感染控制与患者安全
方法
- 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
- 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
- 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
- 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
- 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 34 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
When should blood cultures be taken in a patient with suspected sepsis?
Where must the final identity check before a blood transfusion take place?
In the US (EPA/OSHA) hazmat system, which level of PPE gives the highest level of protection?
A patient on an anticoagulant falls and hits their head but says they feel fine. What should the nurse do?
一名稳定的成人腹痛,生命体征正常。他们将需要血液检查和 CT 扫描。哪个 ESI 级别合适?
将哪项分配给 LPN/LVN 最恰当?
Which advice is correct for a patient taking levothyroxine?
Which nursing measure helps reduce raised intracranial pressure?
A patient on hemodialysis has an arteriovenous (AV) fistula in the left arm. Where should the nurse draw routine blood samples?
一名营养不良的患者重新开始进食,第 3 天磷酸盐为 1.2 mg/dL(0.39 mmol/L),伴肌无力和气短。主要风险是什么?
How should the nurse straighten the ear canal to give ear drops to a 2-year-old child?
奥美拉唑等质子泵抑制剂的主要作用机制是什么?
Why is aspirin chewed rather than swallowed whole in a suspected acute coronary syndrome?
经桡动脉心导管检查术后,最重要的评估是什么?
Which CSF result is most typical of bacterial meningitis?
After a stroke, a patient suddenly cries or laughs at odd moments. They say they do not feel sad. Which response is most appropriate?
Why is the "whoosh" test no longer used to check nasogastric tube position?
A surgical patient's MUST score is 3 and the wound is healing slowly. What is the most appropriate action?
Which measure helps prevent venous thromboembolism after a caesarean?
A woman at 41 weeks has a Bishop score of 3 and is booked for induction. What is the most likely first step?
How should the nurse position the ear when giving ear drops to a 2-year-old?
A family with a 2-year-old has a swimming pool in the garden. Which measure gives the most protection against drowning?
除血锂水平外,长期锂盐治疗还需定期监测哪些检查?
A patient taking naltrexone for alcohol dependence is brought to the emergency department with a broken leg. Why should the nurse tell the team about the naltrexone?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一名新生儿体重 8 lb 1 oz。按 1 lb = 16 oz 和 1 kg = 2.2 lb,求以千克表示的体重m。取到两位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 医嘱为 10 mcg/kg/min,患者体重 70 kg。请把剂量速率D用 mg/h 表示。取到两位小数。
一个药瓶中含有 2 g 的粉末。标签上写着:加入 7.4 mL 注射用水,得到总容量 8 mL。医嘱为 750 mg。你应给予复溶后溶液的多少容量 V?
处方为 2800 单位的药物,药液规格为 10000 单位/mL。请用 1 mL 注射器抽取剂量:应给多少体积 V?
滴注以 40 gtt/min 的速度通过滴系数为 15 gtt/mL 的输液器。患者在 2 小时内接受多少毫升 V?
一袋液体在 50 mL 中含药 500 mg,以 20 mL/h 的速度输注。患者每小时获得多少毫克 D?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 记录显示了一名患者在一个 12 小时班次中的出入量。静脉输液在整个班次中按所示速率输注。求液体平衡 B = 入量 − 出量,以 mL 计(答案为负表示净丢失)。 冰屑按其体积的一半计。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一份 1000 mL 的输液于 15:30 开始以 80 mL/h 输注。3 小时后速率改为 125 mL/h,之后不再改变。从开始算起多少小时 t 后袋子会输完? 保留一位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 用 Braden 量表评估一位练习患者:感觉知觉: 完全受限; 潮湿程度: 很少潮湿; 活动: 偶尔步行; 活动能力: 非常受限; 营养: 极好; 摩擦力和剪切力: 无明显问题。求 Braden 总分B。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 团队的目标是平均动脉压至少为 70 mmHg。一位患者的收缩压为 90 mmHg。使用 MAP = (SBP + 2·DBP)/3,仍能使 MAP 达到 70 mmHg 的最低舒张压DBP是多少?
答案: C · Before antibiotics are given, as long as this does not delay them
Taking cultures first gives the best chance of identifying the organism. They are collected with strict asepsis, but antibiotics must not be delayed in sepsis.
答案: D · At the bedside, with the patient and their wristband
The final check matches the patient's identity, by asking and from the wristband, with the blood bag and prescription at the bedside. Most wrong-blood events come from checks done away from the patient.
答案: D · Level A
Level A is a fully encapsulating, vapor-tight suit with self-contained breathing apparatus, used for unknown or highly toxic agents. Level D is ordinary work clothing with minimal protection.
答案: A · Notify the provider and start neurological observations, because a brain bleed may develop
Head injury in a patient on anticoagulants can cause bleeding inside the skull that shows signs later. The provider is told at once, imaging may be needed and neurological checks are done closely.
答案: D · 3 级
血液检查(一种资源)加 CT 扫描(第二种资源)共两种资源,当生命体征可接受时为 ESI 3 级。
答案: C · 一名病情稳定的 COPD 患者,需要定时雾化支气管扩张剂和口服药物
病情稳定、接受常规治疗的 COPD 患者,其护理是可预测的。刚从 ICU 转来的患者和新开始的静脉控制心率输注需要 RN 评估,而关于新的高警示药物的初次教育属于 RN。
答案: A · Take it on an empty stomach, usually before breakfast
Levothyroxine is absorbed best on an empty stomach and is usually taken at the same time each morning. It is normally lifelong, with doses adjusted by thyroid blood tests.
答案: A · Raising the head of the bed to about 30° with the head kept midline
Head elevation and a midline neck position help venous drainage from the brain. Neck flexion, tight tube ties, coughing, straining and unnecessary suctioning can all raise intracranial pressure.
答案: C · From the right arm
Venipuncture, blood pressure readings and IV lines are avoided in the arm with an AV fistula or graft, to prevent damage, clotting and infection of the access. Only the dialysis team uses the access, for dialysis.
答案: A · 低磷导致呼吸肌无力和心力衰竭
重新开始喂养时,胰岛素把磷酸盐推入细胞内,因此血清磷酸盐可急剧下降(再喂养综合征)。严重低磷血症使膈肌和心脏无力。应补充磷酸盐,并缓慢增加喂养量。核对依据: Refeeding Syndrome · StatPearls (NCBI Bookshelf)
答案: D · Pull the pinna down and back
In children under about 3 years, the pinna is pulled down and back; in adults it is pulled up and back. The child then lies with the treated ear up for a few minutes.
答案: C · 不可逆地抑制壁细胞的 H⁺/K⁺-ATP 酶
PPI 不可逆地阻断质子泵,即胃酸分泌的最后一步。H2 受体阻滞剂(如法莫替丁)作用较早、效力较弱;抗酸药只能中和。
答案: C · Chewing speeds absorption, giving a faster antiplatelet effect
Aspirin irreversibly inhibits platelet cyclo-oxygenase, reducing thromboxane A2 and platelet aggregation. Chewing a non-enteric-coated tablet speeds absorption. It reduces mortality in acute coronary syndromes and is given unless there is a true allergy.
答案: D · 手部的血液循环、感觉和活动,以及穿刺部位
桡动脉入路后,应检查压迫装置和穿刺部位有无出血或血肿,并检查手部的颜色、温度、毛细血管再充盈、感觉和活动。桡动脉闭塞和前臂骨筋膜室综合征是可能的并发症。
答案: B · Cloudy fluid, many neutrophils, low glucose and high protein
Bacterial meningitis usually gives turbid CSF with raised neutrophils and protein and low glucose. Viral meningitis typically shows clear fluid with lymphocytes and normal glucose.
答案: B · Explain that this is emotional lability after stroke and help the family understand
Emotional lability (pseudobulbar affect) is common after stroke: crying or laughter does not match the person's mood. Explaining it, staying calm and gently distracting the patient helps. True depression is also common and should be screened for separately.
答案: C · Air can be heard even when the tube is in the lung
Auscultation of injected air cannot distinguish the stomach from the lungs or oesophagus, and misplaced tubes have caused deaths. pH testing of aspirate or X-ray is used instead.
答案: A · Refer to the dietitian, start a nutrition plan and monitor intake
A MUST score of 2 or more indicates high risk of malnutrition. Poor nutrition delays healing, so the nurse refers to the dietitian, starts a care plan with food charts and supplements as advised, and rescreens regularly.
答案: B · Early mobilisation
Early walking, adequate hydration, compression stockings or devices and anticoagulant prophylaxis for women at risk reduce VTE after caesarean. Pillows under the knees can restrict venous return.
答案: A · Cervical ripening with a prostaglandin
A low Bishop score means the cervix is not ready. Cervical ripening with prostaglandins or a balloon catheter is done before oxytocin or amniotomy, which may not be possible with a closed cervix.
答案: C · Pull the pinna gently down and back
In children under about 3 years the ear canal is short and angled upward, so the pinna is pulled down and back. In older children and adults it is pulled up and back.
答案: A · A four-sided fence with a self-closing, self-latching gate, plus constant supervision
Isolation fencing that fully separates the pool from the house and garden, combined with active adult supervision, is the most effective protection. Flotation aids and lessons do not replace supervision, and toddlers cannot reliably follow safety rules.
答案: A · 肾功能和甲状腺功能
锂盐可引起甲状腺功能减退并降低肾功能(包括肾性尿崩症),因此需定期检查肾功能、甲状腺功能、血钙和体重。
答案: A · Naltrexone blocks opioid analgesics, so pain relief needs to be planned differently
Naltrexone blocks opioid receptors, so usual opioid doses may not work, and attempts to overcome the block with high doses can be dangerous. The team needs to know so that analgesia can be planned safely.
答案: m = 3.66 kg
家用计量和体重:护理考试使用取整的等量关系:1 茶匙(tsp)= 5 mL,1 汤匙(tbsp)= 15 mL = 3 tsp,1 液量盎司(fl oz)= 30 mL = 2 tbsp,1 杯 = 8 fl oz = 240 mL。体重方面,1 kg = 2.2 lb,1 lb = 16 oz;长度方面,1 英寸 = 2.54 cm。设置换算时,要让你不需要的单位相互约去。
答案: D = 42 mg/h
量纲分析:先写出已知量,再乘以写成分数形式的换算系数(例如 60 min/1 h 或 1 mg/1000 mcg),使每个不需要的单位在分子和分母各出现一次并相互约去。只剩下所求单位时再计算。使用题目给出的等量关系,只对最终答案取整。
答案: V = 3 mL
Dose calculation: the amount to give equals what is prescribed divided by what you have, times the quantity it comes in: amount = (desired dose/stock strength) × stock volume. Always keep the units the same (convert g to mg, mg to mcg first) and check that the answer is sensible.
答案: V = 0.28 mL
抽取剂量:体积 = (处方剂量/药物浓度) × 药物体积。先换算成相同的单位,再检查该体积是否适合注射器,并落在它的某一个刻度上。
在这支 1 mL 的注射器上,每条小刻度线代表 0.01 mL。
答案: V = 320 mL
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
答案: D = 200 mg/h
输注速率:输液泵按 mL/h = 体积/时间(小时)设定。重力滴注按每分钟滴数计:gtt/min = 体积 (mL) × 滴系数 (gtt/mL)/时间 (min)。 滴系数印在输液器包装上:普通输液器为 10、15 或 20 gtt/mL(输血器在美国常为 10 gtt/mL,在英国为 15),微量输液器为 60 gtt/mL。务必使用题目或包装给出的滴系数。
答案: B = 585 mL
出入量:入量计入所有进入体内的液体(口服液体、静脉输液、静脉用药及冲管液、管饲);冰屑按其体积的一半计。出量计入尿液、引流液、呕吐物和其他丢失。平衡 = 总入量 − 总出量;平衡为负表示净丢失。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
为正:摄入的液体多于排出的液体。
答案: t = 9.1 h
输液时间:时间 (h) = 待输体积 (mL)/速率 (mL/h);使用袋中剩余的体积,而不是袋的容量。已输入体积 = 速率 × 时间。把小数小时换算为小时和分钟时,用小数部分 × 60(0.5 h = 30 min,而不是 50 min)。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
约为 9 h 05 min,所以袋子大约在 00:35 输完。
答案: B = 17
Braden 量表:评估压力性损伤风险的六个分项。感觉知觉、潮湿程度、活动、活动能力和营养各评 1 至 4 分,从最差水平(1)到无问题(4);摩擦力和剪切力评 1 至 3 分。总分为 6 至 23,总分越低风险越高。常用分级:19–23 无风险,15–18 轻度风险,13–14 中度风险,10–12 高风险,9 分及以下为极高风险。
答案: DBP = 60 mmHg
血压数值:脉压 PP = SBP − DBP。平均动脉压 MAP ≈ (SBP + 2·DBP)/3 = DBP + PP/3,这是基于正常心率下心脏每搏约有三分之二时间处于舒张期的估算(心率快时准确性下降);MAP 至少约 65 mmHg 是常用的器官灌注目标。休克指数 SI = 心率/SBP,正常约为 0.5–0.7;高于约 1 是休克的警示信号。
本内容为独立练习材料。ExamProblems 与该考试的主办机构没有隶属关系,也未获其认可,考试名称仅用于描述内容。 NCLEX®, NCLEX-RN® and NCLEX-PN® 是 the National Council of State Boards of Nursing, Inc. (NCSBN) 的商标,该机构与 ExamProblems 无关,不为其背书,也不保证其准确性。
ExamProblems · examproblems.com/courses/nclex-pn-practice-questions