感染控制与患者安全
方法
- 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
- 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
- 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
- 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
- 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 34 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
一名意识清醒的糖尿病患者血糖低,且能安全吞咽。第一步是什么?
A collapsed patient is unresponsive and making only occasional slow gasps. What should the nurse do?
Before a defibrillator shock is delivered, what must the person operating it do?
一名意识混乱的患者不断拉扯鼻胃管。应首先尝试哪种方法?
一名护士将测量常规生命体征的任务委派给护理助理,而该患者的血压在过去一小时内一直在下降。未满足委派的哪项正确原则?
A patient is admitted with suspected meningococcal meningitis. Which precautions are needed until treatment has been given for long enough?
In suspected sepsis, what should ideally be collected before the first dose of antibiotics, as long as it does not delay treatment?
Why are patients with nephrotic syndrome at increased risk of blood clots?
A urine culture is ordered for a patient with an indwelling urinary catheter. How should the nurse collect the sample?
A patient has fatigue, weight loss, darkening of the skin and low blood pressure. Results: sodium 130 mEq/L, potassium 5.6 mEq/L. Which test pattern would confirm primary adrenal insufficiency (Addison disease)?
Before starting a TNF-alpha inhibitor such as adalimumab, which test is required?
零级消除(如常规饮酒量时的酒精)意味着:
Which ECG finding is typical of atrial flutter?
A patient with severe sepsis becomes increasingly breathless over 24 hours. SpO₂ stays low despite high-flow oxygen, and the chest X-ray shows bilateral infiltrates. The heart function is normal. Which condition is most likely?
服用葡萄糖片十五分钟后,一名患者的血糖从 3.2 升至 5.1 mmol/L。下一餐在两小时后。接下来应怎么做?
A patient received IV insulin and glucose for hyperkalaemia an hour ago. What must the nurse monitor over the next few hours?
How should pancreatic enzyme replacement capsules usually be taken?
急性胰腺炎最初几小时,通常推荐哪种补液策略?
Which finding is a contraindication to a fetal scalp electrode?
开始硬膜外麻醉后不久,一名产妇的血压降至 86/50 mmHg,胎心率下降。护士应首先做什么?
A child has just spilled hot tea on his arm. What is the correct first aid?
The nurse has taught the parents of a child with epilepsy. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
A patient lies awake in bed for hours worrying about not sleeping. Which stimulus control advice is correct?
During a ward community meeting, several patients complain that the ward is too noisy at night. What reflects a therapeutic milieu?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一位患者身高 158 cm。按 1 in = 2.54 cm,求以英寸表示的身高h。取到一位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一张处方写着口服混悬液1 tbsp,每天三次,共 10 天。混悬液每瓶 100 mL。按1 tbsp = 15 mL,必须提供多少整瓶N才能完成疗程?
某患者体重 18 kg。医嘱剂量为每天 30 mg/kg,分 4 次等量给药。每次给多少毫克 D?
处方剂量为 0.16 mg。安瓿每 mL 含 500 微克。请用 1 mL 注射器抽取剂量:应给多少体积 V?
滴注以 30 gtt/min 的速度通过滴系数为 15 gtt/mL 的输液器。患者在 8 小时内接受多少毫升 V?
200 mg 药物溶于 250 mL 的输液以 5 mL/h 运行。患者每分钟接受多少微克 D?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 记录显示了一名患者在一个 8 小时班次中的出入量。静脉输液在整个班次中按所示速率输注。求液体平衡 B = 入量 − 出量,以 mL 计(答案为负表示净丢失)。 冰屑按其体积的一半计。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一袋 500 mL 的液体于 11:00 开始用输液泵以 80 mL/h 输注。到 13:30 时袋中还剩多少 mL V?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一张练习图表记录了 GCS 10,其中 E3 和 V3。记录的运动评分M是多少,它描述的是哪种反应?请给出数字。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一名成人体重 98 kg,身高 173 cm。计算 BMI 并点击 WHO 体重分类。
答案: B · 口服快速起效的碳水化合物,并复测血糖
对能吞咽的清醒患者,给予葡萄糖片或果汁等快速起效的葡萄糖,短时间后复测血糖。血糖回升后,再给予作用较持久的碳水化合物。
答案: B · Treat it as not breathing normally, call for help and start CPR
Agonal gasps are common in the first minutes after cardiac arrest. They must not be mistaken for breathing; CPR is started and an AED fetched straight away.
答案: A · Call “all clear” and check that nobody is touching the patient or bed
Anyone touching the patient or bed could receive the shock. The operator announces “clear” and looks to confirm that nobody is in contact, and oxygen is moved away from the chest.
答案: B · 限制性较小的措施,如重新定向和陪护
应先尝试限制性较小的措施:重新定向、查找疼痛等原因、把管道固定在看不到的位置,以及安排人员陪伴患者。只有这些措施无效且患者有风险时,才在有医嘱的情况下使用约束或镇静剂。
答案: A · 正确的情境
生命体征通常是可委派的,但这名患者不稳定,因此情境不对。病情恶化的患者需要 RN 亲自评估和解读发现。
答案: C · Droplet precautions
Neisseria meningitidis spreads by respiratory droplets, so a surgical mask is worn within close range. Droplet precautions continue until the patient has received effective antibiotics for about 24 hours.
答案: C · Blood cultures
Blood cultures taken before antibiotics are more likely to grow the organism, which allows targeted treatment later. Antibiotics should still be given promptly and must not be delayed.
答案: A · Anticoagulant proteins are lost in the urine and clotting factors rise
Loss of proteins such as antithrombin in the urine, together with increased hepatic production of clotting factors, creates a hypercoagulable state. Some patients need anticoagulation.
答案: D · Aspirate from the sampling port with a sterile syringe
The catheter sampling port is cleaned and urine is aspirated with a sterile syringe, keeping the system closed. Urine in the drainage bag has been standing and can contain bacteria that multiplied there; opening the system raises the risk of infection.
答案: B · Low cortisol with a high ACTH
In primary adrenal insufficiency the adrenal glands fail, so cortisol is low and the pituitary responds with high ACTH, which also darkens the skin. Low cortisol with low ACTH suggests a pituitary cause. An ACTH stimulation test confirms the diagnosis.核对依据: Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2023); Cortisol Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)
答案: B · Screening for latent tuberculosis
TNF inhibitors can reactivate latent TB, so patients are screened with a TB blood test or skin test and chest X-ray. Hepatitis B is usually checked as well.
答案: D · 单位时间内消除恒定的量
当代谢酶饱和时,每小时消除固定的量,与浓度无关,因此浓度越高半衰期越长。苯妥英和大剂量阿司匹林也可能如此。
答案: B · Regular sawtooth flutter waves between QRS complexes
Atrial flutter is caused by a re-entry circuit in the right atrium, giving regular sawtooth flutter waves, often at about 300/min with 2:1 block (ventricular rate about 150/min). A chaotic baseline with irregular QRS is atrial fibrillation. Like AF, it carries a stroke risk.
答案: B · Acute respiratory distress syndrome
ARDS is acute, non-cardiogenic pulmonary oedema caused by widespread inflammation, triggered by sepsis, pneumonia, trauma or pancreatitis. It causes severe hypoxaemia that responds poorly to oxygen, with bilateral infiltrates not explained by heart failure. Treatment includes lung-protective ventilation and often prone positioning.
答案: A · 给予作用更持久的碳水化合物点心,如三明治
一旦血糖高于 4 mmol/L,作用更持久的碳水化合物(或到点的下一餐)可防止复发。应查明并记录低血糖的原因,如果反复发作,应复核治疗方案。
答案: D · Capillary glucose, for hypoglycaemia
Hypoglycaemia is a common complication of insulin–glucose treatment and can occur several hours later, especially in kidney failure. Glucose is checked regularly according to protocol, and potassium is rechecked.
答案: B · With every meal and snack
Pancreatic enzymes digest fat, protein and carbohydrate, so they are taken with meals and snacks. The dose is adjusted to reduce steatorrhoea and support weight gain.
答案: A · 以目标为导向的平衡晶体液,根据反应调整
胰腺炎使液体丢失到组织中,所以早期静脉补液很重要。最新指南倾向于使用哈特曼液或乳酸林格液等平衡晶体液进行适度、以目标为导向的复苏,并根据心率、血压和尿量调整,因为过于积极的补液只会增加负荷而没有益处。
答案: B · Maternal HIV infection
A scalp electrode punctures fetal skin and could transmit blood-borne infections such as HIV, hepatitis B or C and herpes. It needs ruptured membranes, some dilation and an identifiable presenting part.
答案: D · 让她翻成侧卧位,使子宫离开大血管
侧卧位可解除腹主动脉和下腔静脉受压,改善静脉回流和胎盘血流。然后遵医嘱增加静脉补液,通知麻醉医生或医疗人员,并按处方给予血管加压药。
答案: B · Cool the burn under cool running water for about 20 minutes
Cool running water for about 20 minutes, within the first hours, limits burn depth and pain. Ice can cause further tissue damage and hypothermia, butter or toothpaste trap heat and add infection risk, and blisters should be left intact.
答案: B · "I'll put a spoon in his mouth so he doesn't bite or swallow his tongue."
Putting objects in the mouth can break teeth, injure the mouth or block the airway; the tongue cannot be swallowed. Timing the seizure, protecting from injury and placing the child on the side afterwards are correct.
答案: D · If still awake after about 20 minutes, get up, do something calm and return when sleepy
Stimulus control strengthens the bed as a cue for sleep. Getting up when unable to sleep, using the bed only for sleep and intimacy, and keeping a regular wake time are key parts.
答案: A · Discuss the problem openly and involve patients in finding a solution
In a therapeutic milieu, the ward environment itself is used for treatment. Shared decision-making in community meetings builds responsibility, social skills and trust.
答案: h = 62.2 in
家用计量和体重:护理考试使用取整的等量关系:1 茶匙(tsp)= 5 mL,1 汤匙(tbsp)= 15 mL = 3 tsp,1 液量盎司(fl oz)= 30 mL = 2 tbsp,1 杯 = 8 fl oz = 240 mL。体重方面,1 kg = 2.2 lb,1 lb = 16 oz;长度方面,1 英寸 = 2.54 cm。设置换算时,要让你不需要的单位相互约去。
答案: N = 5
量纲分析:先写出已知量,再乘以写成分数形式的换算系数(例如 60 min/1 h 或 1 mg/1000 mcg),使每个不需要的单位在分子和分母各出现一次并相互约去。只剩下所求单位时再计算。使用题目给出的等量关系,只对最终答案取整。
答案: D = 135 mg
剂量计算:给药量等于医嘱剂量除以现有药物的规格,再乘以该规格对应的量:给药量 = (医嘱剂量/储备规格) × 储备体积。始终统一单位(先把 g 换成 mg,mg 换成 mcg),并检查答案是否合理。
答案: V = 0.32 mL
抽取剂量:体积 = (处方剂量/药物浓度) × 药物体积。先换算成相同的单位,再检查该体积是否适合注射器,并落在它的某一个刻度上。
答案: V = 960 mL
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
答案: D = 66.67 mcg/min
Dose-based infusions: concentration = amount of drug in the bag/bag volume. Pump rate (mL/h) = dose per hour/concentration, and dose per hour = mL/h × concentration. Convert per-minute doses to per-hour (× 60) and keep the mass units the same (1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg).
答案: B = 425 mL
出入量:入量计入所有进入体内的液体(口服液体、静脉输液、静脉用药及冲管液、管饲);冰屑按其体积的一半计。出量计入尿液、引流液、呕吐物和其他丢失。平衡 = 总入量 − 总出量;平衡为负表示净丢失。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
为正:摄入的液体多于排出的液体。
答案: V = 300 mL
输液时间:时间 (h) = 待输体积 (mL)/速率 (mL/h);使用袋中剩余的体积,而不是袋的容量。已输入体积 = 速率 × 时间。把小数小时换算为小时和分钟时,用小数部分 × 60(0.5 h = 30 min,而不是 50 min)。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
答案: M = 4
格拉斯哥昏迷量表:把三个方面的最佳反应相加。睁眼 E:4 自发,3 对声音或言语,2 对压迫,1 无。言语 V:5 定向正常,4 意识模糊,3 用词不恰当,2 发出无法理解的声音,1 无。运动 M:6 遵嘱动作,5 定位,4 正常屈曲(回缩),3 异常屈曲,2 伸展,1 无。总分为 3 至 15。头部损伤后,13–15 通常称为轻度,9–12 为中度,3–8 为重度。
答案: 肥胖 I 级
体质指数:BMI = 体重(kg)/身高(m)²,身高要先换算为米。使用磅和英寸时,BMI = 703 × 体重(lb)/身高(in)²。WHO 成人分类:低于 18.5 为体重过轻,18.5–24.9 为健康体重,25.0–29.9 为超重,30.0–34.9 为肥胖 I 级,35.0–39.9 为肥胖 II 级,40 及以上为肥胖 III 级。
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