感染控制与患者安全
方法
- 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
- 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
- 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
- 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
- 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 34 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
如何测量毛细血管再充盈时间?
The family of a patient with terminal cancer worries that morphine will make the patient addicted. What is the best response?
A patient in bed has a generalized tonic-clonic seizure. What should the nurse do?
一名水痘患儿入院。由哪位工作人员护理该患儿最合适?
A patient with heart failure gained 2 kg (about 4 lb) since yesterday and is more breathless when lying down. What should the nurse do first?
A patient with septic shock remains hypotensive, with a mean arterial pressure of 58 mmHg, after adequate IV fluids. What should the nurse anticipate?
Which pattern is typical of relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis?
A patient with suspected appendicitis says the pain suddenly eased, but an hour later has pain all over the abdomen, a rigid abdomen and a fever. What is most likely?
A patient taking a statin reports new, unexplained muscle pain and weakness. Which laboratory test would the nurse expect to be ordered?
Four patients had a thyroidectomy earlier today. Which result should the nurse act on first?
Why is a progestogen added to oestrogen in hormone replacement therapy for a woman who still has her uterus?
A 19-year-old woman is starting isotretinoin for severe acne. Which requirement is most important?
为什么缺血性心脏病患者不应突然停用 β 受体阻滞剂?
A patient with severe sepsis becomes increasingly breathless over 24 hours. SpO₂ stays low despite high-flow oxygen, and the chest X-ray shows bilateral infiltrates. The heart function is normal. Which condition is most likely?
A patient on insulin asks about drinking alcohol. Which advice is correct?
The nurse has four neurology patients. Which one needs to be seen first?
Which task for a stable patient with an established ileostomy can usually be delegated to a trained healthcare assistant (nursing assistant)?
急性胰腺炎最初几小时,通常推荐哪种补液策略?
A preterm baby on feeds develops a swollen abdomen, bloody stools and feeding intolerance. Which condition is suspected?
A labouring woman has had an epidural for 3 hours. The fundus is displaced and a bulge is seen above the pubic bone. What should the nurse do?
Which sign shows that a baby is ready to start solid foods?
A 6-month-old has just learned to roll over. Which safety advice is most urgent now?
Which effects of methadone should the nurse monitor for?
一名处于隔离中的患者似乎睡着了。护士应怎么做?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一个剂量记录在 21:15(24 小时制)。哪个条目是 12 小时制中的同一时间?点击它。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一个班次中,患者摄入了3 杯 / 茶, 2 tbsp / 液体营养补充剂, 4 fl oz / 果汁。按给出的等量关系,求以 mL 表示的口服总摄入量V。
一名体重 27 kg 的儿童按 5 mg/kg 处方用药。原液浓度为 25 mg/mL。请抽取剂量:应给多少体积 V?
一名患者体重 114.4 lb。医嘱为单次剂量 10 mg/kg,储备液为 1 mL 中含 50 mg。按 1 kg = 2.2 lb 计算,你应给予多少容量 V?
用滴系数为 60 滴/mL 的输液器在 6 小时内输入 500 mL。求滴速 R(滴/分)。 取整到最接近的整数。
一袋液体在 250 mL 中含药 200 mg,以 12 mL/h 的速度输注。患者每小时获得多少毫克 D?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 记录显示了一名患者在一个 12 小时班次中的出入量。静脉输液在整个班次中按所示速率输注。求液体平衡 B = 入量 − 出量,以 mL 计(答案为负表示净丢失)。 冰屑按其体积的一半计。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一份 1000 mL 的输液于 15:30 开始以 80 mL/h 输注。4 小时后速率改为 150 mL/h,之后不再改变。从开始算起多少小时 t 后袋子会输完? 保留一位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 用 Braden 量表评估一位练习患者:感觉知觉: 轻度受限; 潮湿程度: 偶尔潮湿; 活动: 局限于椅子; 活动能力: 非常受限; 营养: 充足; 摩擦力和剪切力: 有问题。求 Braden 总分B。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 对这些观察结果使用 NEWS2 图表(SpO₂ 量表 1):呼吸频率 14 次/分,SpO₂ 97%吸室内空气,血压 92/56 mmHg,脉搏 110 次/分,清醒,体温 38.4 °C。患者属于哪个临床风险组?点击它。
答案: D · 按压皮肤约 5 秒,松开后计时看颜色多久恢复
按压指尖或胸骨,松开后数秒数直到颜色恢复。时间延长提示外周灌注不良,例如休克或脱水时。
答案: A · Explain that addiction is uncommon when morphine is used for pain
When opioids are used for pain under supervision, addiction is uncommon. Gentle explanation of tolerance, side effects and the goal of comfort helps the family support good pain control.
答案: D · Turn the patient on their side and protect them from injury without restraining
The nurse stays with the patient, turns them to the side to keep the airway clear, moves hard objects away and times the seizure. Objects in the mouth and restraint can cause injury.
答案: D · 有书面记录证明对水痘有免疫力的护士
应由免疫状况确凿(来自接种疫苗或既往感染)的工作人员护理水痘患者。无免疫力的工作人员,尤其是孕期工作人员,有感染风险,并可能把病毒传给其他患者。
答案: D · Assess the lungs, oxygen saturation and swelling, then inform the provider
A rapid weight gain with orthopnea suggests fluid overload and worsening heart failure. The nurse assesses breathing and fluid status and informs the provider, who may adjust the diuretic.
答案: D · A vasopressor, such as norepinephrine, to raise the pressure
If hypotension continues after fluid resuscitation, a vasopressor such as norepinephrine is started to keep the MAP at least 65 mmHg. Diuretics and beta-blockers would worsen perfusion.
答案: D · Attacks of symptoms, such as visual loss or numbness, that improve between relapses
MS causes demyelination in the brain and spinal cord. Many patients first have attacks such as optic neuritis or sensory symptoms, with partial or full recovery between relapses.
答案: D · The appendix has perforated, causing peritonitis
Perforation may briefly relieve the pain as pressure in the appendix falls, followed by generalised peritonitis. This needs urgent surgical review, IV fluids and antibiotics.
答案: D · Creatine kinase (CK)
Statins can cause myopathy and, rarely, rhabdomyolysis. A raised CK confirms muscle injury, and the provider may stop the statin. The nurse also asks about dark urine, which can signal myoglobin in the urine.核对依据: Creatine Kinase · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2023)
答案: D · Calcium 7.2 mg/dL (1.8 mmol/L) with tingling lips
Hypocalcemia after thyroid surgery, from parathyroid injury, can progress to tetany and laryngospasm. Tingling lips are an early sign, so the nurse assesses the airway and Chvostek and Trousseau signs and reports at once. The other results are expected after surgery.核对依据: Calcium Blood Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)
答案: D · To protect against endometrial hyperplasia and cancer
Oestrogen alone causes endometrial proliferation and increases the risk of endometrial cancer. A progestogen protects the endometrium; women without a uterus can take oestrogen alone.
答案: B · Reliable contraception and pregnancy tests, as it is highly teratogenic
Isotretinoin causes severe birth defects. Pregnancy prevention programmes require effective contraception and regular pregnancy tests before, during and after treatment.
答案: B · 反跳性心动过速和高血压可诱发心绞痛或心肌梗死
长期 β 受体阻滞会使 β 受体的数量增多、敏感性增强。突然停药使它们暴露于正常水平的肾上腺素,可引起反跳性心动过速、高血压和心肌缺血。应逐渐减量。
答案: B · Acute respiratory distress syndrome
ARDS is acute, non-cardiogenic pulmonary oedema caused by widespread inflammation, triggered by sepsis, pneumonia, trauma or pancreatitis. It causes severe hypoxaemia that responds poorly to oxygen, with bilateral infiltrates not explained by heart failure. Treatment includes lung-protective ventilation and often prone positioning.
答案: A · Alcohol can cause hypos, even the next day, so eat carbs with it
Alcohol reduces the liver's release of glucose, so it increases the risk of hypoglycaemia, which may be delayed for many hours. Patients should eat carbohydrate, check glucose before bed and tell friends that a hypo can look like drunkenness.
答案: C · A patient with Guillain–Barré syndrome whose vital capacity is falling
A falling vital capacity and weak cough in Guillain–Barré syndrome warn of respiratory failure, which may need ventilation. The other patients have expected or less urgent problems.
答案: B · Emptying the pouch and measuring the output
Emptying and measuring output is a routine task. Assessment of the stoma, teaching and decisions about treatment remain with the registered nurse, who reviews the recorded output.
答案: D · 以目标为导向的平衡晶体液,根据反应调整
胰腺炎使液体丢失到组织中,所以早期静脉补液很重要。最新指南倾向于使用哈特曼液或乳酸林格液等平衡晶体液进行适度、以目标为导向的复苏,并根据心率、血压和尿量调整,因为过于积极的补液只会增加负荷而没有益处。
答案: D · Necrotising enterocolitis
Necrotising enterocolitis mainly affects preterm babies. Signs include abdominal distension, bilious aspirates, bloody stools and instability. Feeds are stopped and the baby is urgently reviewed. Breast milk lowers the risk.
答案: A · Check for bladder distension and empty the bladder
Epidurals block bladder sensation, so the bladder can overfill. A full bladder can slow descent of the fetus and cause injury. The nurse should encourage voiding or catheterise per protocol.
答案: D · Sits with support, holds the head steady and shows interest in food
Readiness for solids, usually around 6 months, includes good head control, sitting with support, interest in food and loss of the tongue-thrust reflex. Night waking and teething are not signs of readiness.
答案: B · Never leave her alone on a changing table, bed or sofa
Rolling makes falls from raised surfaces the main immediate risk, so a hand should always stay on the baby on any raised surface. Cupboard locks and kitchen safety become important as she starts to crawl and pull to stand.
答案: D · Respiratory depression, sedation and a prolonged QT interval
Methadone can cause respiratory depression, especially when starting or with other sedatives, and it can prolong the QT interval. It has a long half-life, so toxicity can build up over several days.
答案: A · 按要求的频率继续观察,检查呼吸和健康状况
处于隔离中的患者需要按政策要求持续或频繁观察,包括呼吸是否正常,尤其是在使用镇静药之后。一旦不再需要,应立即结束隔离。
答案: 9:15 PM
24 小时制:下午 1 点起,小时数加 12(下午 3:45 = 15:45)。午夜到凌晨 12:59 为 00:00–00:59,中午 12:00–12:59 仍为 12:00–12:59。反过来换算时,13–23 点减 12 并标为下午;00 点变为凌晨 12 点。跨午夜计算时间要分两段:先算到 24:00(00:00),再从 00:00 算起。
答案: V = 870 mL
家用计量和体重:护理考试使用取整的等量关系:1 茶匙(tsp)= 5 mL,1 汤匙(tbsp)= 15 mL = 3 tsp,1 液量盎司(fl oz)= 30 mL = 2 tbsp,1 杯 = 8 fl oz = 240 mL。体重方面,1 kg = 2.2 lb,1 lb = 16 oz;长度方面,1 英寸 = 2.54 cm。设置换算时,要让你不需要的单位相互约去。
答案: V = 5.4 mL
抽取剂量:体积 = (处方剂量/药物浓度) × 药物体积。先换算成相同的单位,再检查该体积是否适合注射器,并落在它的某一个刻度上。
在这支 10 mL 的注射器上,每条小刻度线代表 0.2 mL。
答案: V = 10.4 mL
Dose calculation: the amount to give equals what is prescribed divided by what you have, times the quantity it comes in: amount = (desired dose/stock strength) × stock volume. Always keep the units the same (convert g to mg, mg to mcg first) and check that the answer is sensible.
答案: R = 83 gtt/min
输注速率:输液泵按 mL/h = 体积/时间(小时)设定。重力滴注按每分钟滴数计:gtt/min = 体积 (mL) × 滴系数 (gtt/mL)/时间 (min)。 滴系数印在输液器包装上:普通输液器为 10、15 或 20 gtt/mL(输血器在美国常为 10 gtt/mL,在英国为 15),微量输液器为 60 gtt/mL。务必使用题目或包装给出的滴系数。
床旁取最接近的整滴:83 滴/分。
答案: D = 9.6 mg/h
输注速率:输液泵按 mL/h = 体积/时间(小时)设定。重力滴注按每分钟滴数计:gtt/min = 体积 (mL) × 滴系数 (gtt/mL)/时间 (min)。 滴系数印在输液器包装上:普通输液器为 10、15 或 20 gtt/mL(输血器在美国常为 10 gtt/mL,在英国为 15),微量输液器为 60 gtt/mL。务必使用题目或包装给出的滴系数。
答案: B = 720 mL
出入量:入量计入所有进入体内的液体(口服液体、静脉输液、静脉用药及冲管液、管饲);冰屑按其体积的一半计。出量计入尿液、引流液、呕吐物和其他丢失。平衡 = 总入量 − 总出量;平衡为负表示净丢失。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
为正:摄入的液体多于排出的液体。
答案: t = 8.5 h
输液时间:时间 (h) = 待输体积 (mL)/速率 (mL/h);使用袋中剩余的体积,而不是袋的容量。已输入体积 = 速率 × 时间。把小数小时换算为小时和分钟时,用小数部分 × 60(0.5 h = 30 min,而不是 50 min)。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
约为 8 h 32 min,所以袋子大约在 00:02 输完。
答案: B = 14
Braden 量表:评估压力性损伤风险的六个分项。感觉知觉、潮湿程度、活动、活动能力和营养各评 1 至 4 分,从最差水平(1)到无问题(4);摩擦力和剪切力评 1 至 3 分。总分为 6 至 23,总分越低风险越高。常用分级:19–23 无风险,15–18 轻度风险,13–14 中度风险,10–12 高风险,9 分及以下为极高风险。
答案: 低
NEWS2(国家早期预警评分 2,英国皇家内科医师学会 2017):按图表为七个参数分别评分(呼吸频率、量表 1 的 SpO₂、吸空气还是吸氧、收缩压、脉搏、按 ACVPU 量表评定的意识状态和体温),然后把分数相加。临床风险:0–4 为低;任何单项参数得 3 分为中低;5–6 为中;7 或以上为高。总分 5 或以上需要紧急响应。
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