感染控制与患者安全
方法
- 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
- 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
- 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
- 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
- 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 34 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
When washing a patient's eyes, how should each eye be wiped?
Under the Mental Capacity Act 2005 (England and Wales), a patient with capacity makes a decision staff think is unwise. What follows?
患者的血液意外溅入护士眼睛后,护士应怎么做?
A nursing student describes how they remove PPE (gown, gloves and a mask worn for splash protection) at the doorway before leaving a contact precautions room. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
A patient arrives in the recovery room after general anesthesia. What does the nurse assess first?
A patient who is 7 weeks pregnant has one-sided lower abdominal pain, pain in the shoulder tip, a heart rate of 120/min and a blood pressure of 88/54 mmHg. What is most likely?
世卫组织三阶梯镇痛原则建议:
A conscious patient with hypoglycaemia was given fast-acting carbohydrate. On re-check 15 minutes later the blood glucose is 3.6 mmol/L (65 mg/dL). What should the nurse do next?
A patient with type 2 diabetes has a target HbA1c below 7% (53 mmol/mol). Today's result is 7.8% (62 mmol/mol). What is the best interpretation?
A patient has fever, confusion, a platelet count of 15 × 10³/µL, anemia with fragmented red cells (schistocytes) and a raised creatinine. Clotting times are normal. Which condition should be suspected?
After several years of levodopa treatment, which problem is common?
A baby born to a mother on methadone becomes irritable on day 2, with a high-pitched cry, tremors, sneezing and poor feeding. What is the most likely cause?
How is a patient usually positioned for a thoracentesis?
A patient regains a pulse after a ventricular fibrillation arrest that was probably caused by a heart attack. Which investigation is most urgent?
How does the nurse test the facial nerve (VII)?
一名 DKA 患者正在好转:血糖 9 mmol/L,酮体 0.4 mmol/L,pH 7.36。患者能进食和饮水。应如何停用静脉胰岛素?
什么是麻痹性肠梗阻?
Six hours after surgery, a patient has not passed urine, has lower abdominal discomfort and a bladder scan shows 750 mL. What should the nurse do?
On day 1 after birth, a woman's white cell count is mildly raised and she has no symptoms. How should this be interpreted?
一名子痫前期女性相隔 15 分钟的血压反复为 168/112 mmHg。恰当的措施是什么?
A child with suspected measles is admitted. Which precaution is most important?
A 9-year-old with Down syndrome has new neck pain, clumsy walking and changes in bladder control. What should the nurse suspect?
末次饮酒后,震颤谵妄最可能在何时开始?
再喂养的第三天,一名严重神经性厌食患者出现踝部肿胀、低磷血症和脉搏不规则。最可能的是什么?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一个剂量记录在 11:15(24 小时制)。哪个条目是 12 小时制中的同一时间?点击它。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一张处方写着口服混悬液½ tsp,每天四次,共 14 天。混悬液每瓶 150 mL。按1 tsp = 5 mL,必须提供多少整瓶N才能完成疗程?
一名体重 10 kg 的儿童按 15 mg/kg 处方用药。原液浓度为 25 mg/mL。请抽取剂量:应给多少体积 V?
一名患者身高 141 cm,体重 55 kg。医嘱为 50 mg/m²。用 Mosteller 公式 BSA = √(身高 (cm) × 体重 (kg)/3600) 求剂量 D,以 mg 表示。
用滴系数为 20 滴/mL 的输液器在 8 小时内输入 1500 mL。求滴速 R(滴/分)。 取整到最接近的整数。
一组输液以 28 滴/分的速度经 15 滴/mL 的输液器滴注。袋中还剩 600 mL。还需多少小时 t 才会滴完? 保留一位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 记录显示了一名患者在一个 12 小时班次中的出入量。静脉输液在整个班次中按所示速率输注。求液体平衡 B = 入量 − 出量,以 mL 计(答案为负表示净丢失)。 冰屑按其体积的一半计。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一袋 1000 mL 的液体用输液泵以 120 mL/h 输注。到 06:30 时已输入 200 mL。还要多少小时 t 袋子才会输完? 保留一位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一位患者的脉搏为 80 次/分,血压为 126/69 mmHg。求休克指数SI = HR/SBP。取到两位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一名成人体重 62 kg,身高 162 cm。计算 BMI 并点击 WHO 体重分类。
答案: D · From the inner corner outwards, using a clean part of the cloth for each eye
Wiping from the inner to the outer canthus moves debris away from the tear duct. Using a clean part of the cloth for each eye prevents spreading infection between them.
答案: C · An unwise decision alone does not mean the person lacks capacity
One of the Act's principles is that a person is not treated as lacking capacity just because they make an unwise decision. Staff can explain risks, but the decision is the patient's.
答案: C · 立即用大量清水或生理盐水冲洗眼睛,然后上报
应立即用大量清水或生理盐水冲洗黏膜,例如在洗眼站。暴露应立即上报,以便评估风险并考虑暴露后治疗。
答案: C · “I take off my mask first, and then I take off my gloves.”
Gloves are the most contaminated item and are removed first, so dirty gloves do not touch the face or mask. Gown and gloves are taken off at the doorway before leaving the room, and hand hygiene follows. The other steps are correct.
答案: B · Airway patency and breathing
After anesthesia, the airway can be blocked by the tongue or secretions, and breathing may be depressed. The airway and breathing are checked first, followed by circulation and the wound.
答案: C · A ruptured ectopic pregnancy
A ruptured ectopic pregnancy causes internal bleeding, with abdominal pain, shoulder-tip pain and signs of shock. It is a surgical emergency.
答案: B · 随着疼痛加重,从非阿片类药物逐步升级到弱阿片类,再到强阿片类
阶梯从非阿片类药物(如对乙酰氨基酚)到弱阿片类,再到强阿片类,每一阶梯都可加用辅助药物。对于持续性疼痛,首选按时给药。
答案: A · Give another dose of fast-acting carbohydrate and recheck
If blood glucose remains below the threshold (4 mmol/L in UK guidance, 70 mg/dL in US guidance), the fast-acting treatment is repeated. Once it is above the threshold, a longer-acting carbohydrate such as a sandwich or the next meal helps prevent recurrence.
答案: D · Average glucose over the past months has been above the target
An HbA1c of 7.8% shows that average glucose has been above the individual target over about 2–3 months. The nurse explores diet, activity, medication use and barriers, and the treatment plan may be adjusted.核对依据: Hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c) Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答案: D · Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP)
TTP causes small clots that consume platelets, break red cells (microangiopathic hemolysis) and damage the brain and kidneys, while clotting times usually stay normal. It is an emergency treated with plasma exchange; platelet transfusion is generally avoided.核对依据: Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答案: A · Dyskinesias and "on–off" fluctuations in response
Long-term levodopa use often leads to motor fluctuations, with periods of good control and periods of stiffness, and to dyskinesias at peak dose. Dose timing and add-on drugs are adjusted to manage this.
答案: D · Neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome
After birth the baby no longer receives opioid from the mother and develops withdrawal. Assessment uses a scoring tool, with non-drug care first and opioid treatment if signs are severe.
答案: A · Sitting upright and leaning forward over a table
Sitting upright and leaning forward on a bedside table widens the intercostal spaces at the back and lets the fluid settle at the base. If the patient cannot sit, lying on the unaffected side may be used.
答案: D · A 12-lead ECG
After return of spontaneous circulation, a 12-lead ECG looks for STEMI, which needs urgent coronary angiography and PCI. Post-resuscitation care also aims for normal oxygen and CO₂ levels, blood pressure support, glucose control and avoiding fever.
答案: A · Ask them to raise the eyebrows, shut the eyes tightly and smile
The facial nerve moves the muscles of the face. Asking the patient to raise the eyebrows, close the eyes, puff the cheeks and smile shows any weakness. Facial sensation is carried by the trigeminal nerve.
答案: A · 随餐给予皮下胰岛素,重叠一段时间后停止静脉输注
静脉胰岛素的半衰期很短。在皮下胰岛素起效前停用会导致反跳性酮症。应给予皮下胰岛素,并将输注继续一段设定的重叠时间(随餐给予速效胰岛素后常为 30–60 分钟)。现代方案中,输注期间常继续使用基础胰岛素。
答案: C · 没有物理性阻塞,但肠蠕动丧失
麻痹性肠梗阻是蠕动停止的功能性梗阻,常见于腹部手术后、使用阿片类药物、感染或电解质紊乱(尤其是低钾)。肠鸣音减弱或消失。
答案: D · Catheterise as per protocol or prescription
Urinary retention with a large residual volume needs bladder drainage to prevent discomfort, bladder damage and infection. Following local protocol, an in-and-out or indwelling catheter is used and the volume recorded.
答案: A · It can be normal soon after birth
Leucocytosis is common in labour and the early postnatal period. It must be interpreted with clinical signs such as fever, pain and lochia changes rather than on its own.
答案: C · 立即通知医疗人员,以便毫不延迟地开始降压治疗
妊娠期重度范围的高血压(收缩压 160 或舒张压 110 及以上)会增加卒中风险,必须紧急治疗,最好在 1 小时内,按处方使用拉贝洛尔、肼屈嗪或硝苯地平等药物。
答案: B · Airborne precautions, ideally in a negative-pressure room
Measles spreads through the air and can remain in a room for up to about 2 hours. Airborne precautions, a negative-pressure room where available and immune staff are required.
答案: C · Atlantoaxial instability with spinal cord compression
Children with Down syndrome can have instability between the first two cervical vertebrae. Neck pain, changes in gait, weakness and bladder or bowel changes suggest cord compression and need urgent assessment.
答案: A · 约 2 至 4 天(48 至 96 小时)
典型的时间:震颤和焦虑从约 6–24 小时开始,戒断性惊厥从约 12–48 小时开始,震颤谵妄从约 48–96 小时开始。时间因人而异。
答案: C · 再喂养综合征
饥饿后再喂养引起胰岛素释放,使磷、钾和镁进入细胞内,导致心力衰竭、水肿、心律失常和意识模糊。应密切监测并补充电解质,并逐渐增加喂养量。
答案: 11:15 AM
24 小时制:下午 1 点起,小时数加 12(下午 3:45 = 15:45)。午夜到凌晨 12:59 为 00:00–00:59,中午 12:00–12:59 仍为 12:00–12:59。反过来换算时,13–23 点减 12 并标为下午;00 点变为凌晨 12 点。跨午夜计算时间要分两段:先算到 24:00(00:00),再从 00:00 算起。
答案: N = 1
量纲分析:先写出已知量,再乘以写成分数形式的换算系数(例如 60 min/1 h 或 1 mg/1000 mcg),使每个不需要的单位在分子和分母各出现一次并相互约去。只剩下所求单位时再计算。使用题目给出的等量关系,只对最终答案取整。
答案: V = 6 mL
抽取剂量:体积 = (处方剂量/药物浓度) × 药物体积。先换算成相同的单位,再检查该体积是否适合注射器,并落在它的某一个刻度上。
在这支 10 mL 的注射器上,每条小刻度线代表 0.2 mL。
答案: D = 73.39 mg
Body-surface-area dosing: many cytotoxic and some paediatric doses are prescribed per square metre of body surface area: dose (mg) = dose per m² × BSA (m²). The Mosteller formula estimates BSA = √(height (cm) × weight (kg)/3600).
答案: R = 63 gtt/min
输注速率:输液泵按 mL/h = 体积/时间(小时)设定。重力滴注按每分钟滴数计:gtt/min = 体积 (mL) × 滴系数 (gtt/mL)/时间 (min)。 滴系数印在输液器包装上:普通输液器为 10、15 或 20 gtt/mL(输血器在美国常为 10 gtt/mL,在英国为 15),微量输液器为 60 gtt/mL。务必使用题目或包装给出的滴系数。
床旁取最接近的整滴:63 滴/分。
答案: t = 5.4 h
输注速率:输液泵按 mL/h = 体积/时间(小时)设定。重力滴注按每分钟滴数计:gtt/min = 体积 (mL) × 滴系数 (gtt/mL)/时间 (min)。 滴系数印在输液器包装上:普通输液器为 10、15 或 20 gtt/mL(输血器在美国常为 10 gtt/mL,在英国为 15),微量输液器为 60 gtt/mL。务必使用题目或包装给出的滴系数。
答案: B = 1165 mL
出入量:入量计入所有进入体内的液体(口服液体、静脉输液、静脉用药及冲管液、管饲);冰屑按其体积的一半计。出量计入尿液、引流液、呕吐物和其他丢失。平衡 = 总入量 − 总出量;平衡为负表示净丢失。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
为正:摄入的液体多于排出的液体。
答案: t = 6.7 h
输液时间:时间 (h) = 待输体积 (mL)/速率 (mL/h);使用袋中剩余的体积,而不是袋的容量。已输入体积 = 速率 × 时间。把小数小时换算为小时和分钟时,用小数部分 × 60(0.5 h = 30 min,而不是 50 min)。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
约为 6 h 40 min,所以袋子大约在 13:10 输完。
答案: SI = 0.63
血压数值:脉压 PP = SBP − DBP。平均动脉压 MAP ≈ (SBP + 2·DBP)/3 = DBP + PP/3,这是基于正常心率下心脏每搏约有三分之二时间处于舒张期的估算(心率快时准确性下降);MAP 至少约 65 mmHg 是常用的器官灌注目标。休克指数 SI = 心率/SBP,正常约为 0.5–0.7;高于约 1 是休克的警示信号。
在通常的 0.5–0.7 之内或之下。
答案: 健康体重
体质指数:BMI = 体重(kg)/身高(m)²,身高要先换算为米。使用磅和英寸时,BMI = 703 × 体重(lb)/身高(in)²。WHO 成人分类:低于 18.5 为体重过轻,18.5–24.9 为健康体重,25.0–29.9 为超重,30.0–34.9 为肥胖 I 级,35.0–39.9 为肥胖 II 级,40 及以上为肥胖 III 级。
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