感染控制与患者安全
方法
- 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
- 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
- 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
- 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
- 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 34 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
When measuring a wound, how is the length usually taken?
In English law, giving a treatment to a competent adult who has clearly refused it may amount to:
A patient has a non-violent restraint. In most nursing policies, how often at minimum is it released for range of motion, toileting and skin care?
在无菌技术下插导尿管时,导尿管尖端碰到了患者的大腿。护士应怎么做?
A nurse teaches a patient about storing insulin at home. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
A provider asks a nurse to perform a procedure that is outside the nurse’s scope of practice. What should the nurse do?
A patient with DKA has an arterial blood gas showing a low pH and a low bicarbonate. Which disturbance is this?
A nurse is teaching a patient who is starting warfarin. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
一名服用呋塞米的患者钾为 2.9 mEq/L。护士预期会出现哪项发现?
A patient has a sodium of 150 mEq/L, a glucose of 180 mg/dL and a BUN of 28 mg/dL. Using the formula 2 × Na + glucose/18 + BUN/2.8, what is the calculated serum osmolality?
100 mL of an antibiotic is to be given over 30 minutes using a giving set of 20 drops/mL. What is the drip rate?
Two days after starting chemotherapy for a leukaemia with a high white cell count, a patient has reduced urine output. Which lab pattern suggests tumour lysis syndrome?
一名高血压患者服用氨氯地平。护士最可能观察到哪种副作用?
A patient with obstructive sleep apnoea who uses CPAP at home is having surgery. Which plan is safest after the operation?
A patient with diabetic neuropathy has an ulcer on the ball of the foot. Which measure is most important for healing?
After a stroke, a patient suddenly cries or laughs at odd moments. They say they do not feel sad. Which response is most appropriate?
小肠梗阻和大肠梗阻的主要临床区别是什么?
一名乳腺癌患者出现意识混乱、口渴、便秘和多尿。应考虑哪种肿瘤急症?
Which placental hormone causes insulin resistance in the second half of pregnancy?
A newborn has a small upper lip with a smooth philtrum, short eye openings and a small head. Which exposure during pregnancy should be considered?
How should anti-sickness medicine be given to a child receiving chemotherapy that often causes vomiting?
A child with a new forearm cast has severe pain not relieved by analgesia and screams when the nurse gently moves the fingers. What should the nurse suspect?
What must a patient be told for consent to a new psychotropic medicine to be valid?
A patient with long-standing schizophrenia is often seen drinking from the taps. Today he is confused, has a headache and his serum sodium is 124 mmol/L (124 mEq/L). What is the most likely problem?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一名新生儿体重 4 lb 15 oz。按 1 lb = 16 oz 和 1 kg = 2.2 lb,求以千克表示的体重m。取到两位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一张处方写着口服混悬液½ tbsp,每天三次,共 14 天。按1 tbsp = 15 mL,整个疗程需要多少 mLV?
需要从 1%(w/v)溶液中取 100 mg 的剂量。多少容量 V 含有这一剂量?
处方为 410 单位的药物,药液规格为 1000 单位/mL。请用 1 mL 注射器抽取剂量:应给多少体积 V?
用滴系数为 15 滴/mL 的输液器在 12 小时内输入 500 mL。求滴速 R(滴/分)。 取整到最接近的整数。
一组输液以 50 滴/分的速度经 60 滴/mL 的输液器滴注。袋中还剩 300 mL。还需多少小时 t 才会滴完?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 记录显示了一名患者在一个 12 小时班次中的出入量。静脉输液在整个班次中按所示速率输注。求总入量 I,以 mL 计。 冰屑按其体积的一半计。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一袋 500 mL 的液体用输液泵以 120 mL/h 输注。到 20:30 时已输入 150 mL。还要多少小时 t 袋子才会输完? 保留一位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 对这些观察结果使用 NEWS2 图表(SpO₂ 量表 1):呼吸频率 18 次/分,SpO₂ 86%吸室内空气,血压 78/46 mmHg,脉搏 98 次/分,仅对疼痛有反应,体温 35.5 °C。NEWS2 总分是多少?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 对这些观察结果使用 NEWS2 图表(SpO₂ 量表 1):呼吸频率 20 次/分,SpO₂ 96%正在补充吸氧,血压 136/82 mmHg,脉搏 110 次/分,清醒,体温 36.2 °C。患者属于哪个临床风险组?点击它。
答案: D · In the head-to-toe direction across the longest part
Using the body's head-to-toe axis for length and side-to-side for width keeps measurements consistent between nurses, so changes in size are meaningful.
答案: B · Battery (trespass to the person)
Touching or treating a person without valid consent can be battery, even if the treatment was meant to help. This is why consent is needed before care.
答案: D · At least every 2 hours
Restrained patients are checked often for circulation, skin and comfort, and the restraint is released at least every 2 hours for movement, toileting, fluids and skin care. Exact intervals follow the facility’s policy.
答案: A · 丢弃该导尿管,换用新的无菌导尿管
无菌物品一旦接触非无菌表面就被污染,必须更换。插入被污染的导尿管会把细菌带入膀胱,增加尿路感染的风险。
答案: A · “I will keep my spare insulin in the freezer so it lasts longer.”
Freezing damages insulin, and frozen insulin should not be used. Unopened insulin is kept in the fridge, and heat and expired products are avoided.
答案: C · Decline, explain why and suggest who can safely do it
Nurses must work within their legal scope of practice, even when asked by a provider. The nurse declines, explains the reason and helps find a suitable professional.
答案: D · Metabolic acidosis
In DKA, ketoacids consume bicarbonate, causing a metabolic acidosis. The patient breathes deeply and fast (Kussmaul breathing) to lower PaCO2 as compensation.
答案: B · "I can take aspirin if I get a headache."
Aspirin and other NSAIDs increase the bleeding risk with warfarin, so patients should ask before taking any new medicine. Paracetamol (acetaminophen) is usually the safer choice for simple pain.
答案: D · 肌肉无力和腿部抽筋
低钾引起肌肉无力、抽筋、肠蠕动减弱(便秘,甚至肠麻痹)和心律失常。T 波高尖见于高钾血症,口周麻刺感提示低钙。核对依据: Heart failure - fluids and diuretics · MedlinePlus (NIH); Low blood potassium · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答案: A · About 320 mOsm/kg, which is high
Osmolality = 300 + 10 + 10 = 320 mOsm/kg, above the typical range of about 275–295 mOsm/kg. The high sodium is the main cause, which points to water loss or too little water intake.核对依据: Osmolality blood test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答案: C · About 67 drops per minute
100 mL × 20 drops/mL ÷ 30 min = 66.7, so about 67 drops per minute. Gravity infusions are counted for a full minute and checked regularly.
答案: A · High potassium, high phosphate, high uric acid and low calcium
Rapid tumour cell death releases potassium, phosphate and nucleic acids (which become uric acid). Phosphate binds calcium, lowering it; prevention includes IV fluids and drugs that lower uric acid.
答案: C · 踝部肿胀
氨氯地平等二氢吡啶类钙通道阻滞剂扩张小动脉,使毛细血管压力升高,引起外周水肿、面部潮红和头痛。干咳是 ACE 抑制剂的典型副作用,哮鸣音则见于哮喘患者使用非选择性 β 受体阻滞剂时。
答案: A · Use their CPAP machine and monitor closely, using opioids with caution
Sedatives and opioids worsen airway collapse in OSA. Patients should bring and use their CPAP after surgery, be monitored with pulse oximetry, have opioid-sparing analgesia where possible and be nursed semi-upright or on their side.
答案: A · Taking pressure off the ulcer
Offloading (removing pressure) is essential for healing a neuropathic ulcer, along with infection control, good blood supply and specialist foot team care. Hot soaks risk burns because sensation is reduced.
答案: A · Explain that this is emotional lability after stroke and help the family understand
Emotional lability (pseudobulbar affect) is common after stroke: crying or laughter does not match the person's mood. Explaining it, staying calm and gently distracting the patient helps. True depression is also common and should be screened for separately.
答案: D · 小肠:呕吐早,腹胀较轻;大肠:呕吐晚,腹胀明显
在近端小肠梗阻中,呕吐出现早且明显,腹胀较轻。在大肠梗阻中,腹胀明显,便秘出现早,呕吐较晚(可为粪样)。影像学检查可确认梗阻的水平和原因。
答案: D · 恶性肿瘤相关高钙血症
恶性肿瘤相关高钙血症引起口渴、多尿、脱水、便秘、恶心、意识混乱和心律失常。治疗是先静脉补液,然后使用双膦酸盐,并监测钙和肾功能。肿瘤溶解引起的是低钙。
答案: B · Human placental lactogen (hPL)
Human placental lactogen, together with other placental hormones, reduces maternal insulin sensitivity so more glucose is available to the fetus. This is why gestational diabetes usually appears in the second half of pregnancy.
答案: B · Alcohol
Fetal alcohol syndrome features include a smooth philtrum, thin upper lip, short palpebral fissures and microcephaly, often with growth and developmental problems.
答案: C · Before the chemotherapy starts and then regularly
Antiemetics work best when given before chemotherapy and on a regular schedule, not only after vomiting begins. Uncontrolled vomiting can also cause anticipatory nausea with later treatments.
答案: A · Compartment syndrome; report it at once
Rising pressure within a muscle compartment cuts off blood supply. Severe pain unrelieved by analgesia and pain on passive movement are early signs; pulselessness is late. The prescriber is told immediately, the limb is not elevated above heart level and the cast may need splitting.
答案: C · The expected benefits, the main risks and the alternatives, including no treatment
Valid consent requires that the patient has capacity, has enough information about benefits, risks and alternatives, and decides voluntarily. A mental illness does not automatically remove capacity.
答案: C · Water intoxication from psychogenic polydipsia
Some patients with chronic psychosis drink excessive water, which dilutes sodium and can cause confusion, seizures and coma. The nurse reports the result, monitors neurological status and follows orders for fluid restriction and regular weights.
答案: m = 2.24 kg
家用计量和体重:护理考试使用取整的等量关系:1 茶匙(tsp)= 5 mL,1 汤匙(tbsp)= 15 mL = 3 tsp,1 液量盎司(fl oz)= 30 mL = 2 tbsp,1 杯 = 8 fl oz = 240 mL。体重方面,1 kg = 2.2 lb,1 lb = 16 oz;长度方面,1 英寸 = 2.54 cm。设置换算时,要让你不需要的单位相互约去。
答案: V = 315 mL
量纲分析:先写出已知量,再乘以写成分数形式的换算系数(例如 60 min/1 h 或 1 mg/1000 mcg),使每个不需要的单位在分子和分母各出现一次并相互约去。只剩下所求单位时再计算。使用题目给出的等量关系,只对最终答案取整。
答案: V = 10 mL
Solution strengths: a percentage strength is grams per 100 mL, so 1% = 1 g/100 mL = 10 mg/mL. A ratio strength 1:1000 means 1 g in 1000 mL = 1 mg/mL; 1:10 000 is 0.1 mg/mL. For a dilution the amount of drug stays the same: C₁·V₁ = C₂·V₂.
答案: V = 0.41 mL
抽取剂量:体积 = (处方剂量/药物浓度) × 药物体积。先换算成相同的单位,再检查该体积是否适合注射器,并落在它的某一个刻度上。
在这支 1 mL 的注射器上,每条小刻度线代表 0.01 mL。
答案: R = 10 gtt/min
输注速率:输液泵按 mL/h = 体积/时间(小时)设定。重力滴注按每分钟滴数计:gtt/min = 体积 (mL) × 滴系数 (gtt/mL)/时间 (min)。 滴系数印在输液器包装上:普通输液器为 10、15 或 20 gtt/mL(输血器在美国常为 10 gtt/mL,在英国为 15),微量输液器为 60 gtt/mL。务必使用题目或包装给出的滴系数。
床旁取最接近的整滴:10 滴/分。
答案: t = 6 h
输注速率:输液泵按 mL/h = 体积/时间(小时)设定。重力滴注按每分钟滴数计:gtt/min = 体积 (mL) × 滴系数 (gtt/mL)/时间 (min)。 滴系数印在输液器包装上:普通输液器为 10、15 或 20 gtt/mL(输血器在美国常为 10 gtt/mL,在英国为 15),微量输液器为 60 gtt/mL。务必使用题目或包装给出的滴系数。
答案: I = 1220 mL
出入量:入量计入所有进入体内的液体(口服液体、静脉输液、静脉用药及冲管液、管饲);冰屑按其体积的一半计。出量计入尿液、引流液、呕吐物和其他丢失。平衡 = 总入量 − 总出量;平衡为负表示净丢失。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
答案: t = 2.9 h
输液时间:时间 (h) = 待输体积 (mL)/速率 (mL/h);使用袋中剩余的体积,而不是袋的容量。已输入体积 = 速率 × 时间。把小数小时换算为小时和分钟时,用小数部分 × 60(0.5 h = 30 min,而不是 50 min)。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
约为 2 h 55 min,所以袋子大约在 23:25 输完。
答案: NEWS2 = 11
NEWS2(国家早期预警评分 2,英国皇家内科医师学会 2017):按图表为七个参数分别评分(呼吸频率、量表 1 的 SpO₂、吸空气还是吸氧、收缩压、脉搏、按 ACVPU 量表评定的意识状态和体温),然后把分数相加。临床风险:0–4 为低;任何单项参数得 3 分为中低;5–6 为中;7 或以上为高。总分 5 或以上需要紧急响应。
答案: 低
NEWS2(国家早期预警评分 2,英国皇家内科医师学会 2017):按图表为七个参数分别评分(呼吸频率、量表 1 的 SpO₂、吸空气还是吸氧、收缩压、脉搏、按 ACVPU 量表评定的意识状态和体温),然后把分数相加。临床风险:0–4 为低;任何单项参数得 3 分为中低;5–6 为中;7 或以上为高。总分 5 或以上需要紧急响应。
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