NCLEX-PN 风格练习题(LPN/LVN):速成包

公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 34 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。

新题目返回课程

在打印窗口中选择“另存为 PDF”,即可在设备上保存一份副本。

1公式与方法

感染控制与患者安全

方法

  1. 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
  2. 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
  3. 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
  4. 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
  5. 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。

优先排序与委派

方法

  1. 问自己:如果什么都不做,什么会最快伤害患者。
  2. 应用 ABC(心脏骤停时为 C-A-B),然后是 Maslow 需求层次:生理需要先于安全,安全先于心理需要。
  3. 比较各选项:急性先于慢性,不稳定先于稳定,意外先于预期,全身性先于局部,并将每项发现与患者的基线对照。
  4. 除非是紧急情况,否则先评估再行动;然后选择其他步骤所依赖的那一步。
  5. 委派时核对五项正确:任务、情境、人员、指示和监督。评估、宣教和评价仍由注册护士负责。

实验室检查值与电解质

方法

  1. 把数值与本实验室自己的参考范围比较,再与患者的基线和趋势比较。
  2. 检查标本:溶血、延迟,或在静脉输液附近采血都可能得出错误结果。
  3. 把数值与其典型体征以及引起它的药物和疾病联系起来。
  4. 注意相互作用:低钾或低镁会增加地高辛中毒的风险;脱水会使锂浓度升高。
  5. 对患者采取行动:评估,血药浓度不安全时暂停用药,复述危急值并通知开医嘱的医生。

内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

方法

  1. 说出问题所在:泵衰竭、动脉阻塞、节律、血栓、气道狭窄、感染或设备问题。
  2. 先检查危险征象:低氧、低血压、胸痛、新出现的意识模糊、冰冷无脉搏的肢体。
  3. 让氧疗与患者相匹配:大多数人为 94–98%,有 CO₂ 潴留风险者为 88–92%。
  4. 把每种药物与其检测和风险联系起来:华法林与 INR,肝素与 aPTT 和血小板,利尿剂与血钾。
  5. 选择安全的第一步措施,然后升级处理并重新评估。

内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

方法

  1. 对每位新出现意识模糊、乏力或癫痫发作的患者都检查血糖。
  2. 把意识水平作为脑部问题最早的警示;瞳孔变化和库欣三联征出现得较晚。
  3. 对于糖尿病急症,要区分 DKA(酮体、酸中毒)和 HHS(渗透压很高、脱水);先补液。
  4. 对于钠和水,要判断是 ADH 过多(SIADH)还是缺乏(尿崩症),并缓慢纠正慢性变化。
  5. 对于肾脏问题,把原因分为肾前性、肾性或肾后性,并监测血钾和液体。

内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

方法

  1. 想一想可能隐藏着什么:内出血、无发热的感染、SpO₂ 正常背后的通气不足。
  2. 利用术后的时间来缩小并发症的范围:出血在数小时内,胸部问题在数天内,伤口和吻合口漏出现得更晚。
  3. 对于疼痛,要评估、用多模式镇痛治疗、重新评估,并且在每次使用阿片类药物时监测镇静程度。
  4. 对于癌症患者,把低谷期的任何疾病都当作中性粒细胞减少性脓毒症处理,并了解肿瘤急症。
  5. 对于烧伤,只计算浅二度/深二度和三度的面积,从烧伤的时刻开始计算 Parkland 时间,并根据尿量调整。

产科护理

方法

  1. 把产妇放在时间轴上定位:孕周、产程阶段或产后第几天,再判断此时什么是正常的。
  2. 找出处于危险中的对象:母亲、胎儿或新生儿,或者其中不止一个。
  3. 把发现与其原因联系起来:减速用 VEAL CHOP,出血用四个 T,产后用 BUBBLE-HE。
  4. 优先选择改善血流和氧合的措施(侧卧、停用缩宫素、宫底按摩),然后再升级处理。

儿科护理

方法

  1. 先记下患儿的年龄:它决定正常生命体征、发育里程碑和合适的疼痛量表。
  2. 评估气道、呼吸和循环,记住儿童代偿很久之后会迅速恶化。
  3. 让措施与发育阶段相匹配,并让家属参与。
  4. 检查答案对儿童是否安全:按体重计算,病毒感染不用阿司匹林,12 岁以下不用可待因。

精神科护理

方法

  1. 判断是否存在即时风险:自杀、暴力、药物急症或躯体疾病。
  2. 先保障安全:观察、移除危险物品、缓和局面、停用有害药物、寻求帮助。
  3. 选择治疗性回应:承认感受、陈述现实,避免虚假的安慰和“为什么”式提问。
  4. 尊重权利:采用限制最少的方案,知情同意,以及保密及其限度。

护理数学与单位换算

公制进位
1 kg = 1000 g, 1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg, 1 L = 1000 mL
体重和长度
1 kg = 2.2 lb, 1 lb = 16 oz, 1 in = 2.54 cm, 1 ft = 12 in
家用计量
1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL
温度
°C = (°F − 32)·5/9, °F = °C·9/5 + 32
24 小时制
PM 1–11 点:加 12; 12 AM = 00:xx; 12 PM = 12:xx
给药速率
mcg/min × 60/1000 = mg/h
实验室换算系数
葡萄糖 1 mmol/L = 18 mg/dL; 肌酐 1 mg/dL = 88.4 µmol/L; Hb 1 g/dL = 10 g/L

方法

  1. 写出已知量及其单位,以及你想要的单位。
  2. 选定等量关系:kg、g、mg 和 mcg 之间,或 L 和 mL 之间为 1000;1 kg = 2.2 lb;1 tsp = 5 mL,1 tbsp = 15 mL,1 fl oz = 30 mL,1 cup = 240 mL。
  3. 写成分数,使不需要的单位相互约去;对于速率,每个变化的单位用一个分数。
  4. 检查方向:单位越小,数字越大。
  5. 只对最终答案取整,精度按题目所述。

剂量计算

由浓度计算剂量
体积 = 剂量 / 浓度
按体重给药
剂量 = mg/kg × 体重
片剂
片数 = 剂量 / 每片规格
单位
1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg

方法

  1. 把医嘱剂量和药品规格换算为同一单位。
  2. 用“需要量除以现有量再乘以数量”:(D/H) × Q。
  3. 按体重给药时,先乘以以 kg 计的体重,再用日剂量除以给药次数。
  4. 先估算,再检查答案是否合理。

静脉输液速度

泵速
mL/h = volume (mL)/time (h)
滴速
drops/min = volume (mL) × drop factor / time (min)
输注时间
time (h) = volume (mL)/rate (mL/h)

方法

  1. 泵速 mL/h:体积除以以小时计的时间。
  2. 滴速 drops/min:体积 × 滴系数,再除以以分钟计的时间。
  3. 剩余时间:剩余体积除以速率。
  4. 按题目或设备的要求取整。

静脉输液与液体平衡

Holliday–Segar 每小时量
4 mL/kg(前 10 kg)+ 2 mL/kg(次 10 kg)+ 1 mL/kg(20 kg 以上每 kg)
Holliday–Segar 每日量
相同分段分别为 100 / 50 / 20 mL/kg
液体平衡
入量 − 出量
冰屑
按其体积的一半计算
尿量
mL/kg/h = mL / (kg × h)
输注时间
时间 (h) = 剩余体积 (mL) / 速率 (mL/h)
已输入体积
mL = 速率 × 时间

临床评估评分

格拉斯哥昏迷量表
GCS = E (1–4) + V (1–5) + M (1–6) = 3–15
Apgar
5 项体征 × 0–2 = 0–10; 7–10 令人放心, 4–6 中度异常, 0–3 低
Braden 量表
5 × (1–4) + 1 × (1–3) = 6–23; ≤ 18 有风险
Morse 跌倒评分
跌倒 25, 诊断 15, 辅助 15/30, 静脉输液 20, 步态 10/20, 精神状态 15
NEWS2 风险
0–4 低; 单项 3 分为中低; 5–6 中; ≥ 7 高
平均动脉压
MAP = (SBP + 2·DBP)/3 = DBP + PP/3
脉压和休克指数
PP = SBP − DBP, SI = HR/SBP
体质指数
BMI = kg/m² = 703·lb/in²

方法

  1. 找出题目使用的评分表及其范围(GCS 3–15,Apgar 0–10,Braden 6–23,Morse 0–125)。
  2. 分别为每个条目评分,将描述与其对应的等级匹配。
  3. 把各条目得分相加,并检查总分是否在范围内。
  4. 应用分界值:对于 NEWS2,还要查看是否有单项参数得 3 分。
  5. 对于导出的数值,使用 MAP = (SBP + 2·DBP)/3,PP = SBP − DBP,SI = HR/SBP,BMI = kg/m²。

2练习题

1.护理学基础中等

插导尿管时使用哪种技术?

  1. A不需要特殊技术
  2. B仅男性患者使用无菌技术
  3. C不戴手套的清洁技术
  4. D无菌技术
2.护理学基础困难

For a healthy adult having planned surgery, until how long before anaesthesia can water usually still be taken?

  1. AWater is not allowed from the day before
  2. BUp to 2 hours before
  3. CUp to 24 hours before
  4. DUp to 12 hours before
3.感染控制与患者安全中等

Why are patients on long-term corticosteroids at higher risk from infections?

  1. ASteroids suppress the immune response and can hide signs of infection
  2. BSteroids only affect the risk of fungal skin rashes
  3. CSteroids make the patient’s blood more acidic, which helps bacteria grow
  4. DSteroids kill the patient’s normal skin bacteria
4.感染控制与患者安全困难

A nurse often skips barcode scanning to save time, as many colleagues do. In a just culture, how is this behavior classed?

  1. AReckless behavior, managed by immediate dismissal and reporting to the licensing board
  2. BAt-risk behavior, managed by coaching and fixing the system pressures behind it
  3. CAcceptable behavior, because it is common on the unit
  4. DSimple human error, managed only by consoling the nurse and moving on
5.优先排序与委派中等

A patient wants to leave the hospital against medical advice. What should the nurse do?

  1. AHide the patient’s clothes and belongings until the provider arrives
  2. BInform the provider, explain the risks and document the discussion
  3. CLet the patient leave without telling anyone
  4. DLock the door so the patient cannot leave the unit
6.优先排序与委派困难

在繁忙的班次中,有四项任务到期。护士应首先做哪一项?

  1. A帮助稳定的患者填写明天的菜单卡
  2. B在管理人员审核之前更新护理计划
  3. C给予同一时间到期的常规每日维生素片
  4. D为疑似脓毒症的患者给予首剂静脉抗生素
7.临床护理中等

A patient with COPD and known carbon dioxide retention needs a nebulised bronchodilator. How should it usually be given?

  1. ADriven by compressed air, with oxygen given separately if needed
  2. BOnly with the patient lying flat
  3. CDriven by high-flow oxygen at 15 L/min for as long as possible
  4. DWithout monitoring oxygen saturation
8.临床护理困难

An older patient's blood pressure is 142/80 mmHg lying and 116/72 mmHg after standing for three minutes, and they feel dizzy. What does this show?

  1. APostural hypotension
  2. BHypertensive emergency
  3. CNormal blood pressure variation
  4. DWhite coat hypertension
9.实验室检查值与电解质中等

Two sets of blood cultures are ordered for a patient with suspected sepsis. How are they best collected?

  1. AFrom two separate venipuncture sites, using strict aseptic technique
  2. BFrom the existing IV line while the infusion continues to run
  3. CBoth from the same site, one minute apart, to save time for the patient
  4. DAfter the first antibiotic dose, so the infusion is not delayed
10.实验室检查值与电解质困难

A patient has a continuous heparin infusion for a pulmonary embolism. A new nurse plans to adjust the infusion using today's INR of 1.1. What should the experienced nurse explain?

  1. AHeparin needs no laboratory monitoring once the infusion is started
  2. BThe INR is the correct test, and 1.1 means heparin is therapeutic
  3. CHeparin is adjusted using the aPTT or anti-Xa level, not the INR
  4. DThe INR of 1.1 means the heparin rate must be doubled at once
11.药理学中等

肝素如何产生抗凝作用?

  1. A它阻断肝脏中维生素 K 依赖的凝血因子合成
  2. B它增强抗凝血酶的作用,使凝血酶和 Xa 因子失活
  3. C它分解已有血栓中的纤维蛋白
  4. D它不可逆地抑制血小板 COX-1
12.药理学困难

哪类药物与 ACE 抑制剂合用可能导致危及生命的高钾血症?

  1. A保钾利尿剂,如螺内酯
  2. B噻嗪类利尿剂
  3. C质子泵抑制剂
  4. D袢利尿剂,如大剂量静脉注射的呋塞米
13.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸中等

胸腔引流管中的液面不再波动。这可能意味着什么?

  1. A引流装置开始引流腹部
  2. B对侧出现了新的气胸
  3. C瓶内水位过高,无法移动
  4. D肺已复张,或引流管扭曲、堵塞
14.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸困难

A heavy smoker is having surgery tomorrow and asks whether stopping smoking now is pointless. Which reply is most accurate?

  1. AStopping even today lowers carbon monoxide levels before surgery
  2. BStopping now will make the operation more dangerous
  3. CIt is pointless unless they stopped smoking at least a year ago
  4. DSmoking before surgery protects the lungs from the anaesthetic gases
15.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏中等

Which approach helps most when talking to a patient with expressive aphasia?

  1. ASpeak louder, because the patient cannot hear well
  2. BAsk questions that can be answered with yes, no or a gesture
  3. CFinish their sentences quickly to save them effort
  4. DAvoid talking to them until their speech has recovered
16.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏困难

一名长期大剂量服用泼尼松龙的患者在肠道手术后第三天。他们只主诉轻度腹痛,但心率升至 115 次/分,体温 37.4 °C。为什么护士应特别担忧?

  1. A类固醇可掩盖发热、疼痛和腹膜刺激征,隐藏并发症
  2. B类固醇可预防感染,所以不太可能发生脓毒症
  3. C类固醇使所有患者都出现心动过速,所以无需处理
  4. D轻度疼痛说明肠道正在如预期般愈合
17.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤中等

Why is blood lactate measured when sepsis is suspected?

  1. AIt replaces the need for blood cultures
  2. BIt shows which bacteria are causing the infection
  3. CA raised level suggests poor tissue perfusion
  4. DIt measures the effect of antibiotics on the kidney
18.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤困难

A 76-year-old with a past peptic ulcer needs long-term anti-inflammatory treatment for arthritis. Which plan best reduces GI bleeding risk?

  1. ACombine two different NSAIDs at lower doses
  2. BConsider an alternative; if an NSAID is needed, add a PPI
  3. CTake the NSAID with a glass of milk instead of food
  4. DUse the highest NSAID dose to shorten the course
19.产科护理中等

Which reflex causes the newborn's toes to fan out when the sole is stroked from heel to toe?

  1. AStepping reflex
  2. BPlantar grasp reflex
  3. CMoro reflex
  4. DBabinski reflex
20.产科护理困难

A newborn in the first hours sneezes, has a high-pitched cry, tremors and loose stools. The mother took opioids throughout pregnancy. Which intervention is most appropriate first?

  1. ABright lights and frequent handling to keep the baby awake
  2. BWithholding feeds until the symptoms settle
  3. CA quiet, dim room, swaddling and small, frequent feeds
  4. DGiving naloxone to reverse the opioids
21.儿科护理中等

A child with suspected measles is admitted. Which precaution is most important?

  1. AAirborne precautions, ideally in a negative-pressure room
  2. BContact precautions only, with gloves
  3. CNo special precautions once the rash appears
  4. DDroplet precautions in a shared bay
22.儿科护理困难

A formula-fed infant is diagnosed with cow's milk protein allergy. Which formula is usually advised?

  1. AA rice milk drink fortified with calcium
  2. BAn extensively hydrolysed formula
  3. CA lactose-free cow's milk formula
  4. DA goat's milk formula
23.精神科护理中等

A patient with PTSD begins to dissociate during a conversation. Which grounding technique can the nurse use?

  1. AAsk her to close her eyes and think back to the worst moment of the trauma
  2. BAsk her to describe the traumatic event in as much detail as she can
  3. CLeave her alone until the episode has passed on its own
  4. DAsk her to name things she can see, hear and touch in the room right now
24.精神科护理困难

A patient who has worked well with the nurse for three weeks becomes angry and refuses to attend their sessions after being told that discharge is planned for next week. What is the best interpretation?

  1. AThe nurse has made an error and should cancel the discharge
  2. BThe patient has developed a new psychotic illness
  3. CThe patient no longer needs the sessions and should be discharged at once
  4. DThe patient is reacting to the coming end of the relationship
25.护理数学与单位换算中等
94969810010210410635363738394041°F°C95.2 °F? °C

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一位患者的体温为 95.2 °F。用 °C = (°F − 32) × 5/9 把它换算为摄氏度T。取到一位小数。

95.2 °F
T = °C
26.护理数学与单位换算困难
1.5 mg/dL? µmol/L1 mg/dL = 88.4 µmol/L

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 血清肌酐结果为 1.5 mg/dL。按肌酐 1 mg/dL = 88.4 µmol/L,求以 µmol/L 表示的c,取到最接近的整数。

1.5 mg/dL1 mg/dL = 88.4 µmol/L
c = µmol/L
27.剂量计算中等
024681010 mL

一名体重 40 kg 的儿童按 2 mg/kg 处方用药。原液浓度为 50 mg/mL。请抽取剂量:应给多少体积 V?

40 kg2 mg/kg50 mg/mL
V = mL
28.剂量计算困难
00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.911 mL

处方为 2950 单位的药物,药液规格为 5000 单位/mL。请用 1 mL 注射器抽取剂量:应给多少体积 V?

2950 units5000 units/mL
V = mL
29.静脉输液速度中等
250 mL10 gtt/mL5 h? gtt/min

用滴系数为 10 滴/mL 的输液器在 5 小时内输入 250 mL。求滴速 R(滴/分)。 取整到最接近的整数。

250 mL5 h10 gtt/mL
R = gtt/min
30.静脉输液速度困难
500 mg50 mL5 mL/h? mg/h

一袋液体在 50 mL 中含药 500 mg,以 5 mL/h 的速度输注。患者每小时获得多少毫克 D?

500 mg/50 mL5 mL/h
D = mg/h
31.静脉输液与液体平衡中等
入量出量8 小时班次果冻120 mL果汁150 mL茶240 mL静脉输液80 mL/h × 8 h静脉抗生素1 × 100 mL尿液200 mL尿液200 mL尿液425 mL伤口引流130 mL呕吐物250 mL

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 记录显示了一名患者在一个 8 小时班次中的出入量。患者体重 49 kg。求平均尿量 U,以 mL/kg/h 计。 保留两位小数。

49 kg8 h尿液: 200 mL尿液: 200 mL尿液: 425 mL伤口引流: 130 mL呕吐物: 250 mL
U = mL/kg/h
32.静脉输液与液体平衡困难
1000 mL200 mL 已输入80 mL/h07:00t = ? h

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一袋 1000 mL 的液体用输液泵以 80 mL/h 输注。到 07:00 时已输入 200 mL。还要多少小时 t 袋子才会输完? 保留一位小数。

1000 mL200 mL 已输入80 mL/h
t = h
33.临床评估评分中等
S? / 4+M? / 4+A? / 4+Mob? / 4+N? / 4+F? / 3Σ?

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 用 Braden 量表评估一位练习患者:感觉知觉: 完全受限; 潮湿程度: 偶尔潮湿; 活动: 局限于椅子; 活动能力: 轻度受限; 营养: 极好; 摩擦力和剪切力: 有问题。求 Braden 总分B。

6–23
B =
34.临床评估评分困难
无风险轻度风险中度风险高风险极高风险

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 用 Braden 量表评估一位练习患者:感觉知觉: 非常受限; 潮湿程度: 持续潮湿; 活动: 局限于椅子; 活动能力: 不受限制; 营养: 非常差; 摩擦力和剪切力: 有问题。使用的分级为:19–23 无风险,15–18 轻度,13–14 中度,10–12 高,9 或以下极高。点击风险等级。

  1. 1无风险
  2. 2轻度风险
  3. 3中度风险
  4. 4高风险
  5. 5极高风险

3溶液

1.护理学基础

答案: D · 无菌技术

为什么是这个答案

导尿管采用无菌技术和无菌物品插入,以减少导管相关尿路感染。

答案

D · 无菌技术
2.护理学基础

答案: B · Up to 2 hours before

为什么是这个答案

Standard guidance allows clear fluids up to 2 hours and food up to 6 hours before elective anaesthesia. Long fasting causes thirst, dehydration and discomfort without added safety.

答案

B · Up to 2 hours before
3.感染控制与患者安全

答案: A · Steroids suppress the immune response and can hide signs of infection

为什么是这个答案

Corticosteroids reduce white cell activity and inflammation, so infections develop more easily and may cause less fever or redness. Nurses watch closely for subtle signs.

答案

A · Steroids suppress the immune response and can hide signs of infection
4.感染控制与患者安全

答案: B · At-risk behavior, managed by coaching and fixing the system pressures behind it

为什么是这个答案

At-risk behavior is a choice whose risk is not recognized or is believed to be justified, often because shortcuts have become normal. It is managed by coaching and removing the pressures behind it, while reckless behavior may need disciplinary action.

答案

B · At-risk behavior, managed by coaching and fixing the system pressures behind it
5.优先排序与委派

答案: B · Inform the provider, explain the risks and document the discussion

为什么是这个答案

A competent adult has the right to leave. The nurse informs the provider, makes sure the patient understands the risks and documents it; holding the patient against their will may be false imprisonment.

答案

B · Inform the provider, explain the risks and document the discussion
6.优先排序与委派

答案: D · 为疑似脓毒症的患者给予首剂静脉抗生素

为什么是这个答案

早期使用抗生素可提高脓毒症的存活率,最好在识别后一小时内给予。其他任务是常规的,可以等待。

答案

D · 为疑似脓毒症的患者给予首剂静脉抗生素
7.临床护理

答案: A · Driven by compressed air, with oxygen given separately if needed

为什么是这个答案

Nebulisers driven by high-flow oxygen can raise PaCO2 in patients at risk. Air-driven nebulisers are used, with supplementary oxygen via nasal cannulae to keep saturation in the target range.

答案

A · Driven by compressed air, with oxygen given separately if needed
8.临床护理

答案: A · Postural hypotension

为什么是这个答案

A fall in systolic pressure of 20 mmHg or more (here 26 mmHg) on standing, especially with symptoms, indicates postural hypotension. Causes include medicines, dehydration and autonomic problems.

答案

A · Postural hypotension
9.实验室检查值与电解质

答案: A · From two separate venipuncture sites, using strict aseptic technique

为什么是这个答案

Taking cultures from two separate sites helps distinguish true bacteremia (growth in both sets) from skin contamination (growth in only one). The skin is cleaned carefully, the bottle tops are disinfected, and cultures are taken before antibiotics.

答案

A · From two separate venipuncture sites, using strict aseptic technique
10.实验室检查值与电解质

答案: C · Heparin is adjusted using the aPTT or anti-Xa level, not the INR

为什么是这个答案

Unfractionated heparin infusions are adjusted using the aPTT or anti-factor Xa level according to protocol. The INR monitors warfarin and is little affected by heparin at usual doses. Using the wrong test can cause under- or over-anticoagulation.核对依据: Partial Thromboplastin Time (PTT) Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2026); Prothrombin Time Test and INR (PT/INR) · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)

答案

C · Heparin is adjusted using the aPTT or anti-Xa level, not the INR
11.药理学

答案: B · 它增强抗凝血酶的作用,使凝血酶和 Xa 因子失活

为什么是这个答案

肝素与抗凝血酶结合,大大加速其对凝血酶和 Xa 因子的灭活。低分子肝素主要作用于 Xa 因子。

答案

B · 它增强抗凝血酶的作用,使凝血酶和 Xa 因子失活
12.药理学

答案: A · 保钾利尿剂,如螺内酯

为什么是这个答案

ACE 抑制剂降低醛固酮,螺内酯阻断其受体;两者合用减少钾排泄,可能使血钾危险升高。

答案

A · 保钾利尿剂,如螺内酯
13.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

答案: D · 肺已复张,或引流管扭曲、堵塞

为什么是这个答案

肺完全复张并封闭管口时可出现波动消失,但引流管扭曲、被血块堵塞或患者压住管子时也会如此。应评估患者和管路,并上报。

答案

D · 肺已复张,或引流管扭曲、堵塞
14.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

答案: A · Stopping even today lowers carbon monoxide levels before surgery

为什么是这个答案

Carboxyhaemoglobin falls substantially within about 12–24 hours of stopping, improving oxygen delivery. Longer abstinence improves airway function, wound healing and reduces complications further. Any stop is beneficial, and support should be offered.

答案

A · Stopping even today lowers carbon monoxide levels before surgery
15.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

答案: B · Ask questions that can be answered with yes, no or a gesture

为什么是这个答案

In expressive aphasia, comprehension is largely preserved. Short, closed questions, extra time, gestures and picture or word boards help. Shouting does not help, and constantly finishing sentences can frustrate the patient.

答案

B · Ask questions that can be answered with yes, no or a gesture
16.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

答案: A · 类固醇可掩盖发热、疼痛和腹膜刺激征,隐藏并发症

为什么是这个答案

长期使用类固醇会减弱发热、疼痛和腹肌紧张,因此吻合口漏、脓肿或穿孔可能只表现为心动过速等细微征象。护士应全面评估并及早上报。这些患者在手术前后还需要类固醇覆盖,以预防肾上腺危象。

答案

A · 类固醇可掩盖发热、疼痛和腹膜刺激征,隐藏并发症
17.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

答案: C · A raised level suggests poor tissue perfusion

为什么是这个答案

A high lactate signals tissue hypoperfusion and higher risk of death in sepsis. It helps guide fluid resuscitation and escalation, and it is repeated to check the response.

答案

C · A raised level suggests poor tissue perfusion
18.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

答案: B · Consider an alternative; if an NSAID is needed, add a PPI

为什么是这个答案

Older age and a previous ulcer greatly increase NSAID-related bleeding. Safer options are considered first; if an NSAID is needed, the lowest effective dose for the shortest time is used with gastroprotection such as a PPI.

答案

B · Consider an alternative; if an NSAID is needed, add a PPI
19.产科护理

答案: D · Babinski reflex

为什么是这个答案

The Babinski reflex, fanning of the toes with dorsiflexion of the big toe, is normal in infants until about 1 year. Pressing the sole near the toes gives the plantar grasp instead.

答案

D · Babinski reflex
20.产科护理

答案: C · A quiet, dim room, swaddling and small, frequent feeds

为什么是这个答案

Neonatal abstinence (withdrawal) is managed first with non-drug care: low stimulation, swaddling, skin-to-skin, responsive feeding and rooming-in. Medication is added if scores stay high. Naloxone can precipitate seizures.

答案

C · A quiet, dim room, swaddling and small, frequent feeds
21.儿科护理

答案: A · Airborne precautions, ideally in a negative-pressure room

为什么是这个答案

Measles spreads through the air and can remain in a room for up to about 2 hours. Airborne precautions, a negative-pressure room where available and immune staff are required.

答案

A · Airborne precautions, ideally in a negative-pressure room
22.儿科护理

答案: B · An extensively hydrolysed formula

为什么是这个答案

Extensively hydrolysed formulas contain milk proteins broken into small pieces that rarely trigger allergy; amino acid formulas are used for severe cases. Lactose-free formula still contains cow's milk protein, goat's milk proteins cross-react, and rice milk is unsuitable for infants.

答案

B · An extensively hydrolysed formula
23.精神科护理

答案: D · Ask her to name things she can see, hear and touch in the room right now

为什么是这个答案

Grounding techniques use the senses to bring the person back to the here and now. Asking for details of the trauma during dissociation can deepen distress.

答案

D · Ask her to name things she can see, hear and touch in the room right now
24.精神科护理

答案: D · The patient is reacting to the coming end of the relationship

为什么是这个答案

Anger, withdrawal or return of symptoms are common responses to termination. The nurse acknowledges the feelings, reviews progress and helps the patient prepare for the ending.

答案

D · The patient is reacting to the coming end of the relationship
25.护理数学与单位换算

答案: T = 35.1 °C

温度:°C = (°F − 32) × 5/9,°F = °C × 9/5 + 32。从 °F 换算时先减 32 再乘,从 °C 换算时先乘再加 32。快速核对:37 °C 为 98.6 °F,每 1 °C 相当于 1.8 °F。

减去 32

95.2 − 32 = 63.2

乘以 5/9

T = 63.2·5/9 = 35.11 ≈ 35.1 °C

答案

T = 35.1 °C
26.护理数学与单位换算

答案: c = 133 µmol/L

量纲分析:先写出已知量,再乘以写成分数形式的换算系数(例如 60 min/1 h 或 1 mg/1000 mcg),使每个不需要的单位在分子和分母各出现一次并相互约去。只剩下所求单位时再计算。使用题目给出的等量关系,只对最终答案取整。

转换

c = 1.5·88.4 = 132.6 ≈ 133 µmol/L

答案

c = 133 µmol/L
27.剂量计算

答案: V = 1.6 mL

抽取剂量:体积 = (处方剂量/药物浓度) × 药物体积。先换算成相同的单位,再检查该体积是否适合注射器,并落在它的某一个刻度上。

按体重计算剂量

D = 2·40 = 80 mg

体积

V = 80/50 = 1.6 mL

在注射器上

在这支 10 mL 的注射器上,每条小刻度线代表 0.2 mL。

答案

V = 1.6 mL
28.剂量计算

答案: V = 0.59 mL

抽取剂量:体积 = (处方剂量/药物浓度) × 药物体积。先换算成相同的单位,再检查该体积是否适合注射器,并落在它的某一个刻度上。

体积

V = 2950/5000 = 0.59 mL

在注射器上

在这支 1 mL 的注射器上,每条小刻度线代表 0.01 mL。

答案

V = 0.59 mL
29.静脉输液速度

答案: R = 8 gtt/min

输注速率:输液泵按 mL/h = 体积/时间(小时)设定。重力滴注按每分钟滴数计:gtt/min = 体积 (mL) × 滴系数 (gtt/mL)/时间 (min)。 滴系数印在输液器包装上:普通输液器为 10、15 或 20 gtt/mL(输血器在美国常为 10 gtt/mL,在英国为 15),微量输液器为 60 gtt/mL。务必使用题目或包装给出的滴系数。

以分钟计的时间

5·60 = 300 min

滴速

R = 250·10/300 = 8.333 ≈ 8 gtt/min

答案

R = 8 gtt/min

床旁取最接近的整滴:8 滴/分。

30.静脉输液速度

答案: D = 50 mg/h

输注速率:输液泵按 mL/h = 体积/时间(小时)设定。重力滴注按每分钟滴数计:gtt/min = 体积 (mL) × 滴系数 (gtt/mL)/时间 (min)。 滴系数印在输液器包装上:普通输液器为 10、15 或 20 gtt/mL(输血器在美国常为 10 gtt/mL,在英国为 15),微量输液器为 60 gtt/mL。务必使用题目或包装给出的滴系数。

浓度

500/50 = 10 mg/mL

给药速率

D = 10·5 = 50 mg/h

答案

D = 50 mg/h
31.静脉输液与液体平衡

答案: U = 2.1 mL/kg/h

出入量:入量计入所有进入体内的液体(口服液体、静脉输液、静脉用药及冲管液、管饲);冰屑按其体积的一半计。出量计入尿液、引流液、呕吐物和其他丢失。平衡 = 总入量 − 总出量;平衡为负表示净丢失。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。

总尿量

200 + 200 + 425 = 825 mL

每千克每小时

U = 825/(49·8) = 2.105 ≈ 2.1 mL/kg/h

答案

U = 2.1 mL/kg/h
32.静脉输液与液体平衡

答案: t = 10 h

输液时间:时间 (h) = 待输体积 (mL)/速率 (mL/h);使用袋中剩余的体积,而不是袋的容量。已输入体积 = 速率 × 时间。把小数小时换算为小时和分钟时,用小数部分 × 60(0.5 h = 30 min,而不是 50 min)。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。

剩余体积

1000 − 200 = 800 mL

时间

t = 800/80 = 10 h

答案

t = 10 h

约为 10 h 00 min,所以袋子大约在 17:00 输完。

33.临床评估评分

答案: B = 14

Braden 量表:评估压力性损伤风险的六个分项。感觉知觉、潮湿程度、活动、活动能力和营养各评 1 至 4 分,从最差水平(1)到无问题(4);摩擦力和剪切力评 1 至 3 分。总分为 6 至 23,总分越低风险越高。常用分级:19–23 无风险,15–18 轻度风险,13–14 中度风险,10–12 高风险,9 分及以下为极高风险。

为每个分项评分

感觉知觉: 完全受限 → 1
潮湿程度: 偶尔潮湿 → 3
活动: 局限于椅子 → 2
活动能力: 轻度受限 → 3
营养: 极好 → 4
摩擦力和剪切力: 有问题 → 1

相加

Braden 总分 = 1 + 3 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 1 = 14

答案

B = 14
34.临床评估评分

答案: 高风险

Braden 量表:评估压力性损伤风险的六个分项。感觉知觉、潮湿程度、活动、活动能力和营养各评 1 至 4 分,从最差水平(1)到无问题(4);摩擦力和剪切力评 1 至 3 分。总分为 6 至 23,总分越低风险越高。常用分级:19–23 无风险,15–18 轻度风险,13–14 中度风险,10–12 高风险,9 分及以下为极高风险。

为每个分项评分

感觉知觉: 非常受限 → 2
潮湿程度: 持续潮湿 → 1
活动: 局限于椅子 → 2
活动能力: 不受限制 → 4
营养: 非常差 → 1
摩擦力和剪切力: 有问题 → 1

相加

Braden 总分 = 2 + 1 + 2 + 4 + 1 + 1 = 11

风险等级

11 → 高风险

答案

高风险

本内容为独立练习材料。ExamProblems 与该考试的主办机构没有隶属关系,也未获其认可,考试名称仅用于描述内容。 NCLEX®, NCLEX-RN® and NCLEX-PN® 是 the National Council of State Boards of Nursing, Inc. (NCSBN) 的商标,该机构与 ExamProblems 无关,不为其背书,也不保证其准确性。

ExamProblems · examproblems.com/courses/nclex-pn-practice-questions