows conduction in demyelinated nerves and temporarily worsens symptoms. It is not a relapse, and the symptoms settle with cooling.
答案: D · Seek urgent hospital assessment for possible DKA
Blood ketones above 3 mmol/L, especially with vomiting, mean a high risk of DKA, even if the glucose is only moderately raised. The patient needs urgent assessment. Insulin should not be stopped.
答案: C · Start a regular laxative at the same time
Opioids slow gut movement, and tolerance to constipation does not develop. A regular laxative, often a stimulant with a softener, is started with the opioid, alongside fluids and mobility where possible.
答案: B · 用生理盐水浸湿的无菌敷料覆盖,屈膝,呼叫外科医生
内脏脱出是外科急症。用无菌、生理盐水浸湿的敷料覆盖脏器,让患者取低半卧位并屈膝以减少张力,保持禁食,监测休克并呼叫外科医生。绝不能试图将脏器还纳。
答案: A · Intravenously during labour
Oral antibiotics before labour do not prevent recolonisation. IV antibiotics in labour, given ideally at least 4 hours before birth, greatly reduce early-onset GBS disease in the newborn.
答案: B · Leg weakness or numbness causing a fall
After an epidural, the nurse checks that leg sensation and strength have returned before she stands. Combined with orthostatic hypotension and blood loss, this makes the first walk a high fall risk.
答案: B · Cover the eyes, expose as much skin as possible and monitor temperature and hydration
Phototherapy works on bilirubin in the skin, so maximal skin should be exposed while the eyes are shielded. Babies can lose extra fluid and become too warm or cold, so temperature, hydration and feeding are monitored; lotions can cause burns.
答案: B · An independent double check by a second nurse before giving the medicine
Paediatric doses are individualised and often very small, so tenfold errors are a real risk. Independent double checks of the calculation, dose and pump settings for high-alert medicines are a key safety measure.
答案: C · An increased risk of stroke and death
Antipsychotics in older people with dementia are linked to increased rates of stroke and death. They are used only when non-drug approaches have failed and distress or risk is severe, at the lowest dose for the shortest time.
答案: A · 心肌炎,需要紧急医疗评估
氯氮平引起的心肌炎通常出现在最初 2 个月,表现为心动过速、发热、胸痛或流感样症状。需要紧急评估(心电图、肌钙蛋白、炎症标志物)。
答案: 5:20 PM
24 小时制:下午 1 点起,小时数加 12(下午 3:45 = 15:45)。午夜到凌晨 12:59 为 00:00–00:59,中午 12:00–12:59 仍为 12:00–12:59。反过来换算时,13–23 点减 12 并标为下午;00 点变为凌晨 12 点。跨午夜计算时间要分两段:先算到 24:00(00:00),再从 00:00 算起。
答案: c = 22.3 mmol/L
量纲分析:先写出已知量,再乘以写成分数形式的换算系数(例如 60 min/1 h 或 1 mg/1000 mcg),使每个不需要的单位在分子和分母各出现一次并相互约去。只剩下所求单位时再计算。使用题目给出的等量关系,只对最终答案取整。
答案: V = 10 mL
Solution strengths: a percentage strength is grams per 100 mL, so 1% = 1 g/100 mL = 10 mg/mL. A ratio strength 1:1000 means 1 g in 1000 mL = 1 mg/mL; 1:10 000 is 0.1 mg/mL. For a dilution the amount of drug stays the same: C₁·V₁ = C₂·V₂.
答案: V = 0.89 mL
抽取剂量:体积 = (处方剂量/药物浓度) × 药物体积。先换算成相同的单位,再检查该体积是否适合注射器,并落在它的某一个刻度上。
答案: R = 94 gtt/min
输注速率:输液泵按 mL/h = 体积/时间(小时)设定。重力滴注按每分钟滴数计:gtt/min = 体积 (mL) × 滴系数 (gtt/mL)/时间 (min)。 滴系数印在输液器包装上:普通输液器为 10、15 或 20 gtt/mL(输血器在美国常为 10 gtt/mL,在英国为 15),微量输液器为 60 gtt/mL。务必使用题目或包装给出的滴系数。
床旁取最接近的整滴:94 滴/分。
答案: D = 2.4 mg/h
输注速率:输液泵按 mL/h = 体积/时间(小时)设定。重力滴注按每分钟滴数计:gtt/min = 体积 (mL) × 滴系数 (gtt/mL)/时间 (min)。 滴系数印在输液器包装上:普通输液器为 10、15 或 20 gtt/mL(输血器在美国常为 10 gtt/mL,在英国为 15),微量输液器为 60 gtt/mL。务必使用题目或包装给出的滴系数。
答案: U = 1.54 mL/kg/h
出入量:入量计入所有进入体内的液体(口服液体、静脉输液、静脉用药及冲管液、管饲);冰屑按其体积的一半计。出量计入尿液、引流液、呕吐物和其他丢失。平衡 = 总入量 − 总出量;平衡为负表示净丢失。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
答案: t = 4.1 h
输液时间:时间 (h) = 待输体积 (mL)/速率 (mL/h);使用袋中剩余的体积,而不是袋的容量。已输入体积 = 速率 × 时间。把小数小时换算为小时和分钟时,用小数部分 × 60(0.5 h = 30 min,而不是 50 min)。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
约为 4 h 07 min,所以袋子大约在 20:37 输完。
答案: M = 4
格拉斯哥昏迷量表:把三个方面的最佳反应相加。睁眼 E:4 自发,3 对声音或言语,2 对压迫,1 无。言语 V:5 定向正常,4 意识模糊,3 用词不恰当,2 发出无法理解的声音,1 无。运动 M:6 遵嘱动作,5 定位,4 正常屈曲(回缩),3 异常屈曲,2 伸展,1 无。总分为 3 至 15。头部损伤后,13–15 通常称为轻度,9–12 为中度,3–8 为重度。
答案: 健康体重
体质指数:BMI = 体重(kg)/身高(m)²,身高要先换算为米。使用磅和英寸时,BMI = 703 × 体重(lb)/身高(in)²。WHO 成人分类:低于 18.5 为体重过轻,18.5–24.9 为健康体重,25.0–29.9 为超重,30.0–34.9 为肥胖 I 级,35.0–39.9 为肥胖 II 级,40 及以上为肥胖 III 级。
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