感染控制与患者安全
方法
- 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
- 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
- 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
- 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
- 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 34 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
A patient with expressive aphasia after a stroke understands speech but struggles to find words. Which approach helps most?
A patient with COPD and a known risk of hypercapnia is acutely breathless with an SpO₂ of 82%. What is correct?
A patient on nasal cannula oxygen has dry lips. Which product should the nurse offer?
A nurse sees a doctor about to insert a central line without a sterile gown, and a polite comment was ignored. Which TeamSTEPPS phrase helps to stop the procedure?
一名护理助理报告说某患者的血压是 168/98 mmHg(早些时候是 130/80),且患者头痛。RN 应怎么做?
A child with sickle cell disease in a pain crisis develops chest pain, fever and an SpO₂ of 89%. What does this most likely mean?
A confused patient keeps trying to climb out of bed. Why are bed rails not automatically the answer?
A patient who used sildenafil the day before develops chest pain. Why is glyceryl trinitrate (GTN, nitroglycerin) normally avoided?
Which IV fluid can be given through the same line as a red cell transfusion?
A middle-aged man has fatigue, joint pain, a raised ALT and new diabetes. His ferritin is very high and his transferrin saturation is above 60%. Which condition is most likely?
How should a patient store sublingual glyceryl trinitrate (nitroglycerin) tablets?
哪种抗癫痫药在妊娠期服用时,引起神经管缺陷和发育问题的风险是众所周知最高的?
A patient has a prosthetic heart valve. Which teaching best reduces the risk of infective endocarditis?
A patient with stable severe COPD has a blood gas showing pH 7.37, a raised PaCO₂ and a raised bicarbonate. How should this be interpreted?
为什么在 DKA 静脉输注胰岛素时必须密切监测钾?
A patient who had pituitary surgery has fatigue and feels cold. TSH is low, and free T4 is low. What is the most likely cause?
哪种电解质模式是肿瘤溶解综合征的典型表现?
一名使用阿片类药物 PCA 的患者经面罩吸氧。SpO₂ 97%,呼吸频率 11 次/分,但现在很难唤醒。护士应得出什么结论?
A woman with pre-eclampsia is on magnesium sulfate. Why does the nurse monitor her urine output closely?
一名正在输注硫酸镁的产妇呼吸频率为 10 次/分,膝腱反射消失。护士应首先怎么做?
哪种来源是幼儿铅中毒的常见原因?
A 9-year-old with Down syndrome has new neck pain, clumsy walking and changes in bladder control. What should the nurse suspect?
A 24-year-old woman with bipolar disorder is starting valproate. What is the most important teaching point?
A 50-year-old man has believed for a year that his wife is unfaithful. He works normally, his speech is organised and he has no hallucinations. Which diagnosis is most likely?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一个剂量记录在 4:25 AM。哪个条目是 24 小时制中的同一时间?点击它。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一个班次中,患者摄入了8 fl oz / 果汁, 1½ 杯 / 茶, ½ tbsp / 液体营养补充剂。按给出的等量关系,求以 mL 表示的口服总摄入量V。
一名体重 13 kg 的儿童按 10 mg/kg 处方用药。原液浓度为 25 mg/mL。请抽取剂量:应给多少体积 V?
一名患者身高 101 cm,体重 17 kg。医嘱为 135 mg/m²。用 Mosteller 公式 BSA = √(身高 (cm) × 体重 (kg)/3600) 求剂量 D,以 mg 表示。
医嘱要求在 10 小时内输入 1500 mL。7 小时后你发现袋中还剩 550 mL,而输液仍须按时完成。 必须把泵重新设定为多少 mL/h 的速率 R?
将 200 mg 药物稀释于 100 mL 中,通过滴系数为 15 gtt/mL 的输液器重力滴注。医嘱为每小时 200 mg。求滴速 R,以每分钟滴数表示。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 记录显示了一名患者在一个 8 小时班次中的出入量。静脉输液在整个班次中按所示速率输注。求液体平衡 B = 入量 − 出量,以 mL 计(答案为负表示净丢失)。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一袋 1000 mL 的液体用输液泵以 100 mL/h 输注。到 17:00 时已输入 700 mL。还要多少小时 t 袋子才会输完? 保留一位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一张练习图表记录了 GCS 12,其中 E3 和 V4。记录的运动评分M是多少,它描述的是哪种反应?请给出数字。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 用 Braden 量表评估一位练习患者:感觉知觉: 完全受限; 潮湿程度: 持续潮湿; 活动: 局限于椅子; 活动能力: 非常受限; 营养: 非常差; 摩擦力和剪切力: 有问题。使用的分级为:19–23 无风险,15–18 轻度,13–14 中度,10–12 高,9 或以下极高。点击风险等级。
答案: B · Ask simple yes/no questions and allow plenty of time
Short questions that can be answered with yes, no or a gesture, picture boards and patience let the patient communicate. Hearing is not the problem, so shouting does not help.
答案: C · Give controlled oxygen, e.g. via a Venturi mask, aiming for 88–92%
Oxygen must not be withheld from a hypoxic patient. In those at risk of hypercapnia it is given in a controlled way to a target of 88–92%, with blood gases checked.
答案: D · A water-based lip lubricant
Petroleum- and oil-based products can increase the risk of burns or fire in an oxygen-rich setting. A water-based lubricant is used instead.
答案: B · “I am concerned, I am uncomfortable, this is a safety issue.”
CUS words (Concerned, Uncomfortable, Safety issue) are agreed language that signals the need to stop and listen. Maximal barrier precautions are part of the central line bundle, so the concern is valid.
答案: A · 评估患者,复测血压,并寻找症状
血压突然升高并伴有头痛是 RN 必须评估的变化。等待一小时会延误护理,而辅助人员不发药,也不决定治疗。
答案: D · Acute chest syndrome, which needs urgent escalation and oxygen
Chest pain, fever and low oxygen in sickle cell disease suggest acute chest syndrome. It can worsen quickly, so oxygen, urgent review and prescribed treatment are needed.
答案: A · Patients can be seriously injured climbing over or becoming trapped in rails
Bed rails can cause entrapment or a fall from a greater height. Their use is based on an individual risk assessment; alternatives include a low bed, crash mats and closer observation.
答案: D · The combination can cause a severe, dangerous fall in blood pressure
PDE5 inhibitors such as sildenafil enhance the vasodilating effect of nitrates, which can cause profound hypotension. Patients should always be asked about these drugs before nitrates are given.
答案: B · 0.9% sodium chloride
Only 0.9% sodium chloride is used with red cells. Dextrose solutions can cause hemolysis, and lactated Ringer's contains calcium, which can cause clotting in the citrated blood. Drugs are never added to blood products.
答案: B · Hereditary hemochromatosis
Hemochromatosis is an inherited disorder of increased iron absorption. Iron is deposited in the liver, pancreas, joints, heart and skin. A high transferrin saturation with a high ferritin suggests the diagnosis, and treatment is regular venesection (phlebotomy).核对依据: Hemochromatosis · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2026); Ferritin Blood Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答案: C · In the original dark glass bottle, away from heat, light and moisture
Nitroglycerin tablets lose potency when exposed to light, heat, air and moisture. They are kept in their original tightly closed dark container, and expired tablets are replaced.
答案: B · 丙戊酸钠
丙戊酸盐具有强致畸性,可引起神经管缺陷和其他畸形,并影响神经发育。除非没有其他有效替代药物,妊娠期应避免使用。
答案: D · Keep teeth and gums healthy with regular dental check-ups
Oral bacteria often enter the blood and can settle on prosthetic valves. Good oral hygiene and regular dental care are key. Patients should also report unexplained fever and avoid body piercing or tattoos where possible. Antibiotic prophylaxis policies differ between countries.
答案: C · Chronic respiratory acidosis with metabolic compensation
In chronic CO₂ retention, the kidneys retain bicarbonate over days, bringing the pH back towards normal. A normal pH with high PaCO₂ and high bicarbonate is compensated chronic respiratory acidosis. These patients usually have target saturations of 88–92%.
答案: A · 胰岛素使钾进入细胞,因此血钾可能迅速下降
DKA 患者全身钾严重缺乏,即使最初血清钾正常或偏高。胰岛素使钾转移到细胞内,可引起危险的低钾血症。应经常检测钾,并按医嘱加入液体;如果钾很低,可能要推迟胰岛素,直到开始补钾。
答案: B · Secondary hypothyroidism
When the pituitary cannot make enough TSH, the thyroid is not stimulated, so both TSH and free T4 are low. In primary thyroid failure, TSH is high. In secondary hypothyroidism, free T4, not TSH, is used to guide the dose.
答案: C · 钾、磷酸盐和尿酸升高;钙降低
肿瘤溶解释放钾、磷酸盐和核酸(使尿酸升高)。磷酸盐结合钙,使其降低。磷酸钙和尿酸结晶可损伤肾脏。
答案: B · 很可能是阿片类药物中毒;氧气可能掩盖了通气不足
补充氧气可使 SpO₂ 保持正常,而 CO₂ 却因通气不足而升高。镇静加深是阿片类药物中毒的早期征象。护士应停止 PCA,刺激患者,呼叫援助并遵循纳洛酮方案,密切监测呼吸频率、深度和镇静程度。
答案: D · Magnesium is cleared by the kidneys, so oliguria raises the risk of toxicity
Magnesium is cleared by the kidneys, so oliguria, which is common in pre-eclampsia, allows levels to rise. The nurse also monitors reflexes, respiratory rate and level of consciousness.
答案: C · 停止输注并紧急通知医疗人员,同时备好葡萄糖酸钙
呼吸抑制和反射消失提示镁中毒。应停止输注,支持呼吸,寻求帮助,检测镁水平,并按医嘱备好葡萄糖酸钙。
答案: D · 旧房子中剥落的旧油漆和灰尘
旧建筑中的含铅油漆、被污染的灰尘和土壤以及一些进口产品是常见来源。铅会影响发育中的大脑,造成学习和行为问题。
答案: D · Atlantoaxial instability with spinal cord compression
Children with Down syndrome can have instability between the first two cervical vertebrae. Neck pain, changes in gait, weakness and bladder or bowel changes suggest cord compression and need urgent assessment.
答案: C · It can seriously harm an unborn baby, so effective contraception and specialist advice are essential
Valproate is highly teratogenic, causing neural tube defects and developmental problems. Women who could become pregnant need clear information, effective contraception and specialist review.
答案: C · Delusional disorder
Delusional disorder involves one or more delusions for at least 1 month, without other prominent symptoms of schizophrenia, and functioning is not markedly impaired apart from the effects of the delusion. Jealous delusions are one recognised type.
答案: 04:25
24 小时制:下午 1 点起,小时数加 12(下午 3:45 = 15:45)。午夜到凌晨 12:59 为 00:00–00:59,中午 12:00–12:59 仍为 12:00–12:59。反过来换算时,13–23 点减 12 并标为下午;00 点变为凌晨 12 点。跨午夜计算时间要分两段:先算到 24:00(00:00),再从 00:00 算起。
答案: V = 607.5 mL
家用计量和体重:护理考试使用取整的等量关系:1 茶匙(tsp)= 5 mL,1 汤匙(tbsp)= 15 mL = 3 tsp,1 液量盎司(fl oz)= 30 mL = 2 tbsp,1 杯 = 8 fl oz = 240 mL。体重方面,1 kg = 2.2 lb,1 lb = 16 oz;长度方面,1 英寸 = 2.54 cm。设置换算时,要让你不需要的单位相互约去。
答案: V = 5.2 mL
抽取剂量:体积 = (处方剂量/药物浓度) × 药物体积。先换算成相同的单位,再检查该体积是否适合注射器,并落在它的某一个刻度上。
在这支 10 mL 的注射器上,每条小刻度线代表 0.2 mL。
答案: D = 93.23 mg
Body-surface-area dosing: many cytotoxic and some paediatric doses are prescribed per square metre of body surface area: dose (mg) = dose per m² × BSA (m²). The Mosteller formula estimates BSA = √(height (cm) × weight (kg)/3600).
答案: R = 183.3 mL/h
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
许多医院允许在不重开医嘱的情况下进行不超过 25% 的此类调整;请查阅本院规定。
答案: R = 25 gtt/min
Dose-based infusions: concentration = amount of drug in the bag/bag volume. Pump rate (mL/h) = dose per hour/concentration, and dose per hour = mL/h × concentration. Convert per-minute doses to per-hour (× 60) and keep the mass units the same (1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg).
答案: B = −270 mL
出入量:入量计入所有进入体内的液体(口服液体、静脉输液、静脉用药及冲管液、管饲);冰屑按其体积的一半计。出量计入尿液、引流液、呕吐物和其他丢失。平衡 = 总入量 − 总出量;平衡为负表示净丢失。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
为负:患者丢失的液体多于摄入的液体。
答案: t = 3 h
输液时间:时间 (h) = 待输体积 (mL)/速率 (mL/h);使用袋中剩余的体积,而不是袋的容量。已输入体积 = 速率 × 时间。把小数小时换算为小时和分钟时,用小数部分 × 60(0.5 h = 30 min,而不是 50 min)。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
约为 3 h 00 min,所以袋子大约在 20:00 输完。
答案: M = 5
格拉斯哥昏迷量表:把三个方面的最佳反应相加。睁眼 E:4 自发,3 对声音或言语,2 对压迫,1 无。言语 V:5 定向正常,4 意识模糊,3 用词不恰当,2 发出无法理解的声音,1 无。运动 M:6 遵嘱动作,5 定位,4 正常屈曲(回缩),3 异常屈曲,2 伸展,1 无。总分为 3 至 15。头部损伤后,13–15 通常称为轻度,9–12 为中度,3–8 为重度。
答案: 极高风险
Braden 量表:评估压力性损伤风险的六个分项。感觉知觉、潮湿程度、活动、活动能力和营养各评 1 至 4 分,从最差水平(1)到无问题(4);摩擦力和剪切力评 1 至 3 分。总分为 6 至 23,总分越低风险越高。常用分级:19–23 无风险,15–18 轻度风险,13–14 中度风险,10–12 高风险,9 分及以下为极高风险。
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