感染控制与患者安全
方法
- 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
- 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
- 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
- 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
- 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 34 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
护理诊断与医疗诊断有何不同?
哪项特征最有助于区分谵妄与痴呆?
Which practice makes shift handoff safer?
A nurse has just started a unit of red blood cells when a colleague asks for urgent help with another patient. What is the best action?
哪种定时给药的药物时间要求最严格?
Which patient is the best choice for the room closest to the nurses’ station?
Which oxygen device delivers a precise, fixed concentration of oxygen?
During CPR for asystole, when should adrenaline (epinephrine) be given according to standard adult guidelines?
Which blood collection practice helps prevent hemolysis of the sample?
一名患者在大量呕血 30 分钟后到达。心率 125 次/分,但首次血红蛋白为 13.0 g/dL(130 g/L)。为什么血红蛋白具有误导性?
肝素如何产生抗凝作用?
非竞争性(不可逆)拮抗剂如何改变量效曲线?
一名外周动脉疾病患者夜间腿痛。哪种体位可能缓解疼痛?
Four hours after cardiac surgery, the mediastinal drain, which had been draining steadily, suddenly stops. BP falls to 84/60 mmHg, the heart rate rises and the CVP climbs. What should the nurse suspect?
Why is an ACE inhibitor often given to a patient with diabetes and albumin in the urine?
A patient with renal colic has normal kidney function and no other contraindications. Which drug is usually the first choice for pain?
Which nursing care helps a new skin graft take?
A bag of parenteral nutrition runs out and the next one will not arrive for several hours. Which risk should the nurse anticipate?
Which drug is a known teratogen that must be stopped before a planned pregnancy?
A woman at 28 weeks has itching, and her liver tests and bile acids are raised. Which advice is most important?
A child has just spilled hot tea on his arm. What is the correct first aid?
The nurse has taught the parents of a 1-year-old about car safety. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
Which US legal case is associated with the duty of mental health professionals to protect people who are threatened by a patient?
According to DSM-5, which childhood condition is a requirement for a later diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一次注射的剂量计算得到 3.4149 mL。 本练习的规则是:1 mL 或以上的体积取到最接近的十分之一 mL。你记录的数值x是多少?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一次输注从 17:35 开始,到次日早晨 07:00 结束(24 小时制)。它运行了多少分钟t?
一名体重 35 kg 的儿童按 3 mg/kg 处方用药。原液浓度为 25 mg/mL。请抽取剂量:应给多少体积 V?
一名体重 14 kg 的儿童,医嘱为口服混悬液每次 10 mg/kg,该混悬液每 1 mL 含 40 mg。你应给多少体积 V?
滴注以 30 gtt/min 的速度通过滴系数为 20 gtt/mL 的输液器。患者在 12 小时内接受多少毫升 V?
一袋液体在 250 mL 中含药 200 mg,以 5 mL/h 的速度输注。患者每小时获得多少毫克 D?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 记录显示了一名患者在一个 8 小时班次中的出入量。静脉输液在整个班次中按所示速率输注。求总入量 I,以 mL 计。 冰屑按其体积的一半计。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一份 1000 mL 的输液于 18:30 开始以 80 mL/h 输注。2 小时后速率改为 100 mL/h,之后不再改变。从开始算起多少小时 t 后袋子会输完? 保留一位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 用 Braden 量表评估一位练习患者:感觉知觉: 无损害; 潮湿程度: 很少潮湿; 活动: 偶尔步行; 活动能力: 不受限制; 营养: 充足; 摩擦力和剪切力: 无明显问题。求 Braden 总分B。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 出生后 5 分钟,一名练习用新生儿的表现为:全身皮肤青紫或苍白,心率 60 次/分,刺激时做鬼脸,四肢略有屈曲,呼吸缓慢、不规则,哭声微弱。 为 Apgar 评分并点击该评分的解读。
答案: D · 它描述患者对健康问题的反应
医疗诊断说出疾病名称,例如肺炎。护理诊断描述患者的需求或反应,例如气体交换受损或有跌倒的危险,这些是护理工作要解决的问题。
答案: A · 谵妄起病突然,注意力在一天中波动
谵妄在数小时至数天内发生,注意力和意识波动,常有躯体原因。痴呆则在数月或数年间逐渐发展。痴呆患者发生谵妄的风险更高。
答案: D · Using a standard format such as SBAR or I-PASS, with time for questions
Many errors happen at transitions of care. A structured handoff with an opportunity to ask questions, ideally at the bedside, reduces missed information.
答案: C · Stay with the transfusing patient for the first 15 minutes and ask another nurse to help
The most serious reactions, such as acute hemolytic reactions and anaphylaxis, usually start within the first 15 minutes. The nurse stays with the patient during this time and finds another person to help elsewhere.
答案: D · 随已送到的早餐托盘一起给予的速效胰岛素
速效胰岛素随餐给药;给得晚或不进食可导致血糖过高或过低。其他每日用药稍晚一点给予也无妨。
答案: C · A confused older adult at high risk of falls
A confused patient at high risk of falls benefits from being close to staff, so they can be observed and helped quickly. The other patients are stable and independent.
答案: B · Venturi mask
A Venturi mask entrains a set amount of room air, giving a fixed oxygen percentage regardless of the patient's breathing pattern. This makes it useful for patients at risk of hypercapnia.
答案: B · As soon as IV or IO access is obtained, then every 3–5 minutes
In non-shockable rhythms, adrenaline is given as soon as possible and repeated every 3–5 minutes while CPR continues. In shockable rhythms it is given after the third shock in UK/European guidelines (after the second shock in AHA guidelines).
答案: C · Gently inverting the tubes instead of shaking them
Hemolysis falsely raises potassium and affects other results. It is reduced by gentle inversion of tubes, avoiding very small needles, avoiding strong suction or forcing blood through a needle, and keeping tourniquet time short.
答案: B · 丢失的是全血,所以浓度数小时后才会下降
出血早期,红细胞和血浆一起丢失,因此浓度起初保持正常。在最初几小时,心率和血压是判断失血更好的指标。
答案: D · 它增强抗凝血酶的作用,使凝血酶和 Xa 因子失活
肝素与抗凝血酶结合,大大加速其对凝血酶和 Xa 因子的灭活。低分子肝素主要作用于 Xa 因子。
答案: D · 降低最大效应
竞争性拮抗剂使曲线右移,但更大剂量的激动剂仍可达到相同的最大效应。非竞争性拮抗剂会降低最大效应。
答案: B · 双腿垂在床边
缺血性静息痛常通过放低双腿而缓解,因为重力可改善动脉血流。抬高会加重缺血。明显动脉疾病禁用加压,直接热敷可烫伤感觉迟钝的缺血皮肤。
答案: B · Cardiac tamponade from a clotted drain
A sudden stop in drainage with falling blood pressure, tachycardia and rising venous pressure suggests blood is collecting around the heart because the drain is blocked. Tamponade after cardiac surgery is an emergency: the surgeon is called at once and the chest may need to be reopened.
答案: B · It protects the kidneys and reduces albumin loss
ACE inhibitors and ARBs reduce glomerular pressure, lower albuminuria and slow the progression of diabetic kidney disease, as well as treating blood pressure. Potassium and creatinine are checked after starting them.
答案: D · An NSAID such as diclofenac
NSAIDs are recommended first line for renal colic in suitable patients because they reduce prostaglandin-driven pain and ureteric spasm. Opioids are added if needed. NSAIDs are avoided in kidney impairment.
答案: D · Keeping the area still and avoiding shearing forces
Grafts need close contact with the wound bed to gain a new blood supply. Immobilisation, careful dressings and avoiding friction, shearing and collections under the graft help it take.
答案: D · Rebound hypoglycaemia
Stopping PN suddenly can cause hypoglycaemia because insulin levels stay high for a while. Glucose is monitored, and a glucose infusion may be given according to local policy.
答案: C · Isotretinoin
Isotretinoin causes severe birth defects, so pregnancy must be prevented during treatment and for a period afterwards. Paracetamol is the usual analgesic in pregnancy, and levothyroxine should be continued.
答案: C · Report reduced fetal movements straight away
Intrahepatic cholestasis is linked with stillbirth, especially with high bile acids. Women are monitored closely, told to report reduced movements and may be offered birth earlier. Cool baths and emollients ease itching.
答案: C · Cool the burn under cool running water for about 20 minutes
Cool running water for about 20 minutes, within the first hours, limits burn depth and pain. Ice can cause further tissue damage and hypothermia, butter or toothpaste trap heat and add infection risk, and blisters should be left intact.
答案: B · "Her rear-facing seat can go in the front passenger seat with the airbag switched on."
A rear-facing seat must never be used in front of an active airbag, because the inflating airbag can strike the back of the seat and seriously injure the child. The other statements show correct use.
答案: A · Tarasoff v Regents of the University of California
In Tarasoff (California, 1976), the court held that therapists have a duty to take reasonable steps to protect an identifiable person from a serious threat made by a patient. Similar principles exist in many jurisdictions.
答案: B · Evidence of conduct disorder starting before age 15
Antisocial personality disorder can only be diagnosed in adults aged 18 or older, and there must be evidence of conduct disorder with onset before age 15.
答案: x = 3.4 mL
取整:看舍入位后面的那个数字:5 或更大则进位,4 或更小则保持原数字不变。只对最终答案取整,绝不对中间步骤取整。典型的考试规则:1 mL 或以上的体积取到十分位,低于 1 mL 的体积取到百分位,滴速取整到整滴,体重取到一位小数;务必遵循题目所规定的规则。
答案: t = 805 min
24 小时制:下午 1 点起,小时数加 12(下午 3:45 = 15:45)。午夜到凌晨 12:59 为 00:00–00:59,中午 12:00–12:59 仍为 12:00–12:59。反过来换算时,13–23 点减 12 并标为下午;00 点变为凌晨 12 点。跨午夜计算时间要分两段:先算到 24:00(00:00),再从 00:00 算起。
答案: V = 4.2 mL
抽取剂量:体积 = (处方剂量/药物浓度) × 药物体积。先换算成相同的单位,再检查该体积是否适合注射器,并落在它的某一个刻度上。
在这支 10 mL 的注射器上,每条小刻度线代表 0.2 mL。
答案: V = 3.5 mL
剂量计算:给药量等于医嘱剂量除以现有药物的规格,再乘以该规格对应的量:给药量 = (医嘱剂量/储备规格) × 储备体积。始终统一单位(先把 g 换成 mg,mg 换成 mcg),并检查答案是否合理。
答案: V = 1080 mL
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
答案: D = 4 mg/h
输注速率:输液泵按 mL/h = 体积/时间(小时)设定。重力滴注按每分钟滴数计:gtt/min = 体积 (mL) × 滴系数 (gtt/mL)/时间 (min)。 滴系数印在输液器包装上:普通输液器为 10、15 或 20 gtt/mL(输血器在美国常为 10 gtt/mL,在英国为 15),微量输液器为 60 gtt/mL。务必使用题目或包装给出的滴系数。
答案: I = 1100 mL
出入量:入量计入所有进入体内的液体(口服液体、静脉输液、静脉用药及冲管液、管饲);冰屑按其体积的一半计。出量计入尿液、引流液、呕吐物和其他丢失。平衡 = 总入量 − 总出量;平衡为负表示净丢失。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
答案: t = 10.4 h
输液时间:时间 (h) = 待输体积 (mL)/速率 (mL/h);使用袋中剩余的体积,而不是袋的容量。已输入体积 = 速率 × 时间。把小数小时换算为小时和分钟时,用小数部分 × 60(0.5 h = 30 min,而不是 50 min)。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
约为 10 h 24 min,所以袋子大约在 04:54 输完。
答案: B = 21
Braden 量表:评估压力性损伤风险的六个分项。感觉知觉、潮湿程度、活动、活动能力和营养各评 1 至 4 分,从最差水平(1)到无问题(4);摩擦力和剪切力评 1 至 3 分。总分为 6 至 23,总分越低风险越高。常用分级:19–23 无风险,15–18 轻度风险,13–14 中度风险,10–12 高风险,9 分及以下为极高风险。
答案: 中度异常
Apgar 评分:五项体征,每项评 0、1 或 2 分,在出生后 1 分钟和 5 分钟检查。外观(肤色):青紫或苍白 0 分,躯干粉红、四肢青紫 1 分,全身粉红 2 分。脉搏:无 0 分,低于 100 次/分 1 分,100 次/分或以上 2 分。反射(反射应激性):无 0 分,做鬼脸 1 分,哭叫、咳嗽或打喷嚏 2 分。肌张力(活动):松软 0 分,略有屈曲 1 分,活动活跃 2 分。呼吸:无 0 分,缓慢或不规则、哭声微弱 1 分,良好、哭声响亮 2 分。总分 7–10 为令人放心,4–6 为中度异常,0–3 为低。
5 分钟时低于 7 分,通常每 5 分钟重复评分一次,直至 20 分钟。
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