感染控制与患者安全
方法
- 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
- 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
- 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
- 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
- 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 34 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
A patient is found on the floor beside the bed. What should the nurse do first?
An older patient who lives alone is ready to go home after a hip fracture but worries about washing and cooking. Which referral is most appropriate?
An infant has had a cleft lip repair. Why are elbow restraints often used?
A patient on airborne precautions for tuberculosis wants to walk in the hallway. What is the best response?
一名护士要求护理助理“评估患者的疼痛,并决定患者是否需要更多药物”。违反了委派的哪项正确原则?
A patient with SIADH has a serum sodium of 120 mEq/L and is newly confused. Which nursing action has priority?
Which examination findings suggest a large pleural effusion on one side?
Why should "units" never be abbreviated to "U" or "IU" on an insulin prescription?
A patient has taken a proton pump inhibitor (such as omeprazole) for many years and now has muscle cramps and tremor. Which electrolyte is most likely to be low?
手术后,一名接受大量低渗静脉液体的患者出现头痛、恶心和意识模糊。哪项结果最能解释这一点?
Methylergometrine (methylergonovine) is prescribed for postpartum bleeding. Which finding would make the nurse withhold it and check with the prescriber?
由于肾衰竭,某药的清除率降为原来的一半,而分布容积不变。其半衰期会怎样?
一名刚开始服用降压药的患者起床时感到头晕。正确的建议是什么?
重症监护室一名使用呼吸机的患者有发生呼吸机相关性肺炎的风险。哪项护理措施有助于降低这种风险?
Which statement about giving IV potassium is correct?
An adult stares blankly for about a minute, smacks their lips and fumbles with their clothes. Afterwards they are confused for ten minutes and remember nothing. Which seizure type fits best?
麻醉期间,恶性高热最早的征象通常是什么?
A nurse teaches a patient after a colonoscopy with polyp removal. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
一名 Rh 阴性的女性刚生下 Rh 阳性的婴儿。应在何时给予抗 D 免疫球蛋白?
A woman has had a large postpartum haemorrhage and is receiving several units of blood. Which other complication should the nurse watch for?
一名法洛四联症患儿在哭闹时突然变得非常青紫、呼吸急促。哪种体位有帮助?
一名意识清醒的 3 岁儿童被食物噎住,无法咳嗽、哭泣或说话。护士应怎么做?
哪些体征是阿片类药物戒断的典型表现?
An 8-year-old taking methylphenidate for 6 months has dropped from the 50th to the 25th centile for weight. What is the most appropriate nursing action?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一次体重换算得到 47.4705 kg。 本练习的规则是:体重取到最接近的十分之一千克。你记录的数值x是多少?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一张处方写着口服混悬液½ tbsp,每天两次,共 14 天。混悬液每瓶 150 mL。按1 tbsp = 15 mL,必须提供多少整瓶N才能完成疗程?
一名体重 13 kg 的儿童按 10 mg/kg 处方用药。原液浓度为 25 mg/mL。请抽取剂量:应给多少体积 V?
一名患者身高 127 cm,体重 48 kg。医嘱为 250 mg/m²。用 Mosteller 公式 BSA = √(身高 (cm) × 体重 (kg)/3600) 求剂量 D,以 mg 表示。
用滴系数为 60 滴/mL 的输液器在 12 小时内输入 250 mL。求滴速 R(滴/分)。 取整到最接近的整数。
将 100 mg 药物稀释于 100 mL 中,通过滴系数为 60 gtt/mL 的输液器重力滴注。医嘱为每小时 60 mg。求滴速 R,以每分钟滴数表示。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 记录显示了一名患者在一个 12 小时班次中的出入量。静脉输液在整个班次中按所示速率输注。求总入量 I,以 mL 计。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一袋 500 mL 的液体于 06:30 开始用输液泵以 60 mL/h 输注。到 12:30 时袋中还剩多少 mL V?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 用 Morse 跌倒评分评估一位练习患者:过去 3 个月内的跌倒史: 否; 次要诊断: 否; 行走辅助: 无、卧床休息或由护士协助; 静脉输液或封管: 否; 步态: 虚弱; 精神状态: 高估或忘记自身局限。求 Morse 总分MFS。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 团队的目标是平均动脉压至少为 70 mmHg。一位患者的收缩压为 128 mmHg。使用 MAP = (SBP + 2·DBP)/3,仍能使 MAP 达到 70 mmHg 的最低舒张压DBP是多少?
答案: A · Check responsiveness and look for injuries before moving them
The nurse first calls for help and assesses the patient, including for head and hip injury. The patient is moved only when safe, using proper equipment, and the doctor is informed.
答案: A · Occupational therapy for a home assessment
Occupational therapists assess how people manage daily activities and the home, and can arrange equipment such as perching stools and raised toilet seats.
答案: C · To stop the infant’s hands reaching the mouth while still allowing arm movement
Elbow restraints keep the elbows straight so the infant cannot touch the suture line. They are removed regularly, one at a time, for skin checks and movement under supervision.
答案: D · Explain that they must stay in the room, and offer ways to stay active inside it
Patients on airborne precautions stay in the negative-pressure room with the door closed, leaving only for essential tests while wearing a surgical mask. The nurse explains why and helps the patient cope with confinement.
答案: C · 正确的任务
评估患者并决定治疗需要护理判断,因此该任务本身不能委派给辅助人员。助理可以报告患者所说的话,但评估和决定要由 RN 做出。
答案: D · Seizure precautions and close neurological checks
Severe hyponatremia can cause seizures and falls. The nurse keeps the patient safe and reports changes; free water is restricted rather than encouraged, as prescribed.
答案: C · Dull percussion and reduced breath sounds over the lung base
Fluid in the pleural space muffles breath sounds and makes percussion stony dull. A large effusion may push the trachea away from the affected side.
答案: B · The letters can be misread as a zero, causing a tenfold overdose
"U" can be misread as 0, so "10U" might be read as 100, and "IU" can be mistaken for "IV" or "10". Writing "units" in full is a standard safety rule (ISMP), because insulin errors can cause severe hypoglycaemia.
答案: A · Magnesium
Long-term proton pump inhibitor use can cause hypomagnesemia by reducing its absorption in the gut. Low magnesium causes tremor, cramps, hyperreflexia and arrhythmias, and it can also cause low potassium and low calcium.核对依据: Magnesium Blood Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2023); Proton pump inhibitors and hypomagnesemia: A meta-analysis of observational studies · PubMed Central (NIH/NLM)
答案: C · 钠 126 mEq/L
手术应激使抗利尿激素升高,低渗液体增加自由水,因此钠下降。低钠血症引起头痛、恶心和意识模糊。其他数值是正常的。核对依据: Low blood sodium · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025); Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025); Hyponatremia · StatPearls (NCBI Bookshelf)
答案: B · Blood pressure of 160/105 mmHg
Ergot alkaloids cause vasoconstriction and can raise blood pressure sharply. They are contraindicated in hypertension and pre-eclampsia.
答案: A · 加倍
半衰期与 Vd 成正比,与清除率成反比。清除率减半使半衰期加倍,因此药物会蓄积,并需要更长时间才能达到稳态。
答案: C · 站起来之前先在床边坐一会儿
开始降压治疗时,体位性(直立性)低血压很常见。缓慢改变体位可降低跌倒风险。持续存在症状时应报告,以便测量卧位和立位血压并复核剂量。
答案: D · 将床头抬高 30–45°
呼吸机集束化护理措施包括床头抬高 30–45°、定期口腔护理、每日评估撤机的准备情况(镇静中断)以及在可行时进行声门下分泌物引流。除非管路被污染或有故障,否则不建议频繁更换管路。
答案: C · It is diluted and given through an infusion pump, never as a bolus
Concentrated potassium given quickly can cause fatal arrhythmias. IV potassium is given in a diluted, ready-made solution through an infusion pump at a controlled rate, with monitoring of potassium and, at higher rates, the ECG.
答案: A · Focal impaired awareness seizure
Focal impaired awareness seizures often come from the temporal lobe. They last about a minute or two, with automatisms such as lip smacking and fumbling, and are followed by confusion. Absence seizures are shorter and have no postictal phase.
答案: D · 呼气末 CO₂ 无法解释地升高
恶性高热是对挥发性麻醉药和琥珀酰胆碱的遗传性反应。早期征象包括呼气末 CO₂ 升高、心动过速和肌肉强直(常为咬肌);高热往往是晚期征象。治疗是停用触发药物并给予丹曲林。
答案: B · "Severe abdominal pain is normal for a week afterwards."
Mild bloating and cramps from the air used are expected. Severe or worsening pain, fever, a distended abdomen or heavy rectal bleeding can mean perforation or haemorrhage and must be reported straight away.
答案: C · 分娩后 72 小时内
抗 D 在 Rh 阳性婴儿出生后 72 小时内给予,前提是检测确认母亲尚未致敏。如果婴儿是 Rh 阴性,则无需使用。
答案: A · Coagulopathy from loss of clotting factors
Massive haemorrhage and transfusion of red cells can deplete clotting factors and platelets, leading to further bleeding. Massive transfusion protocols include plasma, platelets and sometimes fibrinogen.
答案: C · 膝胸卧位(或蹲踞)
屈膝贴胸可提高体循环血管阻力,使右向左分流减少,更多血液流向肺部。应保持孩子平静,给氧并呼叫援助。
答案: B · 先拍背,再做腹部冲击,并呼叫援助
对于咳嗽无效、意识清醒的 1 岁以上儿童,先拍背最多 5 次,然后腹部冲击最多 5 次,并重复。盲目用手指掏取可能把异物推得更深。如果孩子失去反应,应开始心肺复苏。
答案: D · 打哈欠、流鼻涕、瞳孔散大、起鸡皮疙瘩和腹泻
阿片类药物戒断引起流涕、流泪、打哈欠、瞳孔散大、起鸡皮疙瘩、腹部绞痛、腹泻和焦虑。非常难受,但在健康成人中很少危及生命。
答案: A · Report the finding, review his eating pattern and suggest giving the medicine after breakfast
Appetite suppression is a common stimulant effect and can affect growth. The prescriber needs to know, and strategies such as giving the dose after breakfast and offering a good evening meal can help.
答案: x = 47.5 kg
取整:看舍入位后面的那个数字:5 或更大则进位,4 或更小则保持原数字不变。只对最终答案取整,绝不对中间步骤取整。典型的考试规则:1 mL 或以上的体积取到十分位,低于 1 mL 的体积取到百分位,滴速取整到整滴,体重取到一位小数;务必遵循题目所规定的规则。
答案: N = 2
量纲分析:先写出已知量,再乘以写成分数形式的换算系数(例如 60 min/1 h 或 1 mg/1000 mcg),使每个不需要的单位在分子和分母各出现一次并相互约去。只剩下所求单位时再计算。使用题目给出的等量关系,只对最终答案取整。
答案: V = 5.2 mL
抽取剂量:体积 = (处方剂量/药物浓度) × 药物体积。先换算成相同的单位,再检查该体积是否适合注射器,并落在它的某一个刻度上。
在这支 10 mL 的注射器上,每条小刻度线代表 0.2 mL。
答案: D = 325.3 mg
Body-surface-area dosing: many cytotoxic and some paediatric doses are prescribed per square metre of body surface area: dose (mg) = dose per m² × BSA (m²). The Mosteller formula estimates BSA = √(height (cm) × weight (kg)/3600).
答案: R = 21 gtt/min
输注速率:输液泵按 mL/h = 体积/时间(小时)设定。重力滴注按每分钟滴数计:gtt/min = 体积 (mL) × 滴系数 (gtt/mL)/时间 (min)。 滴系数印在输液器包装上:普通输液器为 10、15 或 20 gtt/mL(输血器在美国常为 10 gtt/mL,在英国为 15),微量输液器为 60 gtt/mL。务必使用题目或包装给出的滴系数。
床旁取最接近的整滴:21 滴/分。
答案: R = 60 gtt/min
Dose-based infusions: concentration = amount of drug in the bag/bag volume. Pump rate (mL/h) = dose per hour/concentration, and dose per hour = mL/h × concentration. Convert per-minute doses to per-hour (× 60) and keep the mass units the same (1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg).
答案: I = 1720 mL
出入量:入量计入所有进入体内的液体(口服液体、静脉输液、静脉用药及冲管液、管饲);冰屑按其体积的一半计。出量计入尿液、引流液、呕吐物和其他丢失。平衡 = 总入量 − 总出量;平衡为负表示净丢失。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
答案: V = 140 mL
输液时间:时间 (h) = 待输体积 (mL)/速率 (mL/h);使用袋中剩余的体积,而不是袋的容量。已输入体积 = 速率 × 时间。把小数小时换算为小时和分钟时,用小数部分 × 60(0.5 h = 30 min,而不是 50 min)。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
答案: MFS = 25
Morse 跌倒评分:六个条目。跌倒史:否 0 分,是 25 分。次要诊断:否 0 分,是 15 分。行走辅助:无、卧床休息或护士协助 0 分;拐杖、手杖或助行器 15 分;扶着家具 30 分。静脉输液或封管:否 0 分,是 20 分。步态:正常、卧床休息或轮椅 0 分;虚弱 10 分;受损 20 分。精神状态:了解自身局限 0 分;高估或忘记自身局限 15 分。总分为 0 至 125。各医院的风险分界值不同;常用的一套是 0–24 低风险,25–44 中度风险,45 及以上为高风险。
答案: DBP = 41 mmHg
血压数值:脉压 PP = SBP − DBP。平均动脉压 MAP ≈ (SBP + 2·DBP)/3 = DBP + PP/3,这是基于正常心率下心脏每搏约有三分之二时间处于舒张期的估算(心率快时准确性下降);MAP 至少约 65 mmHg 是常用的器官灌注目标。休克指数 SI = 心率/SBP,正常约为 0.5–0.7;高于约 1 是休克的警示信号。
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