感染控制与患者安全
方法
- 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
- 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
- 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
- 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
- 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 34 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
A patient refuses their regular evening tablets. What should the nurse do first?
在 SBAR 沟通工具中,"A"代表什么?
An older adult has trouble getting in and out of the bath. Which measures make bathing safer?
A patient is admitted with suspected pneumonic plague after a possible bioterrorism release. Which precautions are used?
甲状腺手术后四小时,护士应首先处理患者的哪项发现?
在外科病房,护士应首先看哪位术后患者?
为什么对疑似脓毒症的患者要测定血清乳酸?
A patient with a small leg wound has severe pain out of proportion to the skin changes, rapidly spreading redness and signs of sepsis. What should be suspected?
In countries that screen all pregnant women (such as the US), a vaginal-rectal swab is taken at about 36–37 weeks. Which organism is it screening for?
A patient recovering from acute tubular necrosis now passes 4–5 L of urine a day. Which electrolyte changes should the nurse watch for?
While giving medicines, a patient says, "That pill looks different from the one I usually take." What should the nurse do?
A teenager took a large overdose of diphenhydramine. He is agitated, hot, flushed and confused, with dry skin, dilated pupils and a full bladder. What is this pattern?
A patient on ramipril is to start sacubitril/valsartan for heart failure. What is the key safety point?
Why is the cuff pressure of an endotracheal or tracheostomy tube checked regularly?
A patient has had a calcium oxalate kidney stone. Which advice best helps prevent another?
A nurse teaches a carer to give buccal midazolam for prolonged seizures. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
How should pancreatic enzyme replacement capsules usually be taken?
An 80 kg adult has 30% TBSA partial- and full-thickness burns. Using the Parkland formula, how much crystalloid is planned for the first 8 hours from the time of the burn?
A woman 1 day after birth has a blood pressure of 150/96 mmHg and a headache. She had normal blood pressures in pregnancy. What should the nurse do?
A woman in active labour has been at 6 cm for 4 hours despite regular contractions. Which factor among the "5 Ps" should the nurse consider first?
A child with ITP has a low platelet count. Which advice is correct?
一个家庭坚持在孩子接受疼痛性操作时留在身边。在以家庭为中心的护理中,最恰当的回应是什么?
A patient with borderline personality disorder has made superficial cuts to her arm on the ward. What is the most appropriate nursing response?
一名有行为能力的患者已签署同意接受一个疗程的 ECT。两次治疗后,她说想停止。哪项是正确的?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一次滴速计算得到 27.336 gtt/min。 本练习的规则是:滴速取整到最接近的整滴。你记录的数值x是多少?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一次输注从 23:35 开始,到次日早晨 03:55 结束(24 小时制)。它运行了多少分钟t?
一名体重 36 kg 的儿童按 2.5 mg/kg 处方用药。原液浓度为 10 mg/mL。请抽取剂量:应给多少体积 V?
一名患者身高 178 cm,体重 81 kg。医嘱为 100 mg/m²。用 Mosteller 公式 BSA = √(身高 (cm) × 体重 (kg)/3600) 求剂量 D,以 mg 表示。
用滴系数为 20 滴/mL 的输液器在 8 小时内输入 1000 mL。求滴速 R(滴/分)。 取整到最接近的整数。
一袋液体在 250 mL 中含药 250 mg,以 5 mL/h 的速度输注。患者每小时获得多少毫克 D?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 记录显示了一名患者在一个 8 小时班次中的出入量。静脉输液在整个班次中按所示速率输注。求液体平衡 B = 入量 − 出量,以 mL 计(答案为负表示净丢失)。 冰屑按其体积的一半计。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一袋 500 mL 的液体于 12:30 开始用输液泵以 100 mL/h 输注。到 13:30 时袋中还剩多少 mL V?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 用 Braden 量表评估一位练习患者:感觉知觉: 无损害; 潮湿程度: 偶尔潮湿; 活动: 偶尔步行; 活动能力: 非常受限; 营养: 非常差; 摩擦力和剪切力: 潜在问题。求 Braden 总分B。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一名成人体重 138 kg,身高 187 cm。计算 BMI 并点击 WHO 体重分类。
答案: A · Explore the reason for refusing
Patients with capacity may refuse medicines. The nurse explores why, for example side effects or misunderstanding, gives information, documents the refusal and informs the prescriber if needed.
答案: C · Assessment(评估)
SBAR:Situation(现状)、Background(背景)、Assessment(你对问题的临床判断)和 Recommendation(你需要什么)。
答案: C · A shower chair, grab bars and a non-slip mat
Shower chairs, grab bars and non-slip surfaces reduce slips and falls. Bath oils make surfaces slippery, and a locked door delays help if the person falls.
答案: D · Droplet precautions
Pneumonic plague spreads from person to person by respiratory droplets, so droplet precautions are used until the patient has had effective antibiotics for the period set by policy. Bubonic plague without lung involvement needs standard precautions.
答案: C · 声音越来越嘶哑,并出现新的喘鸣样呼吸
声音嘶哑加重和呼吸嘈杂可能意味着影响气道的肿胀、出血或神经损伤,必须立即评估并上报。轻度疼痛和少量浆液性渗出是预期的。
答案: D · 颈动脉内膜切除术后 6 小时:颈部肿胀加重,诉吞咽困难
颈动脉手术后颈部肿胀增大提示可能压迫气道的血肿。粉红湿润的造口以及冲洗时淡粉色的尿液是预期的,活动时中度疼痛也很常见。
答案: D · 乳酸升高表明组织灌注不良、风险更高
组织灌注不良时乳酸会升高。脓毒症中乳酸高提示病情更重,并用于指导液体复苏。
答案: C · Necrotising fasciitis
Necrotising fasciitis spreads rapidly along fascia; severe pain, systemic toxicity and fast progression are key warning signs. It is a surgical emergency needing urgent debridement and IV antibiotics.
答案: B · Group B Streptococcus
Group B streptococci can colonize the vagina and rectum and can cause severe infection in newborns. Women who test positive receive IV antibiotics during labor to reduce transmission to the baby. The UK does not screen all women routinely; it uses a risk-based approach instead.核对依据: Group B streptococcal septicemia of the newborn · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)
答案: A · Low potassium and low sodium from urine losses
In the diuretic phase of AKI, the recovering tubules lose large amounts of water and electrolytes, so dehydration, hypokalemia and hyponatremia can occur. Daily weights, intake and output, and frequent electrolytes guide replacement.核对依据: Acute tubular necrosis · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答案: A · Stop and recheck the order and the medicine before giving it
A patient's concern can reveal a wrong drug or wrong patient error. The nurse rechecks the order and product, and may call the pharmacy; a different brand or strength may explain the change.
答案: B · Anticholinergic toxidrome
Anticholinergic toxicity causes hyperthermia, dry flushed skin, mydriasis, urinary retention, tachycardia and delirium. Dry skin helps distinguish it from serotonin syndrome and sympathomimetic poisoning, which cause sweating.
答案: A · The ACE inhibitor must be stopped first, with a gap before starting
Combining an ACE inhibitor with sacubitril/valsartan greatly increases the risk of angioedema. The ACE inhibitor is stopped and a washout period (usually 36 hours) is observed before starting. Blood pressure, potassium and renal function are monitored.
答案: A · Too high a pressure damages the trachea; too low allows aspiration
Cuff pressure is usually kept at about 20–30 cmH₂O. Higher pressures reduce blood flow to the tracheal mucosa, risking ulceration and stenosis; lower pressures allow secretions to leak past and cause aspiration and VAP. A cuff manometer is used.
答案: B · Drink plenty of fluid so the urine stays pale
High fluid intake is the most important measure for preventing stones. Dietary calcium is usually not restricted, because it binds oxalate in the gut. High-dose vitamin C can increase oxalate.
答案: D · "I will put something between his teeth so he does not bite his tongue."
Nothing should ever be put between the teeth during a seizure. Buccal midazolam is given between the gum and cheek, so the mouth does not need to be forced open. Timing the seizure and following the emergency care plan are correct.
答案: A · With every meal and snack
Pancreatic enzymes digest fat, protein and carbohydrate, so they are taken with meals and snacks. The dose is adjusted to reduce steatorrhoea and support weight gain.
答案: B · 4800 mL
Parkland gives 4 × 80 × 30 = 9600 mL in 24 hours, with half (4800 mL) in the first 8 hours from the time of injury. The rate is then adjusted to urine output and clinical response. Many burn centres now start lower, for example at 2 mL/kg/%TBSA in adults, and titrate to urine output.
答案: C · Report it and assess for postpartum pre-eclampsia
New hypertension with a headache after birth can be postpartum pre-eclampsia, even with normal readings in pregnancy. The nurse reports it, checks urine protein and symptoms and follows the protocol.
答案: D · The passenger: fetal size, position or presentation
When contractions are adequate but labour stalls, causes include a malpositioned or large fetus (passenger) or a narrow pelvis (passageway). Position changes, hydration and support of the psyche can also help progress.
答案: B · Avoid contact sports and medicines such as ibuprofen and aspirin
While platelets are low, the child should avoid contact sports and activities with a high risk of head injury, and avoid NSAIDs and aspirin, which impair platelet function. A soft toothbrush is used, and parents report any heavy bleeding.
答案: B · 支持他们在场,为他们将看到的情况做好准备,并赋予他们安抚的角色
以家庭为中心的护理支持家属在操作期间在场。应为父母做好准备,赋予他们一个角色,如抱着或分散孩子的注意力,并让他们自己选择是否留下。
答案: B · Treat the wounds in a calm, matter-of-fact way and assess her current risk and feelings
Wounds need care, and self-harm requires risk assessment. A calm, non-judgemental response avoids both punishment and unintended reinforcement, and helps the patient explore triggers and safer coping.
答案: B · 她可以随时撤回同意,她的决定必须得到尊重并告知团队
有行为能力的人可以随时撤回同意。护士应告知团队,由团队与她讨论这一决定。只有在特定的法律条件下才能在未经同意的情况下进行治疗。
答案: x = 27 gtt/min
取整:看舍入位后面的那个数字:5 或更大则进位,4 或更小则保持原数字不变。只对最终答案取整,绝不对中间步骤取整。典型的考试规则:1 mL 或以上的体积取到十分位,低于 1 mL 的体积取到百分位,滴速取整到整滴,体重取到一位小数;务必遵循题目所规定的规则。
答案: t = 260 min
24 小时制:下午 1 点起,小时数加 12(下午 3:45 = 15:45)。午夜到凌晨 12:59 为 00:00–00:59,中午 12:00–12:59 仍为 12:00–12:59。反过来换算时,13–23 点减 12 并标为下午;00 点变为凌晨 12 点。跨午夜计算时间要分两段:先算到 24:00(00:00),再从 00:00 算起。
答案: V = 9 mL
抽取剂量:体积 = (处方剂量/药物浓度) × 药物体积。先换算成相同的单位,再检查该体积是否适合注射器,并落在它的某一个刻度上。
在这支 10 mL 的注射器上,每条小刻度线代表 0.2 mL。
答案: D = 200.1 mg
Body-surface-area dosing: many cytotoxic and some paediatric doses are prescribed per square metre of body surface area: dose (mg) = dose per m² × BSA (m²). The Mosteller formula estimates BSA = √(height (cm) × weight (kg)/3600).
答案: R = 42 gtt/min
输注速率:输液泵按 mL/h = 体积/时间(小时)设定。重力滴注按每分钟滴数计:gtt/min = 体积 (mL) × 滴系数 (gtt/mL)/时间 (min)。 滴系数印在输液器包装上:普通输液器为 10、15 或 20 gtt/mL(输血器在美国常为 10 gtt/mL,在英国为 15),微量输液器为 60 gtt/mL。务必使用题目或包装给出的滴系数。
床旁取最接近的整滴:42 滴/分。
答案: D = 5 mg/h
输注速率:输液泵按 mL/h = 体积/时间(小时)设定。重力滴注按每分钟滴数计:gtt/min = 体积 (mL) × 滴系数 (gtt/mL)/时间 (min)。 滴系数印在输液器包装上:普通输液器为 10、15 或 20 gtt/mL(输血器在美国常为 10 gtt/mL,在英国为 15),微量输液器为 60 gtt/mL。务必使用题目或包装给出的滴系数。
答案: B = −205 mL
出入量:入量计入所有进入体内的液体(口服液体、静脉输液、静脉用药及冲管液、管饲);冰屑按其体积的一半计。出量计入尿液、引流液、呕吐物和其他丢失。平衡 = 总入量 − 总出量;平衡为负表示净丢失。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
为负:患者丢失的液体多于摄入的液体。
答案: V = 400 mL
输液时间:时间 (h) = 待输体积 (mL)/速率 (mL/h);使用袋中剩余的体积,而不是袋的容量。已输入体积 = 速率 × 时间。把小数小时换算为小时和分钟时,用小数部分 × 60(0.5 h = 30 min,而不是 50 min)。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
答案: B = 15
Braden 量表:评估压力性损伤风险的六个分项。感觉知觉、潮湿程度、活动、活动能力和营养各评 1 至 4 分,从最差水平(1)到无问题(4);摩擦力和剪切力评 1 至 3 分。总分为 6 至 23,总分越低风险越高。常用分级:19–23 无风险,15–18 轻度风险,13–14 中度风险,10–12 高风险,9 分及以下为极高风险。
答案: 肥胖 II 级
体质指数:BMI = 体重(kg)/身高(m)²,身高要先换算为米。使用磅和英寸时,BMI = 703 × 体重(lb)/身高(in)²。WHO 成人分类:低于 18.5 为体重过轻,18.5–24.9 为健康体重,25.0–29.9 为超重,30.0–34.9 为肥胖 I 级,35.0–39.9 为肥胖 II 级,40 及以上为肥胖 III 级。
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