NCLEX-PN 风格练习题(LPN/LVN):速成包

公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 34 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。

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1公式与方法

感染控制与患者安全

方法

  1. 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
  2. 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
  3. 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
  4. 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
  5. 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。

优先排序与委派

方法

  1. 问自己:如果什么都不做,什么会最快伤害患者。
  2. 应用 ABC(心脏骤停时为 C-A-B),然后是 Maslow 需求层次:生理需要先于安全,安全先于心理需要。
  3. 比较各选项:急性先于慢性,不稳定先于稳定,意外先于预期,全身性先于局部,并将每项发现与患者的基线对照。
  4. 除非是紧急情况,否则先评估再行动;然后选择其他步骤所依赖的那一步。
  5. 委派时核对五项正确:任务、情境、人员、指示和监督。评估、宣教和评价仍由注册护士负责。

实验室检查值与电解质

方法

  1. 把数值与本实验室自己的参考范围比较,再与患者的基线和趋势比较。
  2. 检查标本:溶血、延迟,或在静脉输液附近采血都可能得出错误结果。
  3. 把数值与其典型体征以及引起它的药物和疾病联系起来。
  4. 注意相互作用:低钾或低镁会增加地高辛中毒的风险;脱水会使锂浓度升高。
  5. 对患者采取行动:评估,血药浓度不安全时暂停用药,复述危急值并通知开医嘱的医生。

内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

方法

  1. 说出问题所在:泵衰竭、动脉阻塞、节律、血栓、气道狭窄、感染或设备问题。
  2. 先检查危险征象:低氧、低血压、胸痛、新出现的意识模糊、冰冷无脉搏的肢体。
  3. 让氧疗与患者相匹配:大多数人为 94–98%,有 CO₂ 潴留风险者为 88–92%。
  4. 把每种药物与其检测和风险联系起来:华法林与 INR,肝素与 aPTT 和血小板,利尿剂与血钾。
  5. 选择安全的第一步措施,然后升级处理并重新评估。

内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

方法

  1. 对每位新出现意识模糊、乏力或癫痫发作的患者都检查血糖。
  2. 把意识水平作为脑部问题最早的警示;瞳孔变化和库欣三联征出现得较晚。
  3. 对于糖尿病急症,要区分 DKA(酮体、酸中毒)和 HHS(渗透压很高、脱水);先补液。
  4. 对于钠和水,要判断是 ADH 过多(SIADH)还是缺乏(尿崩症),并缓慢纠正慢性变化。
  5. 对于肾脏问题,把原因分为肾前性、肾性或肾后性,并监测血钾和液体。

内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

方法

  1. 想一想可能隐藏着什么:内出血、无发热的感染、SpO₂ 正常背后的通气不足。
  2. 利用术后的时间来缩小并发症的范围:出血在数小时内,胸部问题在数天内,伤口和吻合口漏出现得更晚。
  3. 对于疼痛,要评估、用多模式镇痛治疗、重新评估,并且在每次使用阿片类药物时监测镇静程度。
  4. 对于癌症患者,把低谷期的任何疾病都当作中性粒细胞减少性脓毒症处理,并了解肿瘤急症。
  5. 对于烧伤,只计算浅二度/深二度和三度的面积,从烧伤的时刻开始计算 Parkland 时间,并根据尿量调整。

产科护理

方法

  1. 把产妇放在时间轴上定位:孕周、产程阶段或产后第几天,再判断此时什么是正常的。
  2. 找出处于危险中的对象:母亲、胎儿或新生儿,或者其中不止一个。
  3. 把发现与其原因联系起来:减速用 VEAL CHOP,出血用四个 T,产后用 BUBBLE-HE。
  4. 优先选择改善血流和氧合的措施(侧卧、停用缩宫素、宫底按摩),然后再升级处理。

儿科护理

方法

  1. 先记下患儿的年龄:它决定正常生命体征、发育里程碑和合适的疼痛量表。
  2. 评估气道、呼吸和循环,记住儿童代偿很久之后会迅速恶化。
  3. 让措施与发育阶段相匹配,并让家属参与。
  4. 检查答案对儿童是否安全:按体重计算,病毒感染不用阿司匹林,12 岁以下不用可待因。

精神科护理

方法

  1. 判断是否存在即时风险:自杀、暴力、药物急症或躯体疾病。
  2. 先保障安全:观察、移除危险物品、缓和局面、停用有害药物、寻求帮助。
  3. 选择治疗性回应:承认感受、陈述现实,避免虚假的安慰和“为什么”式提问。
  4. 尊重权利:采用限制最少的方案,知情同意,以及保密及其限度。

护理数学与单位换算

公制进位
1 kg = 1000 g, 1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg, 1 L = 1000 mL
体重和长度
1 kg = 2.2 lb, 1 lb = 16 oz, 1 in = 2.54 cm, 1 ft = 12 in
家用计量
1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL
温度
°C = (°F − 32)·5/9, °F = °C·9/5 + 32
24 小时制
PM 1–11 点:加 12; 12 AM = 00:xx; 12 PM = 12:xx
给药速率
mcg/min × 60/1000 = mg/h
实验室换算系数
葡萄糖 1 mmol/L = 18 mg/dL; 肌酐 1 mg/dL = 88.4 µmol/L; Hb 1 g/dL = 10 g/L

方法

  1. 写出已知量及其单位,以及你想要的单位。
  2. 选定等量关系:kg、g、mg 和 mcg 之间,或 L 和 mL 之间为 1000;1 kg = 2.2 lb;1 tsp = 5 mL,1 tbsp = 15 mL,1 fl oz = 30 mL,1 cup = 240 mL。
  3. 写成分数,使不需要的单位相互约去;对于速率,每个变化的单位用一个分数。
  4. 检查方向:单位越小,数字越大。
  5. 只对最终答案取整,精度按题目所述。

剂量计算

由浓度计算剂量
体积 = 剂量 / 浓度
按体重给药
剂量 = mg/kg × 体重
片剂
片数 = 剂量 / 每片规格
单位
1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg

方法

  1. 把医嘱剂量和药品规格换算为同一单位。
  2. 用“需要量除以现有量再乘以数量”:(D/H) × Q。
  3. 按体重给药时,先乘以以 kg 计的体重,再用日剂量除以给药次数。
  4. 先估算,再检查答案是否合理。

静脉输液速度

泵速
mL/h = volume (mL)/time (h)
滴速
drops/min = volume (mL) × drop factor / time (min)
输注时间
time (h) = volume (mL)/rate (mL/h)

方法

  1. 泵速 mL/h:体积除以以小时计的时间。
  2. 滴速 drops/min:体积 × 滴系数,再除以以分钟计的时间。
  3. 剩余时间:剩余体积除以速率。
  4. 按题目或设备的要求取整。

静脉输液与液体平衡

Holliday–Segar 每小时量
4 mL/kg(前 10 kg)+ 2 mL/kg(次 10 kg)+ 1 mL/kg(20 kg 以上每 kg)
Holliday–Segar 每日量
相同分段分别为 100 / 50 / 20 mL/kg
液体平衡
入量 − 出量
冰屑
按其体积的一半计算
尿量
mL/kg/h = mL / (kg × h)
输注时间
时间 (h) = 剩余体积 (mL) / 速率 (mL/h)
已输入体积
mL = 速率 × 时间

临床评估评分

格拉斯哥昏迷量表
GCS = E (1–4) + V (1–5) + M (1–6) = 3–15
Apgar
5 项体征 × 0–2 = 0–10; 7–10 令人放心, 4–6 中度异常, 0–3 低
Braden 量表
5 × (1–4) + 1 × (1–3) = 6–23; ≤ 18 有风险
Morse 跌倒评分
跌倒 25, 诊断 15, 辅助 15/30, 静脉输液 20, 步态 10/20, 精神状态 15
NEWS2 风险
0–4 低; 单项 3 分为中低; 5–6 中; ≥ 7 高
平均动脉压
MAP = (SBP + 2·DBP)/3 = DBP + PP/3
脉压和休克指数
PP = SBP − DBP, SI = HR/SBP
体质指数
BMI = kg/m² = 703·lb/in²

方法

  1. 找出题目使用的评分表及其范围(GCS 3–15,Apgar 0–10,Braden 6–23,Morse 0–125)。
  2. 分别为每个条目评分,将描述与其对应的等级匹配。
  3. 把各条目得分相加,并检查总分是否在范围内。
  4. 应用分界值:对于 NEWS2,还要查看是否有单项参数得 3 分。
  5. 对于导出的数值,使用 MAP = (SBP + 2·DBP)/3,PP = SBP − DBP,SI = HR/SBP,BMI = kg/m²。

2练习题

1.护理学基础中等

Why do nurses often count the respiratory rate while still appearing to take the pulse?

  1. AThe pulse and breathing rates are always the same number
  2. BCounting breaths is only accurate when the wrist is held
  3. CIt is not allowed to tell patients that breathing is measured
  4. DPatients who know their breathing is watched tend to change it
2.护理学基础困难

Which simple measure helps reduce the risk of delirium in an older inpatient?

  1. AMoving them to a different bed every night to vary their surroundings
  2. BMaking sure they have their glasses and hearing aids
  3. CLimiting visits from family members
  4. DKeeping the lights on all night
3.感染控制与患者安全中等

对于感染 Neisseria meningitidis 的患者,飞沫传播预防通常应在何时停止?

  1. A给予第一剂抗生素后立即停止
  2. B仅在患者出院后
  3. C有效抗生素治疗 24 小时后
  4. D退热一小时后
4.感染控制与患者安全困难

A hospital will introduce new infusion pumps and wants to find out how the process could fail before any harm occurs. Which method fits best?

  1. AFailure mode and effects analysis (FMEA)
  2. BA morbidity and mortality meeting
  3. CRoot cause analysis (RCA) of the new pumps
  4. DAn incident report for each new pump
5.优先排序与委派中等

Several patients on a gastroenterology unit need care. Which patient should the nurse see first?

  1. ACrohn disease, waiting to be taken down for a scheduled CT scan
  2. BTwo hours after a colonoscopy: rigid abdomen and severe new pain
  3. CUlcerative colitis, asking about diet changes for home
  4. DLong-standing back pain, asking for the usual analgesic
6.优先排序与委派困难

A patient with untreated hyperthyroidism has surgery and develops a temperature of 40 °C, a heart rate of 160/min and severe agitation. What is most likely happening?

  1. AOpioid withdrawal
  2. BMyxedema coma
  3. CThyroid storm
  4. DA normal reaction to pain
7.临床护理中等

A patient on insulin reports nightmares, night sweats and morning headaches. What should be suspected?

  1. ARaised intracranial pressure
  2. BHyperthyroidism
  3. CA urinary tract infection
  4. DNight-time hypoglycaemia
8.临床护理困难

Which drug group is first-line for a prolonged convulsive seizure?

  1. ABenzodiazepines, such as buccal midazolam or IV lorazepam
  2. BBeta-blockers, such as bisoprolol or atenolol
  3. COpioids, such as morphine or diamorphine, given intravenously
  4. DAntihistamines, such as chlorphenamine
9.实验室检查值与电解质中等

A patient taking furosemide has a potassium of 3.3 mEq/L and is told to eat more potassium-rich foods. Which snack is the best choice?

  1. ARice cakes
  2. BWhite bread
  3. CPlain crackers
  4. DDried apricots
10.实验室检查值与电解质困难

A patient recovering from acute tubular necrosis now passes 4–5 L of urine a day. Which electrolyte changes should the nurse watch for?

  1. AHigh calcium and high phosphate from bone loss
  2. BNo changes, because the kidneys are now normal
  3. CHigh potassium and high sodium from retention
  4. DLow potassium and low sodium from urine losses
11.药理学中等

Why is a spacer recommended with a metered-dose inhaler?

  1. AMore drug reaches the lungs and less stays in the mouth
  2. BIt removes the need to shake the inhaler
  3. CIt doubles the dose of drug released by each puff of the inhaler
  4. DIt turns the inhaler into a nebuliser
12.药理学困难

Five days after starting clindamycin, a patient has frequent watery diarrhoea, abdominal cramps and a fever. What should the nurse suspect and do?

  1. AA normal side effect; give loperamide and continue as usual
  2. BFood poisoning; encourage a high-fibre diet and plenty of milk products
  3. CC. difficile infection; send stool, use contact precautions, avoid antidiarrhoeals
  4. DAn allergy to clindamycin; give an antihistamine and continue the antibiotic
13.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸中等

Which energy-conservation advice is most useful for a patient with severe COPD?

  1. AHold the breath while lifting heavy objects
  2. BDo all the household tasks quickly in the morning to get them done
  3. CAvoid any activity at all, staying in a chair to save their energy
  4. DSit down for tasks such as washing and dressing, and pace activities
14.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸困难

一名 COPD 患者将带着长期氧疗回家。哪项宣教要点对安全最重要?

  1. A绝不吸烟,也不要让明火靠近氧气
  2. B把备用氧气瓶存放在灶具旁边
  3. C用凡士林缓解鼻腔干燥
  4. D呼吸困难时可以把流量调到需要的最大值
15.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏中等

Why should antiepileptic drugs not be stopped suddenly?

  1. ASudden withdrawal can trigger seizures, including status epilepticus
  2. BThe drugs build up in the body and become toxic after stopping
  3. CStopping them suddenly causes permanent damage to the liver and kidneys
  4. DStopping them suddenly causes a dangerous rise in blood pressure
16.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏困难

A nurse teaches a woman with recurrent UTIs. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?

  1. A"I will pass urine soon after sex."
  2. B"I will wipe from front to back."
  3. C"I will hold my urine for as long as I can."
  4. D"I will drink enough fluids during the day."
17.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤中等

Which group of findings suggests obstruction of the bile duct?

  1. ANormal skin colour with diarrhoea and fever
  2. BJaundice, dark urine, pale stools and itching
  3. CRed urine, black stools and a high blood glucose
  4. DPale urine, dark stools and a flapping tremor
18.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤困难

A colleague suggests giving a saline injection to see whether a patient's pain is "real". What is the best response?

  1. AIt is acceptable if a senior nurse gives the saline
  2. BIt should be done only for patients with chronic pain
  3. CIt is a good idea, as long as the patient is not told about it afterwards
  4. DDeceptive placebos are unethical and do not show pain is "fake"
19.产科护理中等

哪项表现提示是产后抑郁而不是产后忧郁?

  1. A因婴儿夜间哭闹而感到疲倦
  2. B第 3 天出现哭泣发作和情绪波动,数日内无需治疗即可缓解
  3. C情绪低落和兴趣丧失持续超过 2 周并影响日常生活
  4. D访客离开时感到情绪激动
20.产科护理困难

一名重度产后出血的女性正在接受子宫收缩剂治疗。早期加用哪种药物可减少出血所致的死亡?

  1. A肝素
  2. B氨甲环酸
  3. C硫酸镁
  4. D阿司匹林
21.儿科护理中等

在镰状细胞病的血管闭塞性(疼痛)危象的处理中,哪些措施是核心?

  1. A补液、有效镇痛,以及孩子缺氧时给氧
  2. B严格卧床休息,不使用镇痛药
  3. C补充铁剂
  4. D限制液体以保护肾脏,并在疼痛部位冷敷
22.儿科护理困难

After cardiac catheterisation through the femoral artery, the nurse sees blood soaking through the dressing. What should the nurse do first?

  1. ARecord the amount of blood and recheck in 30 minutes
  2. BRemove the dressing to look at the wound more closely
  3. CApply firm, direct pressure just above the puncture site and call for help
  4. DLift the leg up and bend the knee and hip to slow the blood flow to the site
23.精神科护理中等

A patient says, "The doctor says I'm getting better, but I don't think anyone here really knows me." Which nurse response is most therapeutic?

  1. A"Everyone here knows you well, so don't worry."
  2. B"Why do you think the doctor is wrong about you?"
  3. C"The doctor is very experienced, so you should trust her."
  4. D"You feel that people here don't really know you?"
24.精神科护理困难

A patient's mood changes several times a day, usually after conflicts with others. She has chronic feelings of emptiness and a strong fear of being abandoned. Which diagnosis is most likely?

  1. APersistent depressive disorder
  2. BSchizoid personality disorder with low mood
  3. CBipolar I disorder
  4. DBorderline personality disorder
25.护理数学与单位换算中等
94969810010210410635363738394041°F°C? °F37.7 °C

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一位患者的体温为 37.7 °C。用 °F = °C × 9/5 + 32 把它换算为华氏度T。取到一位小数。

37.7 °C
T = °F
26.护理数学与单位换算困难
2 tsp · 2/天 · 14 d? × 100 mL1 tsp = 5 mL

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一张处方写着口服混悬液2 tsp,每 12 小时一次,共 14 天。混悬液每瓶 100 mL。按1 tsp = 5 mL,必须提供多少整瓶N才能完成疗程?

2 tsp每 12 小时一次14 天100 mL1 tsp = 5 mL
N =
27.剂量计算中等
024681010 mL

一名体重 8 kg 的儿童按 15 mg/kg 处方用药。原液浓度为 40 mg/mL。请抽取剂量:应给多少体积 V?

8 kg15 mg/kg40 mg/mL
V = mL
28.剂量计算困难
200 mg/5 mLV = ? mL

一名体重 28 kg 的儿童,医嘱为口服混悬液每次 10 mg/kg,该混悬液每 5 mL 含 200 mg。你应给多少体积 V?

28 kg10 mg/kg200 mg/5 mL
V = mL
29.静脉输液速度中等
V = ?20 gtt/mL35 gtt/min3 h

滴注以 35 gtt/min 的速度通过滴系数为 20 gtt/mL 的输液器。患者在 3 小时内接受多少毫升 V?

35 gtt/min20 gtt/mL3 h
V = mL
30.静脉输液速度困难
200 mg250 mL20 mL/h? mg/h

一袋液体在 250 mL 中含药 200 mg,以 20 mL/h 的速度输注。患者每小时获得多少毫克 D?

200 mg/250 mL20 mL/h
D = mg/h
31.静脉输液与液体平衡中等
入量出量8 小时班次茶240 mL汤150 mL静脉输液100 mL/h × 8 h静脉抗生素1 × 100 mL尿液150 mL尿液225 mL尿液250 mL尿液200 mL

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 记录显示了一名患者在一个 8 小时班次中的出入量。患者体重 70 kg。求平均尿量 U,以 mL/kg/h 计。 保留两位小数。

70 kg8 h尿液: 150 mL尿液: 225 mL尿液: 250 mL尿液: 200 mL
U = mL/kg/h
32.静脉输液与液体平衡困难
500 mL→ 60 mL/h开始 20:00t总数​ = ? h80 mL/h × 3 h

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一份 500 mL 的输液于 20:00 开始以 80 mL/h 输注。3 小时后速率改为 60 mL/h,之后不再改变。从开始算起多少小时 t 后袋子会输完? 保留一位小数。

500 mL80 mL/h · 3 h60 mL/h
t = h
33.临床评估评分中等
E3 / 4+V3 / 5+M? / 6GCS 8?

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一张练习图表记录了 GCS 8,其中 E3 和 V3。记录的运动评分M是多少,它描述的是哪种反应?请给出数字。

GCS 8E3V3
M =
34.临床评估评分困难
3210123RR≤89–1112–2021–24≥25SpO₂≤9192–9394–95≥96空气 / O₂O₂空气SBP≤9091–100101–110111–219≥220HR≤4041–5051–9091–110111–130≥131ACVPUAC, V, P, UT °C≤35.035.1–36.036.1–38.038.1–39.0≥39.1低中低中高

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 对这些观察结果使用 NEWS2 图表(SpO₂ 量表 1):呼吸频率 14 次/分,SpO₂ 86%吸室内空气,血压 118/70 mmHg,脉搏 76 次/分,清醒,体温 36.4 °C。患者属于哪个临床风险组?点击它。

RR 14SpO₂ 86%空气SBP 118HR 76AT 36.4 °C
  1. 1低
  2. 2中低
  3. 3中
  4. 4高

3溶液

1.护理学基础

答案: D · Patients who know their breathing is watched tend to change it

为什么是这个答案

Breathing can be changed on purpose, so a patient who is aware of being watched may breathe differently. Counting unobtrusively for a full minute gives a more accurate rate.

答案

D · Patients who know their breathing is watched tend to change it
2.护理学基础

答案: B · Making sure they have their glasses and hearing aids

为什么是这个答案

Sensory aids, orientation, good sleep, hydration, mobility and family involvement all help prevent delirium. Frequent moves and poor sleep make it more likely.

答案

B · Making sure they have their glasses and hearing aids
3.感染控制与患者安全

答案: C · 有效抗生素治疗 24 小时后

为什么是这个答案

有效抗生素治疗 24 小时后,患者不再被视为具有传染性,因此可根据当地规定停止飞沫传播预防。

答案

C · 有效抗生素治疗 24 小时后
4.感染控制与患者安全

答案: A · Failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA)

为什么是这个答案

FMEA is a proactive method that looks at each step of a process, asks how it could fail and what the effect would be, and changes the process in advance. Root cause analysis is used after an event has happened.

答案

A · Failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA)
5.优先排序与委派

答案: B · Two hours after a colonoscopy: rigid abdomen and severe new pain

为什么是这个答案

A rigid abdomen with severe pain after colonoscopy suggests bowel perforation and peritonitis, a surgical emergency. The other patients have stable, chronic or routine needs.

答案

B · Two hours after a colonoscopy: rigid abdomen and severe new pain
6.优先排序与委派

答案: C · Thyroid storm

为什么是这个答案

Thyroid storm is a life-threatening surge of thyroid hormone, with fever, tachycardia and agitation or confusion. It needs urgent treatment; myxedema coma is the opposite extreme of hypothyroidism.

答案

C · Thyroid storm
7.临床护理

答案: D · Night-time hypoglycaemia

为什么是这个答案

Nocturnal hypoglycaemia can cause sweating, restless sleep, nightmares and morning headache. Checking glucose overnight and reviewing insulin doses can confirm and correct it.

答案

D · Night-time hypoglycaemia
8.临床护理

答案: A · Benzodiazepines, such as buccal midazolam or IV lorazepam

为什么是这个答案

Benzodiazepines enhance GABA and are first-line for seizures lasting over five minutes. If seizures continue, second-line antiepileptic drugs are given and senior help is needed.

答案

A · Benzodiazepines, such as buccal midazolam or IV lorazepam
9.实验室检查值与电解质

答案: D · Dried apricots

为什么是这个答案

Dried fruits such as apricots, raisins and prunes are rich in potassium, as are bananas, oranges, potatoes, beans and tomatoes. Refined grain products such as white bread and crackers are low in potassium.核对依据: Potassium in diet · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2026)

答案

D · Dried apricots
10.实验室检查值与电解质

答案: D · Low potassium and low sodium from urine losses

为什么是这个答案

In the diuretic phase of AKI, the recovering tubules lose large amounts of water and electrolytes, so dehydration, hypokalemia and hyponatremia can occur. Daily weights, intake and output, and frequent electrolytes guide replacement.核对依据: Acute tubular necrosis · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)

答案

D · Low potassium and low sodium from urine losses
11.药理学

答案: A · More drug reaches the lungs and less stays in the mouth

为什么是这个答案

A spacer holds the aerosol so it can be inhaled slowly, without precise coordination. This improves lung delivery and reduces mouth side effects such as thrush from inhaled steroids.

答案

A · More drug reaches the lungs and less stays in the mouth
12.药理学

答案: C · C. difficile infection; send stool, use contact precautions, avoid antidiarrhoeals

为什么是这个答案

Broad-spectrum antibiotics, especially clindamycin, allow C. difficile to overgrow and release toxins. Stool is tested, contact precautions with soap-and-water handwashing are used, and antidiarrhoeals are avoided because they keep toxin in the gut.

答案

C · C. difficile infection; send stool, use contact precautions, avoid antidiarrhoeals
13.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

答案: D · Sit down for tasks such as washing and dressing, and pace activities

为什么是这个答案

Planning and pacing, sitting for tasks, keeping frequently used items within reach and breathing out during effort reduce breathlessness. Complete inactivity worsens deconditioning, so activity is encouraged within limits.

答案

D · Sit down for tasks such as washing and dressing, and pace activities
14.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

答案: A · 绝不吸烟,也不要让明火靠近氧气

为什么是这个答案

吸氧时吸烟是烧伤和致命火灾的主要原因。患者必须使氧气远离火焰和热源,使用水溶性(而非油性)润滑剂,并遵循处方流量,因为无人监督地增加流量可使 CO₂ 潴留加重。

答案

A · 绝不吸烟,也不要让明火靠近氧气
15.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

答案: A · Sudden withdrawal can trigger seizures, including status epilepticus

为什么是这个答案

Stopping antiepileptics abruptly can cause rebound seizures, which may be prolonged. Changes are made gradually under medical supervision, and missed doses should be avoided.

答案

A · Sudden withdrawal can trigger seizures, including status epilepticus
16.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

答案: C · "I will hold my urine for as long as I can."

为什么是这个答案

Holding urine allows bacteria to multiply. Regular voiding, good fluid intake, passing urine after intercourse and wiping front to back help reduce recurrence.

答案

C · "I will hold my urine for as long as I can."
17.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

答案: B · Jaundice, dark urine, pale stools and itching

为什么是这个答案

When bile cannot reach the gut, conjugated bilirubin enters the blood and urine (dark urine), stools lose their colour, and bile salts in the skin cause itching. Causes include gallstones and pancreatic cancer.

答案

B · Jaundice, dark urine, pale stools and itching
18.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

答案: D · Deceptive placebos are unethical and do not show pain is "fake"

为什么是这个答案

A placebo response does not mean pain is not real, and giving placebos without consent is deceptive and damages trust. Pain is assessed with the patient and treated according to the plan.

答案

D · Deceptive placebos are unethical and do not show pain is "fake"
19.产科护理

答案: C · 情绪低落和兴趣丧失持续超过 2 周并影响日常生活

为什么是这个答案

产后抑郁持续超过 2 周,并妨碍照顾自己或婴儿。需要进行筛查(如使用爱丁堡产后抑郁量表)并转诊。

答案

C · 情绪低落和兴趣丧失持续超过 2 周并影响日常生活
20.产科护理

答案: B · 氨甲环酸

为什么是这个答案

氨甲环酸是一种抗纤溶药。早期给药,最好在产后 3 小时内,可减少产后出血导致的死亡。肝素和阿司匹林会增加出血。

答案

B · 氨甲环酸
21.儿科护理

答案: A · 补液、有效镇痛,以及孩子缺氧时给氧

为什么是这个答案

补液、及时镇痛(常用阿片类药物)、保暖,以及血氧饱和度低时给氧是关键。寒冷引起血管收缩,可能加重镰变。

答案

A · 补液、有效镇痛,以及孩子缺氧时给氧
22.儿科护理

答案: C · Apply firm, direct pressure just above the puncture site and call for help

为什么是这个答案

Bleeding from an arterial puncture is controlled by firm pressure just above the site (over the artery), while help is called. The child is kept still with the leg straight, and vital signs and the limb are assessed.

答案

C · Apply firm, direct pressure just above the puncture site and call for help
23.精神科护理

答案: D · "You feel that people here don't really know you?"

为什么是这个答案

Reflecting the patient's concern invites them to explore it. Defending the doctor, reassuring falsely or asking "why" all close the conversation down.

答案

D · "You feel that people here don't really know you?"
24.精神科护理

答案: D · Borderline personality disorder

为什么是这个答案

In borderline personality disorder, mood shifts are short-lived, often hours, and are usually triggered by interpersonal events. Bipolar episodes last days to weeks and are not mainly reactive to relationships.

答案

D · Borderline personality disorder
25.护理数学与单位换算

答案: T = 99.9 °F

温度:°C = (°F − 32) × 5/9,°F = °C × 9/5 + 32。从 °F 换算时先减 32 再乘,从 °C 换算时先乘再加 32。快速核对:37 °C 为 98.6 °F,每 1 °C 相当于 1.8 °F。

乘以 9/5

37.7·9/5 = 67.86

加 32

T = 67.86 + 32 = 99.86 ≈ 99.9 °F

答案

T = 99.9 °F
26.护理数学与单位换算

答案: N = 3

量纲分析:先写出已知量,再乘以写成分数形式的换算系数(例如 60 min/1 h 或 1 mg/1000 mcg),使每个不需要的单位在分子和分母各出现一次并相互约去。只剩下所求单位时再计算。使用题目给出的等量关系,只对最终答案取整。

总体积

10 mL × 2 × 14 = 280 mL

瓶数

280/100 = 2.8 → N = 3

答案

N = 3
27.剂量计算

答案: V = 3 mL

抽取剂量:体积 = (处方剂量/药物浓度) × 药物体积。先换算成相同的单位,再检查该体积是否适合注射器,并落在它的某一个刻度上。

按体重计算剂量

D = 15·8 = 120 mg

体积

V = 120/40 = 3 mL

在注射器上

在这支 10 mL 的注射器上,每条小刻度线代表 0.2 mL。

答案

V = 3 mL
28.剂量计算

答案: V = 7 mL

剂量计算:给药量等于医嘱剂量除以现有药物的规格,再乘以该规格对应的量:给药量 = (医嘱剂量/储备规格) × 储备体积。始终统一单位(先把 g 换成 mg,mg 换成 mcg),并检查答案是否合理。

按体重计算剂量

10·28 = 280 mg

体积

V = (280/200)·5 = 7 mL

答案

V = 7 mL
29.静脉输液速度

答案: V = 315 mL

Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.

速度(mL/h)

35·60/20 = 105 mL/h

体积

V = 105·3 = 315 mL

答案

V = 315 mL
30.静脉输液速度

答案: D = 16 mg/h

输注速率:输液泵按 mL/h = 体积/时间(小时)设定。重力滴注按每分钟滴数计:gtt/min = 体积 (mL) × 滴系数 (gtt/mL)/时间 (min)。 滴系数印在输液器包装上:普通输液器为 10、15 或 20 gtt/mL(输血器在美国常为 10 gtt/mL,在英国为 15),微量输液器为 60 gtt/mL。务必使用题目或包装给出的滴系数。

浓度

200/250 = 0.8 mg/mL

给药速率

D = 0.8·20 = 16 mg/h

答案

D = 16 mg/h
31.静脉输液与液体平衡

答案: U = 1.47 mL/kg/h

出入量:入量计入所有进入体内的液体(口服液体、静脉输液、静脉用药及冲管液、管饲);冰屑按其体积的一半计。出量计入尿液、引流液、呕吐物和其他丢失。平衡 = 总入量 − 总出量;平衡为负表示净丢失。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。

总尿量

150 + 225 + 250 + 200 = 825 mL

每千克每小时

U = 825/(70·8) = 1.473 ≈ 1.47 mL/kg/h

答案

U = 1.47 mL/kg/h
32.静脉输液与液体平衡

答案: t = 7.3 h

输液时间:时间 (h) = 待输体积 (mL)/速率 (mL/h);使用袋中剩余的体积,而不是袋的容量。已输入体积 = 速率 × 时间。把小数小时换算为小时和分钟时,用小数部分 × 60(0.5 h = 30 min,而不是 50 min)。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。

第一部分

80·3 = 240 mL
500 − 240 = 260 mL 剩余

第二部分

260/60 = 4.333 h

总时间

t = 3 + 4.333 = 7.333 ≈ 7.3 h

答案

t = 7.3 h

约为 7 h 20 min,所以袋子大约在 03:20 输完。

33.临床评估评分

答案: M = 2

格拉斯哥昏迷量表:把三个方面的最佳反应相加。睁眼 E:4 自发,3 对声音或言语,2 对压迫,1 无。言语 V:5 定向正常,4 意识模糊,3 用词不恰当,2 发出无法理解的声音,1 无。运动 M:6 遵嘱动作,5 定位,4 正常屈曲(回缩),3 异常屈曲,2 伸展,1 无。总分为 3 至 15。头部损伤后,13–15 通常称为轻度,9–12 为中度,3–8 为重度。

运动评分

M = 8 − 3 − 3 = 2
M2: 手臂和腿伸直(异常伸展)

答案

M = 2
34.临床评估评分

答案: 中低

NEWS2(国家早期预警评分 2,英国皇家内科医师学会 2017):按图表为七个参数分别评分(呼吸频率、量表 1 的 SpO₂、吸空气还是吸氧、收缩压、脉搏、按 ACVPU 量表评定的意识状态和体温),然后把分数相加。临床风险:0–4 为低;任何单项参数得 3 分为中低;5–6 为中;7 或以上为高。总分 5 或以上需要紧急响应。

为每个参数评分

RR 14/min → 0
SpO₂ 86% → 3
吸空气 → 0
SBP 118 mmHg → 0
HR 76/min → 0
清醒 (A) → 0
T 36.4 °C → 0

总分和红色分值

NEWS2 = 0 + 3 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 = 3
至少有一个参数得 3 分。

风险组

中低

答案

中低

即使总分低,单项得 3 分也需要紧急会诊。

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