感染控制与患者安全
方法
- 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
- 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
- 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
- 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
- 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 34 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
A bedbound patient who has not opened their bowels for a week now has liquid stool leaking constantly. What should the nurse suspect?
Which statement about the use of physical restraint is correct?
A patient wants to use their own electric hair dryer in the hospital. What is correct?
护士在护理一名采取接触传播预防的患者时,发现隔离衣袖子上有裂口。护士应怎么做?
使用急诊严重程度指数,哪位患者被评为最高紧急程度?
一名护士正在护理四位患者。可以安全地将谁分配给护理助理进行常规护理?
甲状腺手术后,一名患者口周麻刺感并有肌肉痉挛。应怀疑哪种电解质问题?
交接班开始时,病房护士应首先评估哪位患者?
Which instruction is correct for a patient taking an oral potassium chloride supplement?
A patient has a hematocrit of 60% and a raised red cell mass. Which result suggests polycythemia vera rather than secondary polycythemia from chronic hypoxia?
How does sucralfate help a peptic ulcer heal?
A patient receiving cisplatin is given large volumes of IV fluid before and after each dose. What is the main purpose?
Which investigation is usually used to confirm a deep vein thrombosis in the leg?
A frightened young woman is breathing fast and has tingling fingers. Her blood gas shows pH 7.50 and a low PaCO₂. SpO₂ is 99% on air. What does this show?
A patient has Cushing's syndrome. Which nursing assessment is especially important?
After removal of a cortisol-producing adrenal adenoma, why may the patient need hydrocortisone for months?
为什么缓释或肠溶片对回肠造口患者可能效果不佳?
An 80-year-old has a fluid balance 3 L positive two days after surgery. They are now breathless, with crackles at both lung bases and swollen ankles. What should the nurse do?
Which finding on day 4 after a caesarean suggests a wound infection?
A woman in active labour has been at 6 cm for 4 hours despite regular contractions. Which factor among the "5 Ps" should the nurse consider first?
When is airway clearance (chest physiotherapy) best done for a child with cystic fibrosis?
The parents of a child who is being resuscitated ask to stay in the room. What is the best response?
How should a patient take sublingual buprenorphine-naloxone tablets?
一名患者说那些声音在告诉他去伤害他的室友。护士应首先做什么?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一名新生儿体重 8 lb 12 oz。按 1 lb = 16 oz 和 1 kg = 2.2 lb,求以千克表示的体重m。取到两位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一次输注从 18:50 开始,到次日早晨 05:45 结束(24 小时制)。它运行了多少分钟t?
某患者体重 18 kg。医嘱剂量为每天 30 mg/kg,分 3 次等量给药。每次给多少毫克 D?
你需要用 50%(w/v)储备液配制 1000 mL 0.5%(w/v)溶液。 你需要多少容量的储备液 V₁?
滴注以 100 gtt/min 的速度通过滴系数为 60 gtt/mL 的输液器。患者在 6 小时内接受多少毫升 V?
50 mg 药物溶于 500 mL 的输液以 15 mL/h 运行。患者每分钟接受多少微克 D?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 记录显示了一名患者在一个 8 小时班次中的出入量。患者体重 49 kg。求平均尿量 U,以 mL/kg/h 计。 保留两位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一袋 1000 mL 的液体用输液泵以 120 mL/h 输注。到 15:00 时已输入 600 mL。还要多少小时 t 袋子才会输完? 保留一位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一张练习图表记录了 GCS 14,其中 E4 和 V5。记录的运动评分M是多少,它描述的是哪种反应?请给出数字。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一名成人体重 114 kg,身高 156 cm。计算 BMI 并点击 WHO 体重分类。
答案: C · Faecal impaction with overflow
Overflow happens when liquid stool seeps around impacted hard faeces. Giving antidiarrhoeal drugs would make it worse; the nurse reports it for assessment and treatment.
答案: D · It is a last resort, uses the least restrictive option and needs regular checks
Restraint carries risks such as injury, distress and pressure damage. It is used only when alternatives have failed, in the least restrictive form, for the shortest time, with monitoring and documentation.
答案: D · It is checked for electrical safety according to hospital policy before use
Electrical items from home can be faulty and cause shocks or fires. Policies usually require them to be inspected before use, and extension cords near patients are avoided.
答案: C · 远离患者,在门口安全脱下个人防护装备,清洁双手后重新穿隔离衣
破损的个人防护装备会使皮肤和衣物受到污染。在安全时,护士应远离患者,在门口或缓冲间按正确顺序脱下个人防护装备,清洁双手并穿戴新的防护装备。
答案: D · 无反应、喘息样不规则呼吸的患者
无反应且有濒死呼吸的患者需要立即的气道和呼吸支持,这是 ESI 1 级。生命体征正常的胸痛属于高危(2 级),其他则是较低级别。
答案: A · 卒中后五天、需要协助洗澡且生命体征稳定的患者
需要日常生活活动协助的稳定患者适合由助理提供常规护理。新置入的胸腔引流管、有症状的低血糖和首次术后评估需要持证护士。
答案: A · 低钙血症
甲状旁腺损伤会使血钙降低,引起口周麻刺感、手足搐搦以及 Chvostek 征或 Trousseau 征阳性。
答案: C · 新出现意识混乱、呼吸频率 28 次/分的患者
新出现的意识混乱伴呼吸急促提示急性病情恶化,例如脓毒症或缺氧。病情稳定的慢性问题患者可以稍后处理。
答案: C · Take it with food and a full glass of water, and do not crush extended-release tablets
Oral potassium can irritate the esophagus and stomach, so it is taken with food and plenty of fluid, and extended-release forms are swallowed whole. Most salt substitutes contain potassium chloride and can add to the risk of hyperkalemia.核对依据: Potassium (drug information) · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)
答案: C · A low erythropoietin level
In polycythemia vera, a marrow mutation (usually JAK2) drives red cell production, so erythropoietin is low. In secondary polycythemia from hypoxia (COPD, high altitude, smoking), erythropoietin is high. Often white cells and platelets are also raised in polycythemia vera.核对依据: Erythropoietin test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025); Polycythemia vera · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答案: C · It forms a protective coating over the ulcer base
Sucralfate forms a gel-like barrier that sticks to the ulcer and protects it from acid and pepsin. It is taken on an empty stomach and can reduce the absorption of other drugs taken at the same time.
答案: C · To reduce kidney damage
Cisplatin is nephrotoxic, and hydration helps protect the kidneys. It also causes ototoxicity, peripheral neuropathy, severe nausea and low magnesium.
答案: D · Compression duplex ultrasound
Compression ultrasound shows whether a deep vein is compressible and whether flow is normal; a vein containing clot does not compress. A low clinical probability with a negative D-dimer can rule out DVT without imaging.
答案: D · Respiratory alkalosis from hyperventilation
Hyperventilation blows off CO₂, causing respiratory alkalosis. The alkalosis lowers ionised calcium, causing tingling and carpopedal spasm. Normal oxygen saturation is reassuring, but organic causes such as PE, asthma or diabetic ketoacidosis must still be excluded.
答案: B · Regular blood glucose checks
Cortisol raises blood glucose, so hyperglycaemia and diabetes are common. Hypertension, hypokalaemia, infection and fragile skin are other problems to watch for.
答案: C · The other adrenal gland has been suppressed
Excess cortisol from the adenoma suppressed ACTH, so the remaining adrenal gland is shrunken and underactive. Steroid replacement is needed until it recovers, which can take months. Stopping too early risks adrenal crisis.
答案: A · 转运快,药物可能在释放前就已排出
没有结肠,肠道转运更快,因此缓释或包衣制剂可能吸收不良。造口袋中可能出现药片残渣。药师可以建议替代剂型。
答案: A · Stop the IV fluids, sit the patient up and escalate
Older patients and those with heart or kidney disease can develop fluid overload. The nurse stops fluids, sits the patient up, gives oxygen if needed and asks for medical review, often for diuretics.
答案: B · Redness, warmth and discharge
Redness spreading from the incision, warmth, swelling, purulent discharge, gaping edges and fever suggest infection. Numbness near the scar is common and not a sign of infection.
答案: B · The passenger: fetal size, position or presentation
When contractions are adequate but labour stalls, causes include a malpositioned or large fetus (passenger) or a narrow pelvis (passageway). Position changes, hydration and support of the psyche can also help progress.
答案: B · Before meals, or well after eating
Airway clearance is done regularly, usually once or twice a day, and timed before meals or at least an hour after eating to avoid vomiting. It is part of daily care, not only when the child is unwell.
答案: D · Allow them to stay if they wish, with a staff member to support and explain
Many families want to be present, and guidelines support offering this with a dedicated staff member to explain and support them. Family presence can help with grief and does not generally interfere with resuscitation.
答案: A · Let the tablet dissolve completely under the tongue without chewing or swallowing it
Buprenorphine is poorly absorbed if swallowed, so it is dissolved under the tongue. Naloxone is added to discourage injection, because it is poorly absorbed sublingually but active if injected.
答案: D · 进一步询问声音说了什么,以及他是否觉得必须服从,并确保他人的安全
命令性幻听要求伤害他人,需要立即评估内容、意图和抵抗能力。护士应保证每个人的安全,告知团队并记录风险。
答案: m = 3.98 kg
家用计量和体重:护理考试使用取整的等量关系:1 茶匙(tsp)= 5 mL,1 汤匙(tbsp)= 15 mL = 3 tsp,1 液量盎司(fl oz)= 30 mL = 2 tbsp,1 杯 = 8 fl oz = 240 mL。体重方面,1 kg = 2.2 lb,1 lb = 16 oz;长度方面,1 英寸 = 2.54 cm。设置换算时,要让你不需要的单位相互约去。
答案: t = 655 min
24 小时制:下午 1 点起,小时数加 12(下午 3:45 = 15:45)。午夜到凌晨 12:59 为 00:00–00:59,中午 12:00–12:59 仍为 12:00–12:59。反过来换算时,13–23 点减 12 并标为下午;00 点变为凌晨 12 点。跨午夜计算时间要分两段:先算到 24:00(00:00),再从 00:00 算起。
答案: D = 180 mg
剂量计算:给药量等于医嘱剂量除以现有药物的规格,再乘以该规格对应的量:给药量 = (医嘱剂量/储备规格) × 储备体积。始终统一单位(先把 g 换成 mg,mg 换成 mcg),并检查答案是否合理。
答案: V₁ = 10 mL
Solution strengths: a percentage strength is grams per 100 mL, so 1% = 1 g/100 mL = 10 mg/mL. A ratio strength 1:1000 means 1 g in 1000 mL = 1 mg/mL; 1:10 000 is 0.1 mg/mL. For a dilution the amount of drug stays the same: C₁·V₁ = C₂·V₂.
答案: V = 600 mL
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
答案: D = 25 mcg/min
Dose-based infusions: concentration = amount of drug in the bag/bag volume. Pump rate (mL/h) = dose per hour/concentration, and dose per hour = mL/h × concentration. Convert per-minute doses to per-hour (× 60) and keep the mass units the same (1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg).
答案: U = 3.13 mL/kg/h
出入量:入量计入所有进入体内的液体(口服液体、静脉输液、静脉用药及冲管液、管饲);冰屑按其体积的一半计。出量计入尿液、引流液、呕吐物和其他丢失。平衡 = 总入量 − 总出量;平衡为负表示净丢失。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
答案: t = 3.3 h
输液时间:时间 (h) = 待输体积 (mL)/速率 (mL/h);使用袋中剩余的体积,而不是袋的容量。已输入体积 = 速率 × 时间。把小数小时换算为小时和分钟时,用小数部分 × 60(0.5 h = 30 min,而不是 50 min)。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
约为 3 h 20 min,所以袋子大约在 18:20 输完。
答案: M = 5
格拉斯哥昏迷量表:把三个方面的最佳反应相加。睁眼 E:4 自发,3 对声音或言语,2 对压迫,1 无。言语 V:5 定向正常,4 意识模糊,3 用词不恰当,2 发出无法理解的声音,1 无。运动 M:6 遵嘱动作,5 定位,4 正常屈曲(回缩),3 异常屈曲,2 伸展,1 无。总分为 3 至 15。头部损伤后,13–15 通常称为轻度,9–12 为中度,3–8 为重度。
答案: 肥胖 III 级
体质指数:BMI = 体重(kg)/身高(m)²,身高要先换算为米。使用磅和英寸时,BMI = 703 × 体重(lb)/身高(in)²。WHO 成人分类:低于 18.5 为体重过轻,18.5–24.9 为健康体重,25.0–29.9 为超重,30.0–34.9 为肥胖 I 级,35.0–39.9 为肥胖 II 级,40 及以上为肥胖 III 级。
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