NCLEX-PN 风格练习题(LPN/LVN):速成包

公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 34 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。

新题目返回课程

在打印窗口中选择“另存为 PDF”,即可在设备上保存一份副本。

1公式与方法

感染控制与患者安全

方法

  1. 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
  2. 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
  3. 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
  4. 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
  5. 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。

优先排序与委派

方法

  1. 问自己:如果什么都不做,什么会最快伤害患者。
  2. 应用 ABC(心脏骤停时为 C-A-B),然后是 Maslow 需求层次:生理需要先于安全,安全先于心理需要。
  3. 比较各选项:急性先于慢性,不稳定先于稳定,意外先于预期,全身性先于局部,并将每项发现与患者的基线对照。
  4. 除非是紧急情况,否则先评估再行动;然后选择其他步骤所依赖的那一步。
  5. 委派时核对五项正确:任务、情境、人员、指示和监督。评估、宣教和评价仍由注册护士负责。

实验室检查值与电解质

方法

  1. 把数值与本实验室自己的参考范围比较,再与患者的基线和趋势比较。
  2. 检查标本:溶血、延迟,或在静脉输液附近采血都可能得出错误结果。
  3. 把数值与其典型体征以及引起它的药物和疾病联系起来。
  4. 注意相互作用:低钾或低镁会增加地高辛中毒的风险;脱水会使锂浓度升高。
  5. 对患者采取行动:评估,血药浓度不安全时暂停用药,复述危急值并通知开医嘱的医生。

内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

方法

  1. 说出问题所在:泵衰竭、动脉阻塞、节律、血栓、气道狭窄、感染或设备问题。
  2. 先检查危险征象:低氧、低血压、胸痛、新出现的意识模糊、冰冷无脉搏的肢体。
  3. 让氧疗与患者相匹配:大多数人为 94–98%,有 CO₂ 潴留风险者为 88–92%。
  4. 把每种药物与其检测和风险联系起来:华法林与 INR,肝素与 aPTT 和血小板,利尿剂与血钾。
  5. 选择安全的第一步措施,然后升级处理并重新评估。

内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

方法

  1. 对每位新出现意识模糊、乏力或癫痫发作的患者都检查血糖。
  2. 把意识水平作为脑部问题最早的警示;瞳孔变化和库欣三联征出现得较晚。
  3. 对于糖尿病急症,要区分 DKA(酮体、酸中毒)和 HHS(渗透压很高、脱水);先补液。
  4. 对于钠和水,要判断是 ADH 过多(SIADH)还是缺乏(尿崩症),并缓慢纠正慢性变化。
  5. 对于肾脏问题,把原因分为肾前性、肾性或肾后性,并监测血钾和液体。

内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

方法

  1. 想一想可能隐藏着什么:内出血、无发热的感染、SpO₂ 正常背后的通气不足。
  2. 利用术后的时间来缩小并发症的范围:出血在数小时内,胸部问题在数天内,伤口和吻合口漏出现得更晚。
  3. 对于疼痛,要评估、用多模式镇痛治疗、重新评估,并且在每次使用阿片类药物时监测镇静程度。
  4. 对于癌症患者,把低谷期的任何疾病都当作中性粒细胞减少性脓毒症处理,并了解肿瘤急症。
  5. 对于烧伤,只计算浅二度/深二度和三度的面积,从烧伤的时刻开始计算 Parkland 时间,并根据尿量调整。

产科护理

方法

  1. 把产妇放在时间轴上定位:孕周、产程阶段或产后第几天,再判断此时什么是正常的。
  2. 找出处于危险中的对象:母亲、胎儿或新生儿,或者其中不止一个。
  3. 把发现与其原因联系起来:减速用 VEAL CHOP,出血用四个 T,产后用 BUBBLE-HE。
  4. 优先选择改善血流和氧合的措施(侧卧、停用缩宫素、宫底按摩),然后再升级处理。

儿科护理

方法

  1. 先记下患儿的年龄:它决定正常生命体征、发育里程碑和合适的疼痛量表。
  2. 评估气道、呼吸和循环,记住儿童代偿很久之后会迅速恶化。
  3. 让措施与发育阶段相匹配,并让家属参与。
  4. 检查答案对儿童是否安全:按体重计算,病毒感染不用阿司匹林,12 岁以下不用可待因。

精神科护理

方法

  1. 判断是否存在即时风险:自杀、暴力、药物急症或躯体疾病。
  2. 先保障安全:观察、移除危险物品、缓和局面、停用有害药物、寻求帮助。
  3. 选择治疗性回应:承认感受、陈述现实,避免虚假的安慰和“为什么”式提问。
  4. 尊重权利:采用限制最少的方案,知情同意,以及保密及其限度。

护理数学与单位换算

公制进位
1 kg = 1000 g, 1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg, 1 L = 1000 mL
体重和长度
1 kg = 2.2 lb, 1 lb = 16 oz, 1 in = 2.54 cm, 1 ft = 12 in
家用计量
1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL
温度
°C = (°F − 32)·5/9, °F = °C·9/5 + 32
24 小时制
PM 1–11 点:加 12; 12 AM = 00:xx; 12 PM = 12:xx
给药速率
mcg/min × 60/1000 = mg/h
实验室换算系数
葡萄糖 1 mmol/L = 18 mg/dL; 肌酐 1 mg/dL = 88.4 µmol/L; Hb 1 g/dL = 10 g/L

方法

  1. 写出已知量及其单位,以及你想要的单位。
  2. 选定等量关系:kg、g、mg 和 mcg 之间,或 L 和 mL 之间为 1000;1 kg = 2.2 lb;1 tsp = 5 mL,1 tbsp = 15 mL,1 fl oz = 30 mL,1 cup = 240 mL。
  3. 写成分数,使不需要的单位相互约去;对于速率,每个变化的单位用一个分数。
  4. 检查方向:单位越小,数字越大。
  5. 只对最终答案取整,精度按题目所述。

剂量计算

由浓度计算剂量
体积 = 剂量 / 浓度
按体重给药
剂量 = mg/kg × 体重
片剂
片数 = 剂量 / 每片规格
单位
1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg

方法

  1. 把医嘱剂量和药品规格换算为同一单位。
  2. 用“需要量除以现有量再乘以数量”:(D/H) × Q。
  3. 按体重给药时,先乘以以 kg 计的体重,再用日剂量除以给药次数。
  4. 先估算,再检查答案是否合理。

静脉输液速度

泵速
mL/h = volume (mL)/time (h)
滴速
drops/min = volume (mL) × drop factor / time (min)
输注时间
time (h) = volume (mL)/rate (mL/h)

方法

  1. 泵速 mL/h:体积除以以小时计的时间。
  2. 滴速 drops/min:体积 × 滴系数,再除以以分钟计的时间。
  3. 剩余时间:剩余体积除以速率。
  4. 按题目或设备的要求取整。

静脉输液与液体平衡

Holliday–Segar 每小时量
4 mL/kg(前 10 kg)+ 2 mL/kg(次 10 kg)+ 1 mL/kg(20 kg 以上每 kg)
Holliday–Segar 每日量
相同分段分别为 100 / 50 / 20 mL/kg
液体平衡
入量 − 出量
冰屑
按其体积的一半计算
尿量
mL/kg/h = mL / (kg × h)
输注时间
时间 (h) = 剩余体积 (mL) / 速率 (mL/h)
已输入体积
mL = 速率 × 时间

临床评估评分

格拉斯哥昏迷量表
GCS = E (1–4) + V (1–5) + M (1–6) = 3–15
Apgar
5 项体征 × 0–2 = 0–10; 7–10 令人放心, 4–6 中度异常, 0–3 低
Braden 量表
5 × (1–4) + 1 × (1–3) = 6–23; ≤ 18 有风险
Morse 跌倒评分
跌倒 25, 诊断 15, 辅助 15/30, 静脉输液 20, 步态 10/20, 精神状态 15
NEWS2 风险
0–4 低; 单项 3 分为中低; 5–6 中; ≥ 7 高
平均动脉压
MAP = (SBP + 2·DBP)/3 = DBP + PP/3
脉压和休克指数
PP = SBP − DBP, SI = HR/SBP
体质指数
BMI = kg/m² = 703·lb/in²

方法

  1. 找出题目使用的评分表及其范围(GCS 3–15,Apgar 0–10,Braden 6–23,Morse 0–125)。
  2. 分别为每个条目评分,将描述与其对应的等级匹配。
  3. 把各条目得分相加,并检查总分是否在范围内。
  4. 应用分界值:对于 NEWS2,还要查看是否有单项参数得 3 分。
  5. 对于导出的数值,使用 MAP = (SBP + 2·DBP)/3,PP = SBP − DBP,SI = HR/SBP,BMI = kg/m²。

2练习题

1.护理学基础中等

一名意识清醒的糖尿病患者血糖低,且能安全吞咽。第一步是什么?

  1. A给予下一剂胰岛素
  2. B口服快速起效的碳水化合物,并复测血糖
  3. C立即吃一顿丰盛的饭,次日早晨复测血糖
  4. D在医生到来之前什么都不给
2.护理学基础困难

A collapsed patient is unresponsive and making only occasional slow gasps. What should the nurse do?

  1. AGive a sip of water to clear the throat
  2. BTreat it as not breathing normally, call for help and start CPR
  3. CWait to see whether the gasps become regular
  4. DPlace the patient in the recovery position and keep observing them
3.感染控制与患者安全中等

Before a defibrillator shock is delivered, what must the person operating it do?

  1. ACall “all clear” and check that nobody is touching the patient or bed
  2. BKeep the oxygen mask on the patient’s face, held against the chest
  3. CAsk a colleague to hold the paddles in place
  4. DHold the patient’s hand to keep them still
4.感染控制与患者安全困难

一名意识混乱的患者不断拉扯鼻胃管。应首先尝试哪种方法?

  1. A立即使用腕部约束以保护管道
  2. B限制性较小的措施,如重新定向和陪护
  3. C给予镇静剂,让患者整夜安静睡觉
  4. D不咨询团队就拔掉管道
5.优先排序与委派中等

一名护士将测量常规生命体征的任务委派给护理助理,而该患者的血压在过去一小时内一直在下降。未满足委派的哪项正确原则?

  1. A正确的情境
  2. B正确的任务,因为生命体征永远不能委派
  3. C正确的人员
  4. D正确的指示与沟通
6.优先排序与委派困难

A patient is admitted with suspected meningococcal meningitis. Which precautions are needed until treatment has been given for long enough?

  1. AContact precautions only
  2. BStandard precautions only
  3. CDroplet precautions
  4. DAirborne precautions
7.临床护理中等

In suspected sepsis, what should ideally be collected before the first dose of antibiotics, as long as it does not delay treatment?

  1. AA fasting cholesterol level
  2. BA 24-hour urine collection
  3. CBlood cultures
  4. DA stool sample for occult blood
8.临床护理困难

Why are patients with nephrotic syndrome at increased risk of blood clots?

  1. AAnticoagulant proteins are lost in the urine and clotting factors rise
  2. BTheir blood pressure is always very low
  3. CThey lose most of their platelets in the urine every day
  4. DThey lose all their red cells in the urine, which thickens the remaining blood
9.实验室检查值与电解质中等

A urine culture is ordered for a patient with an indwelling urinary catheter. How should the nurse collect the sample?

  1. APour urine from the drainage bag into a sterile cup
  2. BDisconnect the catheter from the tubing and let it drain
  3. CRemove the catheter and culture the catheter tip
  4. DAspirate from the sampling port with a sterile syringe
10.实验室检查值与电解质困难

A patient has fatigue, weight loss, darkening of the skin and low blood pressure. Results: sodium 130 mEq/L, potassium 5.6 mEq/L. Which test pattern would confirm primary adrenal insufficiency (Addison disease)?

  1. AHigh cortisol with a low ACTH
  2. BLow cortisol with a high ACTH
  3. CLow cortisol with a low ACTH
  4. DHigh cortisol with a high ACTH
11.药理学中等

Before starting a TNF-alpha inhibitor such as adalimumab, which test is required?

  1. AA bone density scan
  2. BScreening for latent tuberculosis
  3. CA glucose tolerance test
  4. DAn echocardiogram in every patient
12.药理学困难

零级消除(如常规饮酒量时的酒精)意味着:

  1. A高浓度时消除停止
  2. B单位时间内消除恒定的比例
  3. C无论浓度如何,半衰期保持不变
  4. D单位时间内消除恒定的量
13.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸中等

Which ECG finding is typical of atrial flutter?

  1. AA chaotic baseline with no clear P waves and irregular QRS
  2. BRegular sawtooth flutter waves between QRS complexes
  3. CP waves with no relationship to the QRS complexes
  4. DWide, bizarre QRS complexes at 180/min
14.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸困难

A patient with severe sepsis becomes increasingly breathless over 24 hours. SpO₂ stays low despite high-flow oxygen, and the chest X-ray shows bilateral infiltrates. The heart function is normal. Which condition is most likely?

  1. AAcute left ventricular failure after an MI
  2. BAcute respiratory distress syndrome
  3. CAn acute asthma attack
  4. DSpontaneous pneumothorax
15.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏中等

服用葡萄糖片十五分钟后,一名患者的血糖从 3.2 升至 5.1 mmol/L。下一餐在两小时后。接下来应怎么做?

  1. A给予作用更持久的碳水化合物点心,如三明治
  2. B再给一次葡萄糖片,使血糖升得更高
  3. C立即给予常规剂量的速效胰岛素
  4. D在稍后供应下一餐前不需要进一步处理
16.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏困难

A patient received IV insulin and glucose for hyperkalaemia an hour ago. What must the nurse monitor over the next few hours?

  1. ASkin, for a drug rash
  2. BUrine colour, for blood in the urine
  3. CPupils, for raised intracranial pressure
  4. DCapillary glucose, for hypoglycaemia
17.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤中等

How should pancreatic enzyme replacement capsules usually be taken?

  1. AOnce a day at bedtime
  2. BWith every meal and snack
  3. COnly on days with abdominal pain
  4. DOne hour after meals, on an empty stomach
18.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤困难

急性胰腺炎最初几小时,通常推荐哪种补液策略?

  1. A以目标为导向的平衡晶体液,根据反应调整
  2. B完全不静脉补液,只喝少量口服水
  3. C无论患者反应如何,都给予非常大量
  4. D单用静脉白蛋白,不用任何晶体液
19.产科护理中等

Which finding is a contraindication to a fetal scalp electrode?

  1. AA cephalic presentation
  2. BMaternal HIV infection
  3. CCervical dilation of 4 cm
  4. DMembranes that have ruptured
20.产科护理困难

开始硬膜外麻醉后不久,一名产妇的血压降至 86/50 mmHg,胎心率下降。护士应首先做什么?

  1. A把床头抬高成高坐位以改善呼吸
  2. B让她在房间里走动
  3. C加快硬膜外输注速度
  4. D让她翻成侧卧位,使子宫离开大血管
21.儿科护理中等

A child has just spilled hot tea on his arm. What is the correct first aid?

  1. ABurst any blisters to let the heat out
  2. BCool the burn under cool running water for about 20 minutes
  3. CHold ice directly on the burn for about an hour to stop the pain
  4. DSpread butter or toothpaste on the burn
22.儿科护理困难

The nurse has taught the parents of a child with epilepsy. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?

  1. A"I'll time the seizure and give the rescue medicine if it lasts too long."
  2. B"I'll put a spoon in his mouth so he doesn't bite or swallow his tongue."
  3. C"I'll move hard objects away and put something soft under his head."
  4. D"When the jerking stops, I'll turn him onto his side."
23.精神科护理中等

A patient lies awake in bed for hours worrying about not sleeping. Which stimulus control advice is correct?

  1. ADo vigorous exercise in the bedroom until tired enough to fall asleep straight away
  2. BStay in bed and watch television or use a phone until sleep finally comes
  3. CLook at the clock often to check how much sleep is being lost
  4. DIf still awake after about 20 minutes, get up, do something calm and return when sleepy
24.精神科护理困难

During a ward community meeting, several patients complain that the ward is too noisy at night. What reflects a therapeutic milieu?

  1. ADiscuss the problem openly and involve patients in finding a solution
  2. BTell the patients that the rules cannot be changed
  3. CEnd the meeting so the complaint is not discussed further
  4. DAsk the patients to write their complaints down and then do nothing
25.护理数学与单位换算中等
158 cm1 in = 2.54 cmh = ? in

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一位患者身高 158 cm。按 1 in = 2.54 cm,求以英寸表示的身高h。取到一位小数。

158 cm1 in = 2.54 cm
h = in
26.护理数学与单位换算困难
1 tbsp · 3/天 · 10 d? × 100 mL1 tbsp = 15 mL

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一张处方写着口服混悬液1 tbsp,每天三次,共 10 天。混悬液每瓶 100 mL。按1 tbsp = 15 mL,必须提供多少整瓶N才能完成疗程?

1 tbsp每天三次10 天100 mL1 tbsp = 15 mL
N =
27.剂量计算中等
18 kg30 mg/kg/天4× 每天D = ? mg

某患者体重 18 kg。医嘱剂量为每天 30 mg/kg,分 4 次等量给药。每次给多少毫克 D?

18 kg30 mg/kg/天4× 每天
D = mg
28.剂量计算困难
00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.911 mL

处方剂量为 0.16 mg。安瓿每 mL 含 500 微克。请用 1 mL 注射器抽取剂量:应给多少体积 V?

0.16 mg500 mcg/mL
V = mL
29.静脉输液速度中等
V = ?15 gtt/mL30 gtt/min8 h

滴注以 30 gtt/min 的速度通过滴系数为 15 gtt/mL 的输液器。患者在 8 小时内接受多少毫升 V?

30 gtt/min15 gtt/mL8 h
V = mL
30.静脉输液速度困难
200 mg250 mL5 mL/h? mcg/min

200 mg 药物溶于 250 mL 的输液以 5 mL/h 运行。患者每分钟接受多少微克 D?

200 mg/250 mL5 mL/h
D = mcg/min
31.静脉输液与液体平衡中等
入量出量8 小时班次果汁200 mL水240 mL汤200 mL冰屑200 mL静脉输液50 mL/h × 8 h静脉抗生素2 × 50 mL尿液225 mL尿液250 mL伤口引流90 mL呕吐物250 mL

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 记录显示了一名患者在一个 8 小时班次中的出入量。静脉输液在整个班次中按所示速率输注。求液体平衡 B = 入量 − 出量,以 mL 计(答案为负表示净丢失)。 冰屑按其体积的一半计。

果汁: 200 mL水: 240 mL汤: 200 mL冰屑: 200 mL静脉输液: 50 mL/h × 8 h静脉抗生素: 2 × 50 mL尿液: 225 mL尿液: 250 mL伤口引流: 90 mL呕吐物: 250 mL
B = mL
32.静脉输液与液体平衡困难
500 mL80 mL/h开始 11:0013:30: ? mL

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一袋 500 mL 的液体于 11:00 开始用输液泵以 80 mL/h 输注。到 13:30 时袋中还剩多少 mL V?

500 mL80 mL/h11:00 → 13:30
V = mL
33.临床评估评分中等
E3 / 4+V3 / 5+M? / 6GCS 10?

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一张练习图表记录了 GCS 10,其中 E3 和 V3。记录的运动评分M是多少,它描述的是哪种反应?请给出数字。

GCS 10E3V3
M =
34.临床评估评分困难
体重过轻健康体重超重肥胖 I 级肥胖 II 级肥胖 III 级

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一名成人体重 98 kg,身高 173 cm。计算 BMI 并点击 WHO 体重分类。

98 kg173 cm
  1. 1体重过轻
  2. 2健康体重
  3. 3超重
  4. 4肥胖 I 级
  5. 5肥胖 II 级
  6. 6肥胖 III 级

3溶液

1.护理学基础

答案: B · 口服快速起效的碳水化合物,并复测血糖

为什么是这个答案

对能吞咽的清醒患者,给予葡萄糖片或果汁等快速起效的葡萄糖,短时间后复测血糖。血糖回升后,再给予作用较持久的碳水化合物。

答案

B · 口服快速起效的碳水化合物,并复测血糖
2.护理学基础

答案: B · Treat it as not breathing normally, call for help and start CPR

为什么是这个答案

Agonal gasps are common in the first minutes after cardiac arrest. They must not be mistaken for breathing; CPR is started and an AED fetched straight away.

答案

B · Treat it as not breathing normally, call for help and start CPR
3.感染控制与患者安全

答案: A · Call “all clear” and check that nobody is touching the patient or bed

为什么是这个答案

Anyone touching the patient or bed could receive the shock. The operator announces “clear” and looks to confirm that nobody is in contact, and oxygen is moved away from the chest.

答案

A · Call “all clear” and check that nobody is touching the patient or bed
4.感染控制与患者安全

答案: B · 限制性较小的措施,如重新定向和陪护

为什么是这个答案

应先尝试限制性较小的措施:重新定向、查找疼痛等原因、把管道固定在看不到的位置,以及安排人员陪伴患者。只有这些措施无效且患者有风险时,才在有医嘱的情况下使用约束或镇静剂。

答案

B · 限制性较小的措施,如重新定向和陪护
5.优先排序与委派

答案: A · 正确的情境

为什么是这个答案

生命体征通常是可委派的,但这名患者不稳定,因此情境不对。病情恶化的患者需要 RN 亲自评估和解读发现。

答案

A · 正确的情境
6.优先排序与委派

答案: C · Droplet precautions

为什么是这个答案

Neisseria meningitidis spreads by respiratory droplets, so a surgical mask is worn within close range. Droplet precautions continue until the patient has received effective antibiotics for about 24 hours.

答案

C · Droplet precautions
7.临床护理

答案: C · Blood cultures

为什么是这个答案

Blood cultures taken before antibiotics are more likely to grow the organism, which allows targeted treatment later. Antibiotics should still be given promptly and must not be delayed.

答案

C · Blood cultures
8.临床护理

答案: A · Anticoagulant proteins are lost in the urine and clotting factors rise

为什么是这个答案

Loss of proteins such as antithrombin in the urine, together with increased hepatic production of clotting factors, creates a hypercoagulable state. Some patients need anticoagulation.

答案

A · Anticoagulant proteins are lost in the urine and clotting factors rise
9.实验室检查值与电解质

答案: D · Aspirate from the sampling port with a sterile syringe

为什么是这个答案

The catheter sampling port is cleaned and urine is aspirated with a sterile syringe, keeping the system closed. Urine in the drainage bag has been standing and can contain bacteria that multiplied there; opening the system raises the risk of infection.

答案

D · Aspirate from the sampling port with a sterile syringe
10.实验室检查值与电解质

答案: B · Low cortisol with a high ACTH

为什么是这个答案

In primary adrenal insufficiency the adrenal glands fail, so cortisol is low and the pituitary responds with high ACTH, which also darkens the skin. Low cortisol with low ACTH suggests a pituitary cause. An ACTH stimulation test confirms the diagnosis.核对依据: Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2023); Cortisol Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)

答案

B · Low cortisol with a high ACTH
11.药理学

答案: B · Screening for latent tuberculosis

为什么是这个答案

TNF inhibitors can reactivate latent TB, so patients are screened with a TB blood test or skin test and chest X-ray. Hepatitis B is usually checked as well.

答案

B · Screening for latent tuberculosis
12.药理学

答案: D · 单位时间内消除恒定的量

为什么是这个答案

当代谢酶饱和时,每小时消除固定的量,与浓度无关,因此浓度越高半衰期越长。苯妥英和大剂量阿司匹林也可能如此。

答案

D · 单位时间内消除恒定的量
13.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

答案: B · Regular sawtooth flutter waves between QRS complexes

为什么是这个答案

Atrial flutter is caused by a re-entry circuit in the right atrium, giving regular sawtooth flutter waves, often at about 300/min with 2:1 block (ventricular rate about 150/min). A chaotic baseline with irregular QRS is atrial fibrillation. Like AF, it carries a stroke risk.

答案

B · Regular sawtooth flutter waves between QRS complexes
14.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

答案: B · Acute respiratory distress syndrome

为什么是这个答案

ARDS is acute, non-cardiogenic pulmonary oedema caused by widespread inflammation, triggered by sepsis, pneumonia, trauma or pancreatitis. It causes severe hypoxaemia that responds poorly to oxygen, with bilateral infiltrates not explained by heart failure. Treatment includes lung-protective ventilation and often prone positioning.

答案

B · Acute respiratory distress syndrome
15.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

答案: A · 给予作用更持久的碳水化合物点心,如三明治

为什么是这个答案

一旦血糖高于 4 mmol/L,作用更持久的碳水化合物(或到点的下一餐)可防止复发。应查明并记录低血糖的原因,如果反复发作,应复核治疗方案。

答案

A · 给予作用更持久的碳水化合物点心,如三明治
16.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

答案: D · Capillary glucose, for hypoglycaemia

为什么是这个答案

Hypoglycaemia is a common complication of insulin–glucose treatment and can occur several hours later, especially in kidney failure. Glucose is checked regularly according to protocol, and potassium is rechecked.

答案

D · Capillary glucose, for hypoglycaemia
17.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

答案: B · With every meal and snack

为什么是这个答案

Pancreatic enzymes digest fat, protein and carbohydrate, so they are taken with meals and snacks. The dose is adjusted to reduce steatorrhoea and support weight gain.

答案

B · With every meal and snack
18.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

答案: A · 以目标为导向的平衡晶体液,根据反应调整

为什么是这个答案

胰腺炎使液体丢失到组织中,所以早期静脉补液很重要。最新指南倾向于使用哈特曼液或乳酸林格液等平衡晶体液进行适度、以目标为导向的复苏,并根据心率、血压和尿量调整,因为过于积极的补液只会增加负荷而没有益处。

答案

A · 以目标为导向的平衡晶体液,根据反应调整
19.产科护理

答案: B · Maternal HIV infection

为什么是这个答案

A scalp electrode punctures fetal skin and could transmit blood-borne infections such as HIV, hepatitis B or C and herpes. It needs ruptured membranes, some dilation and an identifiable presenting part.

答案

B · Maternal HIV infection
20.产科护理

答案: D · 让她翻成侧卧位,使子宫离开大血管

为什么是这个答案

侧卧位可解除腹主动脉和下腔静脉受压,改善静脉回流和胎盘血流。然后遵医嘱增加静脉补液,通知麻醉医生或医疗人员,并按处方给予血管加压药。

答案

D · 让她翻成侧卧位,使子宫离开大血管
21.儿科护理

答案: B · Cool the burn under cool running water for about 20 minutes

为什么是这个答案

Cool running water for about 20 minutes, within the first hours, limits burn depth and pain. Ice can cause further tissue damage and hypothermia, butter or toothpaste trap heat and add infection risk, and blisters should be left intact.

答案

B · Cool the burn under cool running water for about 20 minutes
22.儿科护理

答案: B · "I'll put a spoon in his mouth so he doesn't bite or swallow his tongue."

为什么是这个答案

Putting objects in the mouth can break teeth, injure the mouth or block the airway; the tongue cannot be swallowed. Timing the seizure, protecting from injury and placing the child on the side afterwards are correct.

答案

B · "I'll put a spoon in his mouth so he doesn't bite or swallow his tongue."
23.精神科护理

答案: D · If still awake after about 20 minutes, get up, do something calm and return when sleepy

为什么是这个答案

Stimulus control strengthens the bed as a cue for sleep. Getting up when unable to sleep, using the bed only for sleep and intimacy, and keeping a regular wake time are key parts.

答案

D · If still awake after about 20 minutes, get up, do something calm and return when sleepy
24.精神科护理

答案: A · Discuss the problem openly and involve patients in finding a solution

为什么是这个答案

In a therapeutic milieu, the ward environment itself is used for treatment. Shared decision-making in community meetings builds responsibility, social skills and trust.

答案

A · Discuss the problem openly and involve patients in finding a solution
25.护理数学与单位换算

答案: h = 62.2 in

家用计量和体重:护理考试使用取整的等量关系:1 茶匙(tsp)= 5 mL,1 汤匙(tbsp)= 15 mL = 3 tsp,1 液量盎司(fl oz)= 30 mL = 2 tbsp,1 杯 = 8 fl oz = 240 mL。体重方面,1 kg = 2.2 lb,1 lb = 16 oz;长度方面,1 英寸 = 2.54 cm。设置换算时,要让你不需要的单位相互约去。

厘米换算为英寸

h = 158/2.54 = 62.2 in

答案

h = 62.2 in
26.护理数学与单位换算

答案: N = 5

量纲分析:先写出已知量,再乘以写成分数形式的换算系数(例如 60 min/1 h 或 1 mg/1000 mcg),使每个不需要的单位在分子和分母各出现一次并相互约去。只剩下所求单位时再计算。使用题目给出的等量关系,只对最终答案取整。

总体积

15 mL × 3 × 10 = 450 mL

瓶数

450/100 = 4.5 → N = 5

答案

N = 5
27.剂量计算

答案: D = 135 mg

剂量计算:给药量等于医嘱剂量除以现有药物的规格,再乘以该规格对应的量:给药量 = (医嘱剂量/储备规格) × 储备体积。始终统一单位(先把 g 换成 mg,mg 换成 mcg),并检查答案是否合理。

每日总量

30·18 = 540 mg

每次剂量

D = 540/4 = 135 mg

答案

D = 135 mg
28.剂量计算

答案: V = 0.32 mL

抽取剂量:体积 = (处方剂量/药物浓度) × 药物体积。先换算成相同的单位,再检查该体积是否适合注射器,并落在它的某一个刻度上。

单位相同

0.16 mg = 160 mcg

体积

V = 160/500 = 0.32 mL

答案

V = 0.32 mL
29.静脉输液速度

答案: V = 960 mL

Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.

速度(mL/h)

30·60/15 = 120 mL/h

体积

V = 120·8 = 960 mL

答案

V = 960 mL
30.静脉输液速度

答案: D = 66.67 mcg/min

Dose-based infusions: concentration = amount of drug in the bag/bag volume. Pump rate (mL/h) = dose per hour/concentration, and dose per hour = mL/h × concentration. Convert per-minute doses to per-hour (× 60) and keep the mass units the same (1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg).

浓度

200000 mcg/250 mL = 800 mcg/mL

每小时剂量

5·800 = 4000 mcg/h

每分钟剂量

D = 4000/60 = 66.67 mcg/min

答案

D = 66.67 mcg/min
31.静脉输液与液体平衡

答案: B = 425 mL

出入量:入量计入所有进入体内的液体(口服液体、静脉输液、静脉用药及冲管液、管饲);冰屑按其体积的一半计。出量计入尿液、引流液、呕吐物和其他丢失。平衡 = 总入量 − 总出量;平衡为负表示净丢失。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。

总入量

口服: 200 + 240 + 200 = 640 mL
冰屑: 200/2 = 100 mL
静脉输液: 50·8 = 400 mL
静脉抗生素: 2·50 = 100 mL
总入量 = 1240 mL

总出量

225 + 250 + 90 + 250 = 815 mL

平衡

B = 1240 − 815 = 425 mL

答案

B = 425 mL

为正:摄入的液体多于排出的液体。

32.静脉输液与液体平衡

答案: V = 300 mL

输液时间:时间 (h) = 待输体积 (mL)/速率 (mL/h);使用袋中剩余的体积,而不是袋的容量。已输入体积 = 速率 × 时间。把小数小时换算为小时和分钟时,用小数部分 × 60(0.5 h = 30 min,而不是 50 min)。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。

经过的时间

11:00 → 13:30 = 2.5 h

已输入体积

80·2.5 = 200 mL

剩余体积

V = 500 − 200 = 300 mL

答案

V = 300 mL
33.临床评估评分

答案: M = 4

格拉斯哥昏迷量表:把三个方面的最佳反应相加。睁眼 E:4 自发,3 对声音或言语,2 对压迫,1 无。言语 V:5 定向正常,4 意识模糊,3 用词不恰当,2 发出无法理解的声音,1 无。运动 M:6 遵嘱动作,5 定位,4 正常屈曲(回缩),3 异常屈曲,2 伸展,1 无。总分为 3 至 15。头部损伤后,13–15 通常称为轻度,9–12 为中度,3–8 为重度。

运动评分

M = 10 − 3 − 3 = 4
M4: 把肢体从压迫处缩回(正常屈曲)

答案

M = 4
34.临床评估评分

答案: 肥胖 I 级

体质指数:BMI = 体重(kg)/身高(m)²,身高要先换算为米。使用磅和英寸时,BMI = 703 × 体重(lb)/身高(in)²。WHO 成人分类:低于 18.5 为体重过轻,18.5–24.9 为健康体重,25.0–29.9 为超重,30.0–34.9 为肥胖 I 级,35.0–39.9 为肥胖 II 级,40 及以上为肥胖 III 级。

BMI

BMI = 98/1.73² = 32.74

分类

肥胖 I 级

答案

肥胖 I 级

本内容为独立练习材料。ExamProblems 与该考试的主办机构没有隶属关系,也未获其认可,考试名称仅用于描述内容。 NCLEX®, NCLEX-RN® and NCLEX-PN® 是 the National Council of State Boards of Nursing, Inc. (NCSBN) 的商标,该机构与 ExamProblems 无关,不为其背书,也不保证其准确性。

ExamProblems · examproblems.com/courses/nclex-pn-practice-questions