NCLEX-PN 风格练习题(LPN/LVN):速成包

公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 34 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。

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1公式与方法

感染控制与患者安全

方法

  1. 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
  2. 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
  3. 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
  4. 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
  5. 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。

优先排序与委派

方法

  1. 问自己:如果什么都不做,什么会最快伤害患者。
  2. 应用 ABC(心脏骤停时为 C-A-B),然后是 Maslow 需求层次:生理需要先于安全,安全先于心理需要。
  3. 比较各选项:急性先于慢性,不稳定先于稳定,意外先于预期,全身性先于局部,并将每项发现与患者的基线对照。
  4. 除非是紧急情况,否则先评估再行动;然后选择其他步骤所依赖的那一步。
  5. 委派时核对五项正确:任务、情境、人员、指示和监督。评估、宣教和评价仍由注册护士负责。

实验室检查值与电解质

方法

  1. 把数值与本实验室自己的参考范围比较,再与患者的基线和趋势比较。
  2. 检查标本:溶血、延迟,或在静脉输液附近采血都可能得出错误结果。
  3. 把数值与其典型体征以及引起它的药物和疾病联系起来。
  4. 注意相互作用:低钾或低镁会增加地高辛中毒的风险;脱水会使锂浓度升高。
  5. 对患者采取行动:评估,血药浓度不安全时暂停用药,复述危急值并通知开医嘱的医生。

内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

方法

  1. 说出问题所在:泵衰竭、动脉阻塞、节律、血栓、气道狭窄、感染或设备问题。
  2. 先检查危险征象:低氧、低血压、胸痛、新出现的意识模糊、冰冷无脉搏的肢体。
  3. 让氧疗与患者相匹配:大多数人为 94–98%,有 CO₂ 潴留风险者为 88–92%。
  4. 把每种药物与其检测和风险联系起来:华法林与 INR,肝素与 aPTT 和血小板,利尿剂与血钾。
  5. 选择安全的第一步措施,然后升级处理并重新评估。

内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

方法

  1. 对每位新出现意识模糊、乏力或癫痫发作的患者都检查血糖。
  2. 把意识水平作为脑部问题最早的警示;瞳孔变化和库欣三联征出现得较晚。
  3. 对于糖尿病急症,要区分 DKA(酮体、酸中毒)和 HHS(渗透压很高、脱水);先补液。
  4. 对于钠和水,要判断是 ADH 过多(SIADH)还是缺乏(尿崩症),并缓慢纠正慢性变化。
  5. 对于肾脏问题,把原因分为肾前性、肾性或肾后性,并监测血钾和液体。

内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

方法

  1. 想一想可能隐藏着什么:内出血、无发热的感染、SpO₂ 正常背后的通气不足。
  2. 利用术后的时间来缩小并发症的范围:出血在数小时内,胸部问题在数天内,伤口和吻合口漏出现得更晚。
  3. 对于疼痛,要评估、用多模式镇痛治疗、重新评估,并且在每次使用阿片类药物时监测镇静程度。
  4. 对于癌症患者,把低谷期的任何疾病都当作中性粒细胞减少性脓毒症处理,并了解肿瘤急症。
  5. 对于烧伤,只计算浅二度/深二度和三度的面积,从烧伤的时刻开始计算 Parkland 时间,并根据尿量调整。

产科护理

方法

  1. 把产妇放在时间轴上定位:孕周、产程阶段或产后第几天,再判断此时什么是正常的。
  2. 找出处于危险中的对象:母亲、胎儿或新生儿,或者其中不止一个。
  3. 把发现与其原因联系起来:减速用 VEAL CHOP,出血用四个 T,产后用 BUBBLE-HE。
  4. 优先选择改善血流和氧合的措施(侧卧、停用缩宫素、宫底按摩),然后再升级处理。

儿科护理

方法

  1. 先记下患儿的年龄:它决定正常生命体征、发育里程碑和合适的疼痛量表。
  2. 评估气道、呼吸和循环,记住儿童代偿很久之后会迅速恶化。
  3. 让措施与发育阶段相匹配,并让家属参与。
  4. 检查答案对儿童是否安全:按体重计算,病毒感染不用阿司匹林,12 岁以下不用可待因。

精神科护理

方法

  1. 判断是否存在即时风险:自杀、暴力、药物急症或躯体疾病。
  2. 先保障安全:观察、移除危险物品、缓和局面、停用有害药物、寻求帮助。
  3. 选择治疗性回应:承认感受、陈述现实,避免虚假的安慰和“为什么”式提问。
  4. 尊重权利:采用限制最少的方案,知情同意,以及保密及其限度。

护理数学与单位换算

公制进位
1 kg = 1000 g, 1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg, 1 L = 1000 mL
体重和长度
1 kg = 2.2 lb, 1 lb = 16 oz, 1 in = 2.54 cm, 1 ft = 12 in
家用计量
1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL
温度
°C = (°F − 32)·5/9, °F = °C·9/5 + 32
24 小时制
PM 1–11 点:加 12; 12 AM = 00:xx; 12 PM = 12:xx
给药速率
mcg/min × 60/1000 = mg/h
实验室换算系数
葡萄糖 1 mmol/L = 18 mg/dL; 肌酐 1 mg/dL = 88.4 µmol/L; Hb 1 g/dL = 10 g/L

方法

  1. 写出已知量及其单位,以及你想要的单位。
  2. 选定等量关系:kg、g、mg 和 mcg 之间,或 L 和 mL 之间为 1000;1 kg = 2.2 lb;1 tsp = 5 mL,1 tbsp = 15 mL,1 fl oz = 30 mL,1 cup = 240 mL。
  3. 写成分数,使不需要的单位相互约去;对于速率,每个变化的单位用一个分数。
  4. 检查方向:单位越小,数字越大。
  5. 只对最终答案取整,精度按题目所述。

剂量计算

由浓度计算剂量
体积 = 剂量 / 浓度
按体重给药
剂量 = mg/kg × 体重
片剂
片数 = 剂量 / 每片规格
单位
1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg

方法

  1. 把医嘱剂量和药品规格换算为同一单位。
  2. 用“需要量除以现有量再乘以数量”:(D/H) × Q。
  3. 按体重给药时,先乘以以 kg 计的体重,再用日剂量除以给药次数。
  4. 先估算,再检查答案是否合理。

静脉输液速度

泵速
mL/h = volume (mL)/time (h)
滴速
drops/min = volume (mL) × drop factor / time (min)
输注时间
time (h) = volume (mL)/rate (mL/h)

方法

  1. 泵速 mL/h:体积除以以小时计的时间。
  2. 滴速 drops/min:体积 × 滴系数,再除以以分钟计的时间。
  3. 剩余时间:剩余体积除以速率。
  4. 按题目或设备的要求取整。

静脉输液与液体平衡

Holliday–Segar 每小时量
4 mL/kg(前 10 kg)+ 2 mL/kg(次 10 kg)+ 1 mL/kg(20 kg 以上每 kg)
Holliday–Segar 每日量
相同分段分别为 100 / 50 / 20 mL/kg
液体平衡
入量 − 出量
冰屑
按其体积的一半计算
尿量
mL/kg/h = mL / (kg × h)
输注时间
时间 (h) = 剩余体积 (mL) / 速率 (mL/h)
已输入体积
mL = 速率 × 时间

临床评估评分

格拉斯哥昏迷量表
GCS = E (1–4) + V (1–5) + M (1–6) = 3–15
Apgar
5 项体征 × 0–2 = 0–10; 7–10 令人放心, 4–6 中度异常, 0–3 低
Braden 量表
5 × (1–4) + 1 × (1–3) = 6–23; ≤ 18 有风险
Morse 跌倒评分
跌倒 25, 诊断 15, 辅助 15/30, 静脉输液 20, 步态 10/20, 精神状态 15
NEWS2 风险
0–4 低; 单项 3 分为中低; 5–6 中; ≥ 7 高
平均动脉压
MAP = (SBP + 2·DBP)/3 = DBP + PP/3
脉压和休克指数
PP = SBP − DBP, SI = HR/SBP
体质指数
BMI = kg/m² = 703·lb/in²

方法

  1. 找出题目使用的评分表及其范围(GCS 3–15,Apgar 0–10,Braden 6–23,Morse 0–125)。
  2. 分别为每个条目评分,将描述与其对应的等级匹配。
  3. 把各条目得分相加,并检查总分是否在范围内。
  4. 应用分界值:对于 NEWS2,还要查看是否有单项参数得 3 分。
  5. 对于导出的数值,使用 MAP = (SBP + 2·DBP)/3,PP = SBP − DBP,SI = HR/SBP,BMI = kg/m²。

2练习题

1.护理学基础中等

When should blood cultures be taken in a patient with suspected sepsis?

  1. AOnly after three days of antibiotics, to see if they are working
  2. BAfter the patient has recovered from the infection
  3. CBefore antibiotics are given, as long as this does not delay them
  4. DOnly if the temperature rises above 40 °C
2.护理学基础困难

Where must the final identity check before a blood transfusion take place?

  1. AIn the blood fridge, using the bag label
  2. BAt the nurses' station, with the ward list
  3. CIn the ward office, using the patient's notes and the prescription
  4. DAt the bedside, with the patient and their wristband
3.感染控制与患者安全中等

In the US (EPA/OSHA) hazmat system, which level of PPE gives the highest level of protection?

  1. ALevel D
  2. BLevel C
  3. CLevel B
  4. DLevel A
4.感染控制与患者安全困难

A patient on an anticoagulant falls and hits their head but says they feel fine. What should the nurse do?

  1. ANotify the provider and start neurological observations, because a brain bleed may develop
  2. BHelp the patient back to bed and do nothing more if they feel fine
  3. CWait until the next day to see if a headache develops
  4. DGive the next anticoagulant dose early to prevent clots from forming after the fall
5.优先排序与委派中等

一名稳定的成人腹痛,生命体征正常。他们将需要血液检查和 CT 扫描。哪个 ESI 级别合适?

  1. A5 级
  2. B4 级
  3. C1 级
  4. D3 级
6.优先排序与委派困难

将哪项分配给 LPN/LVN 最恰当?

  1. A一名新发房颤、刚开始静脉输注地尔硫䓬的患者
  2. B一小时前从重症监护室转来的患者
  3. C一名病情稳定的 COPD 患者,需要定时雾化支气管扩张剂和口服药物
  4. D一名需要关于新开始使用华法林的出院教育的患者
7.临床护理中等

Which advice is correct for a patient taking levothyroxine?

  1. ATake it on an empty stomach, usually before breakfast
  2. BStop taking it once the symptoms improve
  3. CTake it with a large meal to avoid nausea and stomach upset
  4. DTake it only on days when feeling tired
8.临床护理困难

Which nursing measure helps reduce raised intracranial pressure?

  1. ARaising the head of the bed to about 30° with the head kept midline
  2. BFrequent suctioning and encouraging strong coughing
  3. CTilting the patient head-down
  4. DLying the patient flat with the neck flexed forward on two pillows
9.实验室检查值与电解质中等

A patient on hemodialysis has an arteriovenous (AV) fistula in the left arm. Where should the nurse draw routine blood samples?

  1. AFrom the left wrist
  2. BFrom the fistula
  3. CFrom the right arm
  4. DFrom the left hand
10.实验室检查值与电解质困难

一名营养不良的患者重新开始进食,第 3 天磷酸盐为 1.2 mg/dL(0.39 mmol/L),伴肌无力和气短。主要风险是什么?

  1. A低磷导致呼吸肌无力和心力衰竭
  2. B细胞释放钾引起高钾血症
  3. C骨骼释放钙引起肾结石
  4. D体重快速增加,但没有严重危险
11.药理学中等

How should the nurse straighten the ear canal to give ear drops to a 2-year-old child?

  1. APush the pinna forward and up
  2. BPull the pinna up and back
  3. CLeave the ear untouched and drop into the canal
  4. DPull the pinna down and back
12.药理学困难

奥美拉唑等质子泵抑制剂的主要作用机制是什么?

  1. A中和胃中的酸
  2. B竞争性阻断壁细胞上的组胺 H2 受体
  3. C不可逆地抑制壁细胞的 H⁺/K⁺-ATP 酶
  4. D覆盖溃疡加以保护
13.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸中等

Why is aspirin chewed rather than swallowed whole in a suspected acute coronary syndrome?

  1. AChewing stops the aspirin from irritating the lining of the stomach
  2. BWhole aspirin tablets cannot be absorbed at all from the gut
  3. CChewing speeds absorption, giving a faster antiplatelet effect
  4. DChewing changes aspirin into an anticoagulant
14.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸困难

经桡动脉心导管检查术后,最重要的评估是什么?

  1. A检查后每小时的肠鸣音和腹围
  2. B每四小时的尿比重
  3. C每 15 分钟的瞳孔大小和对光反应
  4. D手部的血液循环、感觉和活动,以及穿刺部位
15.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏中等

Which CSF result is most typical of bacterial meningitis?

  1. AClear fluid with normal cells, glucose and protein
  2. BCloudy fluid, many neutrophils, low glucose and high protein
  3. CBlood-stained fluid that clears in later tubes
  4. DClear fluid, many lymphocytes, normal glucose and slightly raised protein
16.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏困难

After a stroke, a patient suddenly cries or laughs at odd moments. They say they do not feel sad. Which response is most appropriate?

  1. AIgnore it, because it shows that the patient is seeking attention from the staff
  2. BExplain that this is emotional lability after stroke and help the family understand
  3. CAsk the doctor for a sedative to stop the outbursts
  4. DTell the patient that crying will slow their recovery
17.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤中等

Why is the "whoosh" test no longer used to check nasogastric tube position?

  1. AThe test is far too painful for most patients to tolerate
  2. BThe air always makes the tube block
  3. CAir can be heard even when the tube is in the lung
  4. DIt needs an X-ray machine at the bedside
18.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤困难

A surgical patient's MUST score is 3 and the wound is healing slowly. What is the most appropriate action?

  1. ARefer to the dietitian, start a nutrition plan and monitor intake
  2. BRestrict protein to help the kidneys
  3. CRepeat the score in three months' time
  4. DEncourage fasting to reduce wound exudate and the size of the dressing
19.产科护理中等

Which measure helps prevent venous thromboembolism after a caesarean?

  1. ABed rest for several days
  2. BEarly mobilisation
  3. CKeeping the knees bent on pillows
  4. DRestricting fluids
20.产科护理困难

A woman at 41 weeks has a Bishop score of 3 and is booked for induction. What is the most likely first step?

  1. ACervical ripening with a prostaglandin
  2. BAn immediate amniotomy at the bedside
  3. CAn emergency caesarean
  4. DA high-dose oxytocin infusion straight away
21.儿科护理中等

How should the nurse position the ear when giving ear drops to a 2-year-old?

  1. ALeave the pinna alone and tilt the head
  2. BPull the earlobe gently forward and up
  3. CPull the pinna gently down and back
  4. DPull the pinna gently up and back
22.儿科护理困难

A family with a 2-year-old has a swimming pool in the garden. Which measure gives the most protection against drowning?

  1. AA four-sided fence with a self-closing, self-latching gate, plus constant supervision
  2. BSwimming lessons from age 2, so that close supervision is no longer needed
  3. CExplaining to the child that the pool is dangerous
  4. DArm floats whenever the child is near the pool
23.精神科护理中等

除血锂水平外,长期锂盐治疗还需定期监测哪些检查?

  1. A肾功能和甲状腺功能
  2. B听力检查
  3. C仅骨密度
  4. D仅肺功能
24.精神科护理困难

A patient taking naltrexone for alcohol dependence is brought to the emergency department with a broken leg. Why should the nurse tell the team about the naltrexone?

  1. ANaltrexone blocks opioid analgesics, so pain relief needs to be planned differently
  2. BNaltrexone makes opioids much stronger, so smaller doses must be used
  3. CIt is not relevant, because naltrexone only affects the way the body responds to alcohol
  4. DNaltrexone causes broken bones to heal more slowly
25.护理数学与单位换算中等
8 lb 1 oz? kg1 lb = 16 oz1 kg = 2.2 lb

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一名新生儿体重 8 lb 1 oz。按 1 lb = 16 oz 和 1 kg = 2.2 lb,求以千克表示的体重m。取到两位小数。

8 lb 1 oz1 lb = 16 oz1 kg = 2.2 lb
m = kg
26.护理数学与单位换算困难
10 mcg/kg/min? mg/h70 kg1 h = 60 min1 mg = 1000 mcg

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 医嘱为 10 mcg/kg/min,患者体重 70 kg。请把剂量速率D用 mg/h 表示。取到两位小数。

10 mcg/kg/min70 kg
D = mg/h
27.剂量计算中等
2 g+ 7.4 mLV = ? mL

一个药瓶中含有 2 g 的粉末。标签上写着:加入 7.4 mL 注射用水,得到总容量 8 mL。医嘱为 750 mg。你应给予复溶后溶液的多少容量 V?

2 g+ 7.4 mL → 8 mL750 mg
V = mL
28.剂量计算困难
00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.911 mL

处方为 2800 单位的药物,药液规格为 10000 单位/mL。请用 1 mL 注射器抽取剂量:应给多少体积 V?

2800 units10000 units/mL
V = mL
29.静脉输液速度中等
V = ?15 gtt/mL40 gtt/min2 h

滴注以 40 gtt/min 的速度通过滴系数为 15 gtt/mL 的输液器。患者在 2 小时内接受多少毫升 V?

40 gtt/min15 gtt/mL2 h
V = mL
30.静脉输液速度困难
500 mg50 mL20 mL/h? mg/h

一袋液体在 50 mL 中含药 500 mg,以 20 mL/h 的速度输注。患者每小时获得多少毫克 D?

500 mg/50 mL20 mL/h
D = mg/h
31.静脉输液与液体平衡中等
入量出量12 小时班次茶150 mL牛奶200 mL水250 mL冰屑120 mL静脉输液75 mL/h × 12 h静脉抗生素1 × 50 mL尿液275 mL尿液150 mL尿液200 mL尿液250 mL伤口引流150 mL

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 记录显示了一名患者在一个 12 小时班次中的出入量。静脉输液在整个班次中按所示速率输注。求液体平衡 B = 入量 − 出量,以 mL 计(答案为负表示净丢失)。 冰屑按其体积的一半计。

茶: 150 mL牛奶: 200 mL水: 250 mL冰屑: 120 mL静脉输液: 75 mL/h × 12 h静脉抗生素: 1 × 50 mL尿液: 275 mL尿液: 150 mL尿液: 200 mL尿液: 250 mL伤口引流: 150 mL
B = mL
32.静脉输液与液体平衡困难
1000 mL→ 125 mL/h开始 15:30t总数​ = ? h80 mL/h × 3 h

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一份 1000 mL 的输液于 15:30 开始以 80 mL/h 输注。3 小时后速率改为 125 mL/h,之后不再改变。从开始算起多少小时 t 后袋子会输完? 保留一位小数。

1000 mL80 mL/h · 3 h125 mL/h
t = h
33.临床评估评分中等
S? / 4+M? / 4+A? / 4+Mob? / 4+N? / 4+F? / 3Σ?

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 用 Braden 量表评估一位练习患者:感觉知觉: 完全受限; 潮湿程度: 很少潮湿; 活动: 偶尔步行; 活动能力: 非常受限; 营养: 极好; 摩擦力和剪切力: 无明显问题。求 Braden 总分B。

6–23
B =
34.临床评估评分困难
90?SBPDBPmmHgMAP = 70

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 团队的目标是平均动脉压至少为 70 mmHg。一位患者的收缩压为 90 mmHg。使用 MAP = (SBP + 2·DBP)/3,仍能使 MAP 达到 70 mmHg 的最低舒张压DBP是多少?

MAP 70 mmHgSBP 90 mmHg
DBP = mmHg

3溶液

1.护理学基础

答案: C · Before antibiotics are given, as long as this does not delay them

为什么是这个答案

Taking cultures first gives the best chance of identifying the organism. They are collected with strict asepsis, but antibiotics must not be delayed in sepsis.

答案

C · Before antibiotics are given, as long as this does not delay them
2.护理学基础

答案: D · At the bedside, with the patient and their wristband

为什么是这个答案

The final check matches the patient's identity, by asking and from the wristband, with the blood bag and prescription at the bedside. Most wrong-blood events come from checks done away from the patient.

答案

D · At the bedside, with the patient and their wristband
3.感染控制与患者安全

答案: D · Level A

为什么是这个答案

Level A is a fully encapsulating, vapor-tight suit with self-contained breathing apparatus, used for unknown or highly toxic agents. Level D is ordinary work clothing with minimal protection.

答案

D · Level A
4.感染控制与患者安全

答案: A · Notify the provider and start neurological observations, because a brain bleed may develop

为什么是这个答案

Head injury in a patient on anticoagulants can cause bleeding inside the skull that shows signs later. The provider is told at once, imaging may be needed and neurological checks are done closely.

答案

A · Notify the provider and start neurological observations, because a brain bleed may develop
5.优先排序与委派

答案: D · 3 级

为什么是这个答案

血液检查(一种资源)加 CT 扫描(第二种资源)共两种资源,当生命体征可接受时为 ESI 3 级。

答案

D · 3 级
6.优先排序与委派

答案: C · 一名病情稳定的 COPD 患者,需要定时雾化支气管扩张剂和口服药物

为什么是这个答案

病情稳定、接受常规治疗的 COPD 患者,其护理是可预测的。刚从 ICU 转来的患者和新开始的静脉控制心率输注需要 RN 评估,而关于新的高警示药物的初次教育属于 RN。

答案

C · 一名病情稳定的 COPD 患者,需要定时雾化支气管扩张剂和口服药物
7.临床护理

答案: A · Take it on an empty stomach, usually before breakfast

为什么是这个答案

Levothyroxine is absorbed best on an empty stomach and is usually taken at the same time each morning. It is normally lifelong, with doses adjusted by thyroid blood tests.

答案

A · Take it on an empty stomach, usually before breakfast
8.临床护理

答案: A · Raising the head of the bed to about 30° with the head kept midline

为什么是这个答案

Head elevation and a midline neck position help venous drainage from the brain. Neck flexion, tight tube ties, coughing, straining and unnecessary suctioning can all raise intracranial pressure.

答案

A · Raising the head of the bed to about 30° with the head kept midline
9.实验室检查值与电解质

答案: C · From the right arm

为什么是这个答案

Venipuncture, blood pressure readings and IV lines are avoided in the arm with an AV fistula or graft, to prevent damage, clotting and infection of the access. Only the dialysis team uses the access, for dialysis.

答案

C · From the right arm
10.实验室检查值与电解质

答案: A · 低磷导致呼吸肌无力和心力衰竭

为什么是这个答案

重新开始喂养时,胰岛素把磷酸盐推入细胞内,因此血清磷酸盐可急剧下降(再喂养综合征)。严重低磷血症使膈肌和心脏无力。应补充磷酸盐,并缓慢增加喂养量。核对依据: Refeeding Syndrome · StatPearls (NCBI Bookshelf)

答案

A · 低磷导致呼吸肌无力和心力衰竭
11.药理学

答案: D · Pull the pinna down and back

为什么是这个答案

In children under about 3 years, the pinna is pulled down and back; in adults it is pulled up and back. The child then lies with the treated ear up for a few minutes.

答案

D · Pull the pinna down and back
12.药理学

答案: C · 不可逆地抑制壁细胞的 H⁺/K⁺-ATP 酶

为什么是这个答案

PPI 不可逆地阻断质子泵,即胃酸分泌的最后一步。H2 受体阻滞剂(如法莫替丁)作用较早、效力较弱;抗酸药只能中和。

答案

C · 不可逆地抑制壁细胞的 H⁺/K⁺-ATP 酶
13.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

答案: C · Chewing speeds absorption, giving a faster antiplatelet effect

为什么是这个答案

Aspirin irreversibly inhibits platelet cyclo-oxygenase, reducing thromboxane A2 and platelet aggregation. Chewing a non-enteric-coated tablet speeds absorption. It reduces mortality in acute coronary syndromes and is given unless there is a true allergy.

答案

C · Chewing speeds absorption, giving a faster antiplatelet effect
14.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

答案: D · 手部的血液循环、感觉和活动,以及穿刺部位

为什么是这个答案

桡动脉入路后,应检查压迫装置和穿刺部位有无出血或血肿,并检查手部的颜色、温度、毛细血管再充盈、感觉和活动。桡动脉闭塞和前臂骨筋膜室综合征是可能的并发症。

答案

D · 手部的血液循环、感觉和活动,以及穿刺部位
15.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

答案: B · Cloudy fluid, many neutrophils, low glucose and high protein

为什么是这个答案

Bacterial meningitis usually gives turbid CSF with raised neutrophils and protein and low glucose. Viral meningitis typically shows clear fluid with lymphocytes and normal glucose.

答案

B · Cloudy fluid, many neutrophils, low glucose and high protein
16.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

答案: B · Explain that this is emotional lability after stroke and help the family understand

为什么是这个答案

Emotional lability (pseudobulbar affect) is common after stroke: crying or laughter does not match the person's mood. Explaining it, staying calm and gently distracting the patient helps. True depression is also common and should be screened for separately.

答案

B · Explain that this is emotional lability after stroke and help the family understand
17.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

答案: C · Air can be heard even when the tube is in the lung

为什么是这个答案

Auscultation of injected air cannot distinguish the stomach from the lungs or oesophagus, and misplaced tubes have caused deaths. pH testing of aspirate or X-ray is used instead.

答案

C · Air can be heard even when the tube is in the lung
18.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

答案: A · Refer to the dietitian, start a nutrition plan and monitor intake

为什么是这个答案

A MUST score of 2 or more indicates high risk of malnutrition. Poor nutrition delays healing, so the nurse refers to the dietitian, starts a care plan with food charts and supplements as advised, and rescreens regularly.

答案

A · Refer to the dietitian, start a nutrition plan and monitor intake
19.产科护理

答案: B · Early mobilisation

为什么是这个答案

Early walking, adequate hydration, compression stockings or devices and anticoagulant prophylaxis for women at risk reduce VTE after caesarean. Pillows under the knees can restrict venous return.

答案

B · Early mobilisation
20.产科护理

答案: A · Cervical ripening with a prostaglandin

为什么是这个答案

A low Bishop score means the cervix is not ready. Cervical ripening with prostaglandins or a balloon catheter is done before oxytocin or amniotomy, which may not be possible with a closed cervix.

答案

A · Cervical ripening with a prostaglandin
21.儿科护理

答案: C · Pull the pinna gently down and back

为什么是这个答案

In children under about 3 years the ear canal is short and angled upward, so the pinna is pulled down and back. In older children and adults it is pulled up and back.

答案

C · Pull the pinna gently down and back
22.儿科护理

答案: A · A four-sided fence with a self-closing, self-latching gate, plus constant supervision

为什么是这个答案

Isolation fencing that fully separates the pool from the house and garden, combined with active adult supervision, is the most effective protection. Flotation aids and lessons do not replace supervision, and toddlers cannot reliably follow safety rules.

答案

A · A four-sided fence with a self-closing, self-latching gate, plus constant supervision
23.精神科护理

答案: A · 肾功能和甲状腺功能

为什么是这个答案

锂盐可引起甲状腺功能减退并降低肾功能(包括肾性尿崩症),因此需定期检查肾功能、甲状腺功能、血钙和体重。

答案

A · 肾功能和甲状腺功能
24.精神科护理

答案: A · Naltrexone blocks opioid analgesics, so pain relief needs to be planned differently

为什么是这个答案

Naltrexone blocks opioid receptors, so usual opioid doses may not work, and attempts to overcome the block with high doses can be dangerous. The team needs to know so that analgesia can be planned safely.

答案

A · Naltrexone blocks opioid analgesics, so pain relief needs to be planned differently
25.护理数学与单位换算

答案: m = 3.66 kg

家用计量和体重:护理考试使用取整的等量关系:1 茶匙(tsp)= 5 mL,1 汤匙(tbsp)= 15 mL = 3 tsp,1 液量盎司(fl oz)= 30 mL = 2 tbsp,1 杯 = 8 fl oz = 240 mL。体重方面,1 kg = 2.2 lb,1 lb = 16 oz;长度方面,1 英寸 = 2.54 cm。设置换算时,要让你不需要的单位相互约去。

盎司换算为磅

1 oz/16 = 0.0625 lb
8 + 0.0625 = 8.063 lb

磅换算为千克

m = 8.063/2.2 = 3.665 ≈ 3.66 kg

答案

m = 3.66 kg
26.护理数学与单位换算

答案: D = 42 mg/h

量纲分析:先写出已知量,再乘以写成分数形式的换算系数(例如 60 min/1 h 或 1 mg/1000 mcg),使每个不需要的单位在分子和分母各出现一次并相互约去。只剩下所求单位时再计算。使用题目给出的等量关系,只对最终答案取整。

列出换算链

D = 10 mcg/kg/min × 70 kg × (60 min/1 h) × (1 mg/1000 mcg)

计算

D = 10·70·60/1000 = 42 mg/h

答案

D = 42 mg/h
27.剂量计算

答案: V = 3 mL

Dose calculation: the amount to give equals what is prescribed divided by what you have, times the quantity it comes in: amount = (desired dose/stock strength) × stock volume. Always keep the units the same (convert g to mg, mg to mcg first) and check that the answer is sensible.

混合后的浓度

2000 mg/8 mL = 250 mg/mL

体积

V = 750/250 = 3 mL

答案

V = 3 mL
28.剂量计算

答案: V = 0.28 mL

抽取剂量:体积 = (处方剂量/药物浓度) × 药物体积。先换算成相同的单位,再检查该体积是否适合注射器,并落在它的某一个刻度上。

体积

V = 2800/10000 = 0.28 mL

在注射器上

在这支 1 mL 的注射器上,每条小刻度线代表 0.01 mL。

答案

V = 0.28 mL
29.静脉输液速度

答案: V = 320 mL

Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.

速度(mL/h)

40·60/15 = 160 mL/h

体积

V = 160·2 = 320 mL

答案

V = 320 mL
30.静脉输液速度

答案: D = 200 mg/h

输注速率:输液泵按 mL/h = 体积/时间(小时)设定。重力滴注按每分钟滴数计:gtt/min = 体积 (mL) × 滴系数 (gtt/mL)/时间 (min)。 滴系数印在输液器包装上:普通输液器为 10、15 或 20 gtt/mL(输血器在美国常为 10 gtt/mL,在英国为 15),微量输液器为 60 gtt/mL。务必使用题目或包装给出的滴系数。

浓度

500/50 = 10 mg/mL

给药速率

D = 10·20 = 200 mg/h

答案

D = 200 mg/h
31.静脉输液与液体平衡

答案: B = 585 mL

出入量:入量计入所有进入体内的液体(口服液体、静脉输液、静脉用药及冲管液、管饲);冰屑按其体积的一半计。出量计入尿液、引流液、呕吐物和其他丢失。平衡 = 总入量 − 总出量;平衡为负表示净丢失。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。

总入量

口服: 150 + 200 + 250 = 600 mL
冰屑: 120/2 = 60 mL
静脉输液: 75·12 = 900 mL
静脉抗生素: 1·50 = 50 mL
总入量 = 1610 mL

总出量

275 + 150 + 200 + 250 + 150 = 1025 mL

平衡

B = 1610 − 1025 = 585 mL

答案

B = 585 mL

为正:摄入的液体多于排出的液体。

32.静脉输液与液体平衡

答案: t = 9.1 h

输液时间:时间 (h) = 待输体积 (mL)/速率 (mL/h);使用袋中剩余的体积,而不是袋的容量。已输入体积 = 速率 × 时间。把小数小时换算为小时和分钟时,用小数部分 × 60(0.5 h = 30 min,而不是 50 min)。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。

第一部分

80·3 = 240 mL
1000 − 240 = 760 mL 剩余

第二部分

760/125 = 6.08 h

总时间

t = 3 + 6.08 = 9.08 ≈ 9.1 h

答案

t = 9.1 h

约为 9 h 05 min,所以袋子大约在 00:35 输完。

33.临床评估评分

答案: B = 17

Braden 量表:评估压力性损伤风险的六个分项。感觉知觉、潮湿程度、活动、活动能力和营养各评 1 至 4 分,从最差水平(1)到无问题(4);摩擦力和剪切力评 1 至 3 分。总分为 6 至 23,总分越低风险越高。常用分级:19–23 无风险,15–18 轻度风险,13–14 中度风险,10–12 高风险,9 分及以下为极高风险。

为每个分项评分

感觉知觉: 完全受限 → 1
潮湿程度: 很少潮湿 → 4
活动: 偶尔步行 → 3
活动能力: 非常受限 → 2
营养: 极好 → 4
摩擦力和剪切力: 无明显问题 → 3

相加

Braden 总分 = 1 + 4 + 3 + 2 + 4 + 3 = 17

答案

B = 17
34.临床评估评分

答案: DBP = 60 mmHg

血压数值:脉压 PP = SBP − DBP。平均动脉压 MAP ≈ (SBP + 2·DBP)/3 = DBP + PP/3,这是基于正常心率下心脏每搏约有三分之二时间处于舒张期的估算(心率快时准确性下降);MAP 至少约 65 mmHg 是常用的器官灌注目标。休克指数 SI = 心率/SBP,正常约为 0.5–0.7;高于约 1 是休克的警示信号。

变形

DBP = (3·MAP − SBP)/2

代入

DBP = (3·70 − 90)/2 = 120/2 = 60 mmHg

答案

DBP = 60 mmHg

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