NCLEX-PN 风格练习题(LPN/LVN):速成包

公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 34 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。

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1公式与方法

感染控制与患者安全

方法

  1. 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
  2. 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
  3. 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
  4. 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
  5. 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。

优先排序与委派

方法

  1. 问自己:如果什么都不做,什么会最快伤害患者。
  2. 应用 ABC(心脏骤停时为 C-A-B),然后是 Maslow 需求层次:生理需要先于安全,安全先于心理需要。
  3. 比较各选项:急性先于慢性,不稳定先于稳定,意外先于预期,全身性先于局部,并将每项发现与患者的基线对照。
  4. 除非是紧急情况,否则先评估再行动;然后选择其他步骤所依赖的那一步。
  5. 委派时核对五项正确:任务、情境、人员、指示和监督。评估、宣教和评价仍由注册护士负责。

实验室检查值与电解质

方法

  1. 把数值与本实验室自己的参考范围比较,再与患者的基线和趋势比较。
  2. 检查标本:溶血、延迟,或在静脉输液附近采血都可能得出错误结果。
  3. 把数值与其典型体征以及引起它的药物和疾病联系起来。
  4. 注意相互作用:低钾或低镁会增加地高辛中毒的风险;脱水会使锂浓度升高。
  5. 对患者采取行动:评估,血药浓度不安全时暂停用药,复述危急值并通知开医嘱的医生。

内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

方法

  1. 说出问题所在:泵衰竭、动脉阻塞、节律、血栓、气道狭窄、感染或设备问题。
  2. 先检查危险征象:低氧、低血压、胸痛、新出现的意识模糊、冰冷无脉搏的肢体。
  3. 让氧疗与患者相匹配:大多数人为 94–98%,有 CO₂ 潴留风险者为 88–92%。
  4. 把每种药物与其检测和风险联系起来:华法林与 INR,肝素与 aPTT 和血小板,利尿剂与血钾。
  5. 选择安全的第一步措施,然后升级处理并重新评估。

内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

方法

  1. 对每位新出现意识模糊、乏力或癫痫发作的患者都检查血糖。
  2. 把意识水平作为脑部问题最早的警示;瞳孔变化和库欣三联征出现得较晚。
  3. 对于糖尿病急症,要区分 DKA(酮体、酸中毒)和 HHS(渗透压很高、脱水);先补液。
  4. 对于钠和水,要判断是 ADH 过多(SIADH)还是缺乏(尿崩症),并缓慢纠正慢性变化。
  5. 对于肾脏问题,把原因分为肾前性、肾性或肾后性,并监测血钾和液体。

内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

方法

  1. 想一想可能隐藏着什么:内出血、无发热的感染、SpO₂ 正常背后的通气不足。
  2. 利用术后的时间来缩小并发症的范围:出血在数小时内,胸部问题在数天内,伤口和吻合口漏出现得更晚。
  3. 对于疼痛,要评估、用多模式镇痛治疗、重新评估,并且在每次使用阿片类药物时监测镇静程度。
  4. 对于癌症患者,把低谷期的任何疾病都当作中性粒细胞减少性脓毒症处理,并了解肿瘤急症。
  5. 对于烧伤,只计算浅二度/深二度和三度的面积,从烧伤的时刻开始计算 Parkland 时间,并根据尿量调整。

产科护理

方法

  1. 把产妇放在时间轴上定位:孕周、产程阶段或产后第几天,再判断此时什么是正常的。
  2. 找出处于危险中的对象:母亲、胎儿或新生儿,或者其中不止一个。
  3. 把发现与其原因联系起来:减速用 VEAL CHOP,出血用四个 T,产后用 BUBBLE-HE。
  4. 优先选择改善血流和氧合的措施(侧卧、停用缩宫素、宫底按摩),然后再升级处理。

儿科护理

方法

  1. 先记下患儿的年龄:它决定正常生命体征、发育里程碑和合适的疼痛量表。
  2. 评估气道、呼吸和循环,记住儿童代偿很久之后会迅速恶化。
  3. 让措施与发育阶段相匹配,并让家属参与。
  4. 检查答案对儿童是否安全:按体重计算,病毒感染不用阿司匹林,12 岁以下不用可待因。

精神科护理

方法

  1. 判断是否存在即时风险:自杀、暴力、药物急症或躯体疾病。
  2. 先保障安全:观察、移除危险物品、缓和局面、停用有害药物、寻求帮助。
  3. 选择治疗性回应:承认感受、陈述现实,避免虚假的安慰和“为什么”式提问。
  4. 尊重权利:采用限制最少的方案,知情同意,以及保密及其限度。

护理数学与单位换算

公制进位
1 kg = 1000 g, 1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg, 1 L = 1000 mL
体重和长度
1 kg = 2.2 lb, 1 lb = 16 oz, 1 in = 2.54 cm, 1 ft = 12 in
家用计量
1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL
温度
°C = (°F − 32)·5/9, °F = °C·9/5 + 32
24 小时制
PM 1–11 点:加 12; 12 AM = 00:xx; 12 PM = 12:xx
给药速率
mcg/min × 60/1000 = mg/h
实验室换算系数
葡萄糖 1 mmol/L = 18 mg/dL; 肌酐 1 mg/dL = 88.4 µmol/L; Hb 1 g/dL = 10 g/L

方法

  1. 写出已知量及其单位,以及你想要的单位。
  2. 选定等量关系:kg、g、mg 和 mcg 之间,或 L 和 mL 之间为 1000;1 kg = 2.2 lb;1 tsp = 5 mL,1 tbsp = 15 mL,1 fl oz = 30 mL,1 cup = 240 mL。
  3. 写成分数,使不需要的单位相互约去;对于速率,每个变化的单位用一个分数。
  4. 检查方向:单位越小,数字越大。
  5. 只对最终答案取整,精度按题目所述。

剂量计算

由浓度计算剂量
体积 = 剂量 / 浓度
按体重给药
剂量 = mg/kg × 体重
片剂
片数 = 剂量 / 每片规格
单位
1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg

方法

  1. 把医嘱剂量和药品规格换算为同一单位。
  2. 用“需要量除以现有量再乘以数量”:(D/H) × Q。
  3. 按体重给药时,先乘以以 kg 计的体重,再用日剂量除以给药次数。
  4. 先估算,再检查答案是否合理。

静脉输液速度

泵速
mL/h = volume (mL)/time (h)
滴速
drops/min = volume (mL) × drop factor / time (min)
输注时间
time (h) = volume (mL)/rate (mL/h)

方法

  1. 泵速 mL/h:体积除以以小时计的时间。
  2. 滴速 drops/min:体积 × 滴系数,再除以以分钟计的时间。
  3. 剩余时间:剩余体积除以速率。
  4. 按题目或设备的要求取整。

静脉输液与液体平衡

Holliday–Segar 每小时量
4 mL/kg(前 10 kg)+ 2 mL/kg(次 10 kg)+ 1 mL/kg(20 kg 以上每 kg)
Holliday–Segar 每日量
相同分段分别为 100 / 50 / 20 mL/kg
液体平衡
入量 − 出量
冰屑
按其体积的一半计算
尿量
mL/kg/h = mL / (kg × h)
输注时间
时间 (h) = 剩余体积 (mL) / 速率 (mL/h)
已输入体积
mL = 速率 × 时间

临床评估评分

格拉斯哥昏迷量表
GCS = E (1–4) + V (1–5) + M (1–6) = 3–15
Apgar
5 项体征 × 0–2 = 0–10; 7–10 令人放心, 4–6 中度异常, 0–3 低
Braden 量表
5 × (1–4) + 1 × (1–3) = 6–23; ≤ 18 有风险
Morse 跌倒评分
跌倒 25, 诊断 15, 辅助 15/30, 静脉输液 20, 步态 10/20, 精神状态 15
NEWS2 风险
0–4 低; 单项 3 分为中低; 5–6 中; ≥ 7 高
平均动脉压
MAP = (SBP + 2·DBP)/3 = DBP + PP/3
脉压和休克指数
PP = SBP − DBP, SI = HR/SBP
体质指数
BMI = kg/m² = 703·lb/in²

方法

  1. 找出题目使用的评分表及其范围(GCS 3–15,Apgar 0–10,Braden 6–23,Morse 0–125)。
  2. 分别为每个条目评分,将描述与其对应的等级匹配。
  3. 把各条目得分相加,并检查总分是否在范围内。
  4. 应用分界值:对于 NEWS2,还要查看是否有单项参数得 3 分。
  5. 对于导出的数值,使用 MAP = (SBP + 2·DBP)/3,PP = SBP − DBP,SI = HR/SBP,BMI = kg/m²。

2练习题

1.护理学基础中等

A patient with expressive aphasia after a stroke understands speech but struggles to find words. Which approach helps most?

  1. AFinish their sentences quickly for them to save them frustration
  2. BAsk simple yes/no questions and allow plenty of time
  3. CSpeak louder and more slowly than usual
  4. DTalk to the family instead of the patient
2.护理学基础困难

A patient with COPD and a known risk of hypercapnia is acutely breathless with an SpO₂ of 82%. What is correct?

  1. AGive the highest oxygen flow possible and aim for 100%
  2. BWithhold oxygen completely, because oxygen is dangerous in COPD
  3. CGive controlled oxygen, e.g. via a Venturi mask, aiming for 88–92%
  4. DWait for an arterial blood gas result before giving any oxygen at all
3.感染控制与患者安全中等

A patient on nasal cannula oxygen has dry lips. Which product should the nurse offer?

  1. APetroleum jelly
  2. BA scented petroleum ointment
  3. CAn oil-based lip balm
  4. DA water-based lip lubricant
4.感染控制与患者安全困难

A nurse sees a doctor about to insert a central line without a sterile gown, and a polite comment was ignored. Which TeamSTEPPS phrase helps to stop the procedure?

  1. A“Let’s talk about it after you have finished.”
  2. B“I am concerned, I am uncomfortable, this is a safety issue.”
  3. C“I am sure you know what you are doing.”
  4. D“I will mention this to the manager at the next staff meeting.”
5.优先排序与委派中等

一名护理助理报告说某患者的血压是 168/98 mmHg(早些时候是 130/80),且患者头痛。RN 应怎么做?

  1. A评估患者,复测血压,并寻找症状
  2. B记录该数值,继续发药
  3. C让助理一小时后复测血压
  4. D让助理现在就给予按需使用的降压药
6.优先排序与委派困难

A child with sickle cell disease in a pain crisis develops chest pain, fever and an SpO₂ of 89%. What does this most likely mean?

  1. AAnxiety that will settle with reassurance
  2. BAn ordinary pain crisis that will improve with rest
  3. CA minor chest infection that can safely wait until the morning round
  4. DAcute chest syndrome, which needs urgent escalation and oxygen
7.临床护理中等

A confused patient keeps trying to climb out of bed. Why are bed rails not automatically the answer?

  1. APatients can be seriously injured climbing over or becoming trapped in rails
  2. BBed rails stop staff from taking observations
  3. CBed rails are illegal in all hospitals and must never be used at all
  4. DBed rails always make patients more confused, but only during the day
8.临床护理困难

A patient who used sildenafil the day before develops chest pain. Why is glyceryl trinitrate (GTN, nitroglycerin) normally avoided?

  1. ASildenafil stops GTN from being absorbed under the tongue at all
  2. BGTN makes sildenafil toxic to the liver
  3. CThe combination causes severe hyperkalaemia
  4. DThe combination can cause a severe, dangerous fall in blood pressure
9.实验室检查值与电解质中等

Which IV fluid can be given through the same line as a red cell transfusion?

  1. A5% dextrose in water
  2. B0.9% sodium chloride
  3. C0.45% sodium chloride
  4. DLactated Ringer's (Hartmann's) solution
10.实验室检查值与电解质困难

A middle-aged man has fatigue, joint pain, a raised ALT and new diabetes. His ferritin is very high and his transferrin saturation is above 60%. Which condition is most likely?

  1. AIron-deficiency anemia
  2. BHereditary hemochromatosis
  3. CAcute viral hepatitis A
  4. DAnemia of chronic disease
11.药理学中等

How should a patient store sublingual glyceryl trinitrate (nitroglycerin) tablets?

  1. ALoose in a shirt pocket close to the body for quick access
  2. BIn the fridge in a damp, open container to keep them fresh and cool
  3. CIn the original dark glass bottle, away from heat, light and moisture
  4. DIn a plastic weekly pill box with other tablets
12.药理学困难

哪种抗癫痫药在妊娠期服用时,引起神经管缺陷和发育问题的风险是众所周知最高的?

  1. A左乙拉西坦
  2. B丙戊酸钠
  3. C拉莫三嗪
  4. D加巴喷丁
13.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸中等

A patient has a prosthetic heart valve. Which teaching best reduces the risk of infective endocarditis?

  1. AAvoid eating dairy products and raw vegetables
  2. BAvoid all physical exercise for the rest of their life
  3. CTake a daily antibiotic tablet indefinitely
  4. DKeep teeth and gums healthy with regular dental check-ups
14.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸困难

A patient with stable severe COPD has a blood gas showing pH 7.37, a raised PaCO₂ and a raised bicarbonate. How should this be interpreted?

  1. AAcute respiratory acidosis needing emergency intubation
  2. BRespiratory alkalosis from hyperventilation
  3. CChronic respiratory acidosis with metabolic compensation
  4. DA normal blood gas with no abnormality
15.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏中等

为什么在 DKA 静脉输注胰岛素时必须密切监测钾?

  1. A胰岛素使钾进入细胞,因此血钾可能迅速下降
  2. B在 DKA 中胰岛素对钾没有影响
  3. C胰岛素在血液中分解钾
  4. D胰岛素使肾脏潴留钾,因此血钾会上升
16.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏困难

A patient who had pituitary surgery has fatigue and feels cold. TSH is low, and free T4 is low. What is the most likely cause?

  1. AHyperthyroidism from Graves' disease
  2. BSecondary hypothyroidism
  3. CPrimary hypothyroidism from thyroid failure
  4. DOver-replacement with levothyroxine
17.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤中等

哪种电解质模式是肿瘤溶解综合征的典型表现?

  1. A钾低、磷酸盐低、尿酸低
  2. B钾和磷酸盐降低,钙升高
  3. C钾、磷酸盐和尿酸升高;钙降低
  4. D钠和钙升高,尿酸水平降低
18.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤困难

一名使用阿片类药物 PCA 的患者经面罩吸氧。SpO₂ 97%,呼吸频率 11 次/分,但现在很难唤醒。护士应得出什么结论?

  1. A应增加 PCA 剂量以保持患者舒适
  2. B很可能是阿片类药物中毒;氧气可能掩盖了通气不足
  3. C患者是安全的,因为血氧饱和度正常
  4. D患者只是睡得好,因为疼痛已得到控制
19.产科护理中等

A woman with pre-eclampsia is on magnesium sulfate. Why does the nurse monitor her urine output closely?

  1. AMagnesium causes a large diuresis that leads to dehydration
  2. BUrine output tells the nurse exactly when to stop the infusion after the birth
  3. CLow urine output shows that the magnesium is working
  4. DMagnesium is cleared by the kidneys, so oliguria raises the risk of toxicity
20.产科护理困难

一名正在输注硫酸镁的产妇呼吸频率为 10 次/分,膝腱反射消失。护士应首先怎么做?

  1. A2 小时后再检查反射
  2. B给予一剂纳洛酮
  3. C停止输注并紧急通知医疗人员,同时备好葡萄糖酸钙
  4. D加快输注速度,因为这些征象表明她的子痫前期正在加重
21.儿科护理中等

哪种来源是幼儿铅中毒的常见原因?

  1. A新鲜水果
  2. B健康、营养良好的母亲的母乳
  3. C去年生产的塑料玩具
  4. D旧房子中剥落的旧油漆和灰尘
22.儿科护理困难

A 9-year-old with Down syndrome has new neck pain, clumsy walking and changes in bladder control. What should the nurse suspect?

  1. AThe normal low muscle tone of Down syndrome getting worse with age
  2. BGrowing pains in the legs
  3. CA simple urinary infection causing tiredness
  4. DAtlantoaxial instability with spinal cord compression
23.精神科护理中等

A 24-year-old woman with bipolar disorder is starting valproate. What is the most important teaching point?

  1. AIt will cause her to lose weight quickly, so she should eat extra meals and snacks every day
  2. BIt is safe in pregnancy and needs no special precautions
  3. CIt can seriously harm an unborn baby, so effective contraception and specialist advice are essential
  4. DIt must be taken with grapefruit juice to be absorbed
24.精神科护理困难

A 50-year-old man has believed for a year that his wife is unfaithful. He works normally, his speech is organised and he has no hallucinations. Which diagnosis is most likely?

  1. ASchizophrenia
  2. BSchizophreniform disorder
  3. CDelusional disorder
  4. DBipolar I disorder
25.护理数学与单位换算中等
1234567891011124:25 AM?03:2504:2516:2505:25

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一个剂量记录在 4:25 AM。哪个条目是 24 小时制中的同一时间?点击它。

4:25 AM
  1. 103:25
  2. 204:25
  3. 316:25
  4. 405:25
26.护理数学与单位换算困难
8 fl oz? mL1½ 杯? mL½ tbsp? mLΣ = ? mL

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一个班次中,患者摄入了8 fl oz / 果汁, 1½ 杯 / 茶, ½ tbsp / 液体营养补充剂。按给出的等量关系,求以 mL 表示的口服总摄入量V。

1 fl oz = 30 mL1 杯 = 8 fl oz = 240 mL1 tbsp = 15 mL
V = mL
27.剂量计算中等
024681010 mL

一名体重 13 kg 的儿童按 10 mg/kg 处方用药。原液浓度为 25 mg/mL。请抽取剂量:应给多少体积 V?

13 kg10 mg/kg25 mg/mL
V = mL
28.剂量计算困难
17 kg101 cmBSA = √(h·w/3600)135 mg/m²D = ? mg

一名患者身高 101 cm,体重 17 kg。医嘱为 135 mg/m²。用 Mosteller 公式 BSA = √(身高 (cm) × 体重 (kg)/3600) 求剂量 D,以 mg 表示。

101 cm17 kg135 mg/m²
D = mg
29.静脉输液速度中等
550 mL剩余? mL/h3 h 剩余

医嘱要求在 10 小时内输入 1500 mL。7 小时后你发现袋中还剩 550 mL,而输液仍须按时完成。 必须把泵重新设定为多少 mL/h 的速率 R?

1500 mL / 10 h经过 7 h: 550 mL
R = mL/h
30.静脉输液速度困难
200 mg100 mL15 gtt/mL200 mg/h? gtt/min

将 200 mg 药物稀释于 100 mL 中,通过滴系数为 15 gtt/mL 的输液器重力滴注。医嘱为每小时 200 mg。求滴速 R,以每分钟滴数表示。

200 mg/100 mL200 mg/h15 gtt/mL
R = gtt/min
31.静脉输液与液体平衡中等
入量出量8 小时班次牛奶100 mL水120 mL茶240 mL静脉输液50 mL/h × 8 h静脉抗生素2 × 50 mL尿液400 mL尿液325 mL尿液175 mL尿液200 mL伤口引流130 mL

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 记录显示了一名患者在一个 8 小时班次中的出入量。静脉输液在整个班次中按所示速率输注。求液体平衡 B = 入量 − 出量,以 mL 计(答案为负表示净丢失)。

牛奶: 100 mL水: 120 mL茶: 240 mL静脉输液: 50 mL/h × 8 h静脉抗生素: 2 × 50 mL尿液: 400 mL尿液: 325 mL尿液: 175 mL尿液: 200 mL伤口引流: 130 mL
B = mL
32.静脉输液与液体平衡困难
1000 mL700 mL 已输入100 mL/h17:00t = ? h

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一袋 1000 mL 的液体用输液泵以 100 mL/h 输注。到 17:00 时已输入 700 mL。还要多少小时 t 袋子才会输完? 保留一位小数。

1000 mL700 mL 已输入100 mL/h
t = h
33.临床评估评分中等
E3 / 4+V4 / 5+M? / 6GCS 12?

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一张练习图表记录了 GCS 12,其中 E3 和 V4。记录的运动评分M是多少,它描述的是哪种反应?请给出数字。

GCS 12E3V4
M =
34.临床评估评分困难
无风险轻度风险中度风险高风险极高风险

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 用 Braden 量表评估一位练习患者:感觉知觉: 完全受限; 潮湿程度: 持续潮湿; 活动: 局限于椅子; 活动能力: 非常受限; 营养: 非常差; 摩擦力和剪切力: 有问题。使用的分级为:19–23 无风险,15–18 轻度,13–14 中度,10–12 高,9 或以下极高。点击风险等级。

  1. 1无风险
  2. 2轻度风险
  3. 3中度风险
  4. 4高风险
  5. 5极高风险

3溶液

1.护理学基础

答案: B · Ask simple yes/no questions and allow plenty of time

为什么是这个答案

Short questions that can be answered with yes, no or a gesture, picture boards and patience let the patient communicate. Hearing is not the problem, so shouting does not help.

答案

B · Ask simple yes/no questions and allow plenty of time
2.护理学基础

答案: C · Give controlled oxygen, e.g. via a Venturi mask, aiming for 88–92%

为什么是这个答案

Oxygen must not be withheld from a hypoxic patient. In those at risk of hypercapnia it is given in a controlled way to a target of 88–92%, with blood gases checked.

答案

C · Give controlled oxygen, e.g. via a Venturi mask, aiming for 88–92%
3.感染控制与患者安全

答案: D · A water-based lip lubricant

为什么是这个答案

Petroleum- and oil-based products can increase the risk of burns or fire in an oxygen-rich setting. A water-based lubricant is used instead.

答案

D · A water-based lip lubricant
4.感染控制与患者安全

答案: B · “I am concerned, I am uncomfortable, this is a safety issue.”

为什么是这个答案

CUS words (Concerned, Uncomfortable, Safety issue) are agreed language that signals the need to stop and listen. Maximal barrier precautions are part of the central line bundle, so the concern is valid.

答案

B · “I am concerned, I am uncomfortable, this is a safety issue.”
5.优先排序与委派

答案: A · 评估患者,复测血压,并寻找症状

为什么是这个答案

血压突然升高并伴有头痛是 RN 必须评估的变化。等待一小时会延误护理,而辅助人员不发药,也不决定治疗。

答案

A · 评估患者,复测血压,并寻找症状
6.优先排序与委派

答案: D · Acute chest syndrome, which needs urgent escalation and oxygen

为什么是这个答案

Chest pain, fever and low oxygen in sickle cell disease suggest acute chest syndrome. It can worsen quickly, so oxygen, urgent review and prescribed treatment are needed.

答案

D · Acute chest syndrome, which needs urgent escalation and oxygen
7.临床护理

答案: A · Patients can be seriously injured climbing over or becoming trapped in rails

为什么是这个答案

Bed rails can cause entrapment or a fall from a greater height. Their use is based on an individual risk assessment; alternatives include a low bed, crash mats and closer observation.

答案

A · Patients can be seriously injured climbing over or becoming trapped in rails
8.临床护理

答案: D · The combination can cause a severe, dangerous fall in blood pressure

为什么是这个答案

PDE5 inhibitors such as sildenafil enhance the vasodilating effect of nitrates, which can cause profound hypotension. Patients should always be asked about these drugs before nitrates are given.

答案

D · The combination can cause a severe, dangerous fall in blood pressure
9.实验室检查值与电解质

答案: B · 0.9% sodium chloride

为什么是这个答案

Only 0.9% sodium chloride is used with red cells. Dextrose solutions can cause hemolysis, and lactated Ringer's contains calcium, which can cause clotting in the citrated blood. Drugs are never added to blood products.

答案

B · 0.9% sodium chloride
10.实验室检查值与电解质

答案: B · Hereditary hemochromatosis

为什么是这个答案

Hemochromatosis is an inherited disorder of increased iron absorption. Iron is deposited in the liver, pancreas, joints, heart and skin. A high transferrin saturation with a high ferritin suggests the diagnosis, and treatment is regular venesection (phlebotomy).核对依据: Hemochromatosis · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2026); Ferritin Blood Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)

答案

B · Hereditary hemochromatosis
11.药理学

答案: C · In the original dark glass bottle, away from heat, light and moisture

为什么是这个答案

Nitroglycerin tablets lose potency when exposed to light, heat, air and moisture. They are kept in their original tightly closed dark container, and expired tablets are replaced.

答案

C · In the original dark glass bottle, away from heat, light and moisture
12.药理学

答案: B · 丙戊酸钠

为什么是这个答案

丙戊酸盐具有强致畸性,可引起神经管缺陷和其他畸形,并影响神经发育。除非没有其他有效替代药物,妊娠期应避免使用。

答案

B · 丙戊酸钠
13.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

答案: D · Keep teeth and gums healthy with regular dental check-ups

为什么是这个答案

Oral bacteria often enter the blood and can settle on prosthetic valves. Good oral hygiene and regular dental care are key. Patients should also report unexplained fever and avoid body piercing or tattoos where possible. Antibiotic prophylaxis policies differ between countries.

答案

D · Keep teeth and gums healthy with regular dental check-ups
14.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

答案: C · Chronic respiratory acidosis with metabolic compensation

为什么是这个答案

In chronic CO₂ retention, the kidneys retain bicarbonate over days, bringing the pH back towards normal. A normal pH with high PaCO₂ and high bicarbonate is compensated chronic respiratory acidosis. These patients usually have target saturations of 88–92%.

答案

C · Chronic respiratory acidosis with metabolic compensation
15.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

答案: A · 胰岛素使钾进入细胞,因此血钾可能迅速下降

为什么是这个答案

DKA 患者全身钾严重缺乏,即使最初血清钾正常或偏高。胰岛素使钾转移到细胞内,可引起危险的低钾血症。应经常检测钾,并按医嘱加入液体;如果钾很低,可能要推迟胰岛素,直到开始补钾。

答案

A · 胰岛素使钾进入细胞,因此血钾可能迅速下降
16.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

答案: B · Secondary hypothyroidism

为什么是这个答案

When the pituitary cannot make enough TSH, the thyroid is not stimulated, so both TSH and free T4 are low. In primary thyroid failure, TSH is high. In secondary hypothyroidism, free T4, not TSH, is used to guide the dose.

答案

B · Secondary hypothyroidism
17.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

答案: C · 钾、磷酸盐和尿酸升高;钙降低

为什么是这个答案

肿瘤溶解释放钾、磷酸盐和核酸(使尿酸升高)。磷酸盐结合钙,使其降低。磷酸钙和尿酸结晶可损伤肾脏。

答案

C · 钾、磷酸盐和尿酸升高;钙降低
18.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

答案: B · 很可能是阿片类药物中毒;氧气可能掩盖了通气不足

为什么是这个答案

补充氧气可使 SpO₂ 保持正常,而 CO₂ 却因通气不足而升高。镇静加深是阿片类药物中毒的早期征象。护士应停止 PCA,刺激患者,呼叫援助并遵循纳洛酮方案,密切监测呼吸频率、深度和镇静程度。

答案

B · 很可能是阿片类药物中毒;氧气可能掩盖了通气不足
19.产科护理

答案: D · Magnesium is cleared by the kidneys, so oliguria raises the risk of toxicity

为什么是这个答案

Magnesium is cleared by the kidneys, so oliguria, which is common in pre-eclampsia, allows levels to rise. The nurse also monitors reflexes, respiratory rate and level of consciousness.

答案

D · Magnesium is cleared by the kidneys, so oliguria raises the risk of toxicity
20.产科护理

答案: C · 停止输注并紧急通知医疗人员,同时备好葡萄糖酸钙

为什么是这个答案

呼吸抑制和反射消失提示镁中毒。应停止输注,支持呼吸,寻求帮助,检测镁水平,并按医嘱备好葡萄糖酸钙。

答案

C · 停止输注并紧急通知医疗人员,同时备好葡萄糖酸钙
21.儿科护理

答案: D · 旧房子中剥落的旧油漆和灰尘

为什么是这个答案

旧建筑中的含铅油漆、被污染的灰尘和土壤以及一些进口产品是常见来源。铅会影响发育中的大脑,造成学习和行为问题。

答案

D · 旧房子中剥落的旧油漆和灰尘
22.儿科护理

答案: D · Atlantoaxial instability with spinal cord compression

为什么是这个答案

Children with Down syndrome can have instability between the first two cervical vertebrae. Neck pain, changes in gait, weakness and bladder or bowel changes suggest cord compression and need urgent assessment.

答案

D · Atlantoaxial instability with spinal cord compression
23.精神科护理

答案: C · It can seriously harm an unborn baby, so effective contraception and specialist advice are essential

为什么是这个答案

Valproate is highly teratogenic, causing neural tube defects and developmental problems. Women who could become pregnant need clear information, effective contraception and specialist review.

答案

C · It can seriously harm an unborn baby, so effective contraception and specialist advice are essential
24.精神科护理

答案: C · Delusional disorder

为什么是这个答案

Delusional disorder involves one or more delusions for at least 1 month, without other prominent symptoms of schizophrenia, and functioning is not markedly impaired apart from the effects of the delusion. Jealous delusions are one recognised type.

答案

C · Delusional disorder
25.护理数学与单位换算

答案: 04:25

24 小时制:下午 1 点起,小时数加 12(下午 3:45 = 15:45)。午夜到凌晨 12:59 为 00:00–00:59,中午 12:00–12:59 仍为 12:00–12:59。反过来换算时,13–23 点减 12 并标为下午;00 点变为凌晨 12 点。跨午夜计算时间要分两段:先算到 24:00(00:00),再从 00:00 算起。

换算小时

4 AM → 04

答案

04:25

答案

04:25
26.护理数学与单位换算

答案: V = 607.5 mL

家用计量和体重:护理考试使用取整的等量关系:1 茶匙(tsp)= 5 mL,1 汤匙(tbsp)= 15 mL = 3 tsp,1 液量盎司(fl oz)= 30 mL = 2 tbsp,1 杯 = 8 fl oz = 240 mL。体重方面,1 kg = 2.2 lb,1 lb = 16 oz;长度方面,1 英寸 = 2.54 cm。设置换算时,要让你不需要的单位相互约去。

每一项的 mL 数

8 fl oz = 8·30 = 240 mL
1½ 杯 = 1.5·240 = 360 mL
½ tbsp = 0.5·15 = 7.5 mL

相加

V = 240 + 360 + 7.5 = 607.5 mL

答案

V = 607.5 mL
27.剂量计算

答案: V = 5.2 mL

抽取剂量:体积 = (处方剂量/药物浓度) × 药物体积。先换算成相同的单位,再检查该体积是否适合注射器,并落在它的某一个刻度上。

按体重计算剂量

D = 10·13 = 130 mg

体积

V = 130/25 = 5.2 mL

在注射器上

在这支 10 mL 的注射器上,每条小刻度线代表 0.2 mL。

答案

V = 5.2 mL
28.剂量计算

答案: D = 93.23 mg

Body-surface-area dosing: many cytotoxic and some paediatric doses are prescribed per square metre of body surface area: dose (mg) = dose per m² × BSA (m²). The Mosteller formula estimates BSA = √(height (cm) × weight (kg)/3600).

体表面积

BSA = √(101·17/3600) = √0.4769 = 0.6906 m²

剂量

D = 135·0.6906 = 93.23 mg

答案

D = 93.23 mg
29.静脉输液速度

答案: R = 183.3 mL/h

Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.

原速率

1500/10 = 150 mL/h

新速率

R = 550/3 = 183.3 mL/h

答案

R = 183.3 mL/h

许多医院允许在不重开医嘱的情况下进行不超过 25% 的此类调整;请查阅本院规定。

30.静脉输液速度

答案: R = 25 gtt/min

Dose-based infusions: concentration = amount of drug in the bag/bag volume. Pump rate (mL/h) = dose per hour/concentration, and dose per hour = mL/h × concentration. Convert per-minute doses to per-hour (× 60) and keep the mass units the same (1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg).

浓度

200/100 = 2 mg/mL

每小时容量

200/2 = 100 mL/h

滴速

R = 100·15/60 = 25 gtt/min

答案

R = 25 gtt/min
31.静脉输液与液体平衡

答案: B = −270 mL

出入量:入量计入所有进入体内的液体(口服液体、静脉输液、静脉用药及冲管液、管饲);冰屑按其体积的一半计。出量计入尿液、引流液、呕吐物和其他丢失。平衡 = 总入量 − 总出量;平衡为负表示净丢失。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。

总入量

口服: 100 + 120 + 240 = 460 mL
静脉输液: 50·8 = 400 mL
静脉抗生素: 2·50 = 100 mL
总入量 = 960 mL

总出量

400 + 325 + 175 + 200 + 130 = 1230 mL

平衡

B = 960 − 1230 = −270 mL

答案

B = −270 mL

为负:患者丢失的液体多于摄入的液体。

32.静脉输液与液体平衡

答案: t = 3 h

输液时间:时间 (h) = 待输体积 (mL)/速率 (mL/h);使用袋中剩余的体积,而不是袋的容量。已输入体积 = 速率 × 时间。把小数小时换算为小时和分钟时,用小数部分 × 60(0.5 h = 30 min,而不是 50 min)。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。

剩余体积

1000 − 700 = 300 mL

时间

t = 300/100 = 3 h

答案

t = 3 h

约为 3 h 00 min,所以袋子大约在 20:00 输完。

33.临床评估评分

答案: M = 5

格拉斯哥昏迷量表:把三个方面的最佳反应相加。睁眼 E:4 自发,3 对声音或言语,2 对压迫,1 无。言语 V:5 定向正常,4 意识模糊,3 用词不恰当,2 发出无法理解的声音,1 无。运动 M:6 遵嘱动作,5 定位,4 正常屈曲(回缩),3 异常屈曲,2 伸展,1 无。总分为 3 至 15。头部损伤后,13–15 通常称为轻度,9–12 为中度,3–8 为重度。

运动评分

M = 12 − 3 − 4 = 5
M5: 把手移到受压部位(定位)

答案

M = 5
34.临床评估评分

答案: 极高风险

Braden 量表:评估压力性损伤风险的六个分项。感觉知觉、潮湿程度、活动、活动能力和营养各评 1 至 4 分,从最差水平(1)到无问题(4);摩擦力和剪切力评 1 至 3 分。总分为 6 至 23,总分越低风险越高。常用分级:19–23 无风险,15–18 轻度风险,13–14 中度风险,10–12 高风险,9 分及以下为极高风险。

为每个分项评分

感觉知觉: 完全受限 → 1
潮湿程度: 持续潮湿 → 1
活动: 局限于椅子 → 2
活动能力: 非常受限 → 2
营养: 非常差 → 1
摩擦力和剪切力: 有问题 → 1

相加

Braden 总分 = 1 + 1 + 2 + 2 + 1 + 1 = 8

风险等级

8 → 极高风险

答案

极高风险

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