感染控制与患者安全
方法
- 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
- 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
- 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
- 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
- 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 34 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
Why is nail varnish or false nails often removed before surgery?
Which task should a registered nurse not delegate to a healthcare assistant (nursing assistant)?
An alcohol-based skin prep has been used before surgery with electrosurgery. What must happen before the drapes are placed?
A flexible bronchoscope contacts mucous membranes but does not enter sterile tissue. Which level of processing is required at a minimum between patients?
Five days after starting heparin, a patient’s platelet count has fallen by more than half. What should the nurse suspect?
将哪项分配给 LPN/LVN 最恰当?
哪种电解质紊乱对心律最危险?
An acutely ill patient without COPD is on 15 L/min oxygen, and their SpO2 is now 100% and stable. What should be done?
After surgery for colon cancer, a patient's CEA had fallen to normal, but it has been rising over the last two checks. What does this most likely suggest?
A patient without symptoms has a TSH of 7.5 mIU/L on two occasions with a normal free T4. Which term fits best?
Methylergometrine (methylergonovine) is prescribed for postpartum bleeding. Which finding would make the nurse withhold it and check with the prescriber?
治疗类风湿关节炎的甲氨蝶呤每周服用一次。一名患者误将同样剂量每天服用。主要危险是什么?
Why is a non-selective beta-blocker such as propranolol usually avoided in a patient with asthma?
一名胸痛患者的 II、III 和 aVF 导联 ST 段抬高。血压 86/54 mmHg,肺部清晰,颈静脉怒张。护士应对哪种处方药提出疑问?
Which nursing care is most important for a patient with diabetes insipidus?
卒中阿替普酶输注期间,患者出现剧烈头痛、呕吐和 GCS 下降。护士首先应做什么?
A patient had an upper GI endoscopy with a local anaesthetic throat spray. What must the nurse check before giving a drink?
A patient with suspected appendicitis says the pain suddenly eased, but an hour later has a temperature of 38.9 °C, a rigid abdomen and a pulse of 118/min. What does this suggest?
Why is it important to do newborn bloodspot screening at the recommended time rather than in the first hours?
A newborn male has a urethral opening on the underside of the penis. What should the nurse tell the parents?
A parent asks how to care for a child with mild croup at home. Which advice is correct?
一名 2 岁儿童因高热发生强直–阵挛性惊厥。护士应首先做什么?
What is the PHQ-9 used for?
A patient who is detained under mental health legislation refuses his prescribed oral antipsychotic. What is the correct general principle?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一个剂量记录在 23:00(24 小时制)。哪个条目是 12 小时制中的同一时间?点击它。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一次输注从 17:05 开始,到次日早晨 08:00 结束(24 小时制)。它运行了多少分钟t?
某患者体重 70 kg。医嘱剂量为每天 20 mg/kg,分 2 次等量给药。每次给多少毫克 D?
一袋输液在 250 mL 中含 40000 单位药物。医嘱为每小时 1500 单位。泵速 R 应设为多少 mL/h?
医嘱要求在 10 小时内输入 500 mL。4 小时后你发现袋中还剩 350 mL,而输液仍须按时完成。 必须把泵重新设定为多少 mL/h 的速率 R?
一袋液体在 250 mL 中含药 500 mg,以 8 mL/h 的速度输注。患者每小时获得多少毫克 D?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 记录显示了一名患者在一个 8 小时班次中的出入量。患者体重 82 kg。求平均尿量 U,以 mL/kg/h 计。 保留两位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一袋 500 mL 的液体用输液泵以 120 mL/h 输注。到 16:30 时已输入 250 mL。还要多少小时 t 袋子才会输完? 保留一位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一位患者的脉搏为 78 次/分,血压为 150/83 mmHg。求休克指数SI = HR/SBP。取到两位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 团队的目标是平均动脉压至少为 60 mmHg。一位患者的收缩压为 86 mmHg。使用 MAP = (SBP + 2·DBP)/3,仍能使 MAP 达到 60 mmHg 的最低舒张压DBP是多少?
答案: A · They can affect pulse oximetry and checking skin colour
Dark varnish or false nails can block the oximeter's light and hide nail-bed colour. Clear access to the nails helps monitor oxygenation and circulation.
答案: D · Assessing a patient who reports new chest pain
New symptoms in a patient need registered nurse assessment and decision-making. Routine, predictable tasks with stable patients can be delegated with clear instructions.
答案: D · The prep must be fully dry and any pooled liquid removed
Wet alcohol prep and its vapors under drapes can be ignited by electrosurgery or lasers. The prep is allowed to dry fully, and pooling in skin folds or linen is prevented.
答案: A · High-level disinfection
Items that touch mucous membranes or non-intact skin are semi-critical and need at least high-level disinfection after thorough cleaning. Inadequate reprocessing of endoscopes has caused outbreaks.
答案: B · Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia usually appears 5–10 days after starting heparin, with a large fall in platelets and a risk of clotting. The nurse reports at once so heparin can be stopped.
答案: C · 一名病情稳定的 COPD 患者,需要定时雾化支气管扩张剂和口服药物
病情稳定、接受常规治疗的 COPD 患者,其护理是可预测的。刚从 ICU 转来的患者和新开始的静脉控制心率输注需要 RN 评估,而关于新的高警示药物的初次教育属于 RN。
答案: B · 血钾过高或过低
高钾血症和低钾血症都可能引起致命性心律失常。钾绝不能未经稀释快速静脉推注。
答案: D · Reduce the oxygen to keep the SpO2 within the prescribed target range
Oxygen is prescribed to a target range, usually 94–98% for most patients. Once the patient is stable it should be weaned down, as unnecessary hyperoxia has no benefit and can be harmful.
答案: C · Possible recurrence that needs further assessment
CEA is not specific enough for screening, but a rising level after successful treatment can signal recurrence, so imaging and further assessment are usually arranged. Smoking and some benign conditions can also raise CEA.核对依据: CEA Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2026)
答案: C · Subclinical hypothyroidism
A raised TSH with a normal free T4 is subclinical hypothyroidism; the pituitary is working harder to keep T4 normal. Overt hypothyroidism has a low free T4, and subclinical hyperthyroidism has a low TSH.核对依据: TSH (Thyroid-stimulating hormone) Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)
答案: C · Blood pressure of 160/105 mmHg
Ergot alkaloids cause vasoconstriction and can raise blood pressure sharply. They are contraindicated in hypertension and pre-eclampsia.
答案: A · 甲氨蝶呤中毒引起的骨髓抑制和黏膜炎
甲氨蝶呤抑制二氢叶酸还原酶。每日服用会对骨髓和肠黏膜等分裂旺盛的组织产生毒性,可能致命。亚叶酸用作解救治疗。
答案: A · It can cause bronchospasm by blocking beta-2 receptors
Beta-2 receptors in the airways mediate bronchodilation. Blocking them can trigger severe bronchospasm in asthma and also blunts the effect of salbutamol. Cardioselective beta-1 blockers are safer but still used with caution.
答案: C · 舌下含服硝酸甘油(glyceryl trinitrate)
下壁 STEMI 伴低血压、颈静脉压升高且肺部清晰,提示右心室梗死。这些患者依赖前负荷,硝酸酯类可引起严重低血压;收缩压低于 90 mmHg 本身就是暂停使用的理由。阿司匹林仍有指征,紧急再灌注才是根本治疗。
答案: B · Strict fluid balance, daily weight and free access to water
Patients with DI can become dehydrated and hypernatraemic quickly. Strict input and output, daily weights, sodium monitoring and access to water are essential. Desmopressin replaces the missing ADH in cranial DI.
答案: D · 停止输注并紧急呼叫卒中团队
溶栓期间或之后新出现的头痛、呕吐、高血压或神经功能恶化,可能提示症状性颅内出血。应停止输注,安排紧急医疗评估,并预期紧急 CT 扫描和凝血检查。
答案: C · That swallowing and the gag reflex have returned
Throat spray numbs the pharynx, so drinking too early risks aspiration. Fluids are given once the gag reflex and swallowing have returned, usually after about an hour, starting with sips of water.
答案: D · Perforation with peritonitis
Brief relief can occur when an inflamed appendix ruptures, followed by spreading peritonitis with fever, rigidity and tachycardia. This is a surgical emergency needing urgent review, IV fluids and antibiotics.
答案: C · Some results, such as PKU, need milk feeds first
Phenylalanine builds up only after the baby has had milk feeds, so very early samples can miss PKU. Programmes specify timing, and early samples may need repeating.
答案: D · Circumcision should wait for specialist review
In hypospadias, the urethral opening is on the underside of the penis. Circumcision is avoided because the foreskin may be used in surgical repair.
答案: C · Keep the child calm and upright, and get urgent help if there is noisy breathing at rest
Calm and comfort reduce distress and airway narrowing. Steam inhalation is not effective and risks scalds. Parents should seek urgent help for stridor at rest, retractions, drooling, blue colour or drowsiness.
答案: B · 保护孩子免受伤害,记录惊厥持续时间,并将孩子翻成侧卧位
惊厥期间,移开坚硬物品,不要往口中放任何东西,也不要约束孩子,记录持续时间,之后让孩子侧卧。如果持续超过 5 分钟,应紧急求助。
答案: B · Screening for depression and measuring its severity
The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 asks how often each of the nine depression symptoms has occurred in the last 2 weeks. Item 9 asks about thoughts of self-harm, which always needs follow-up.
答案: D · Treatment without consent is lawful only under the conditions and procedures set by the law
Mental health laws allow some treatments for mental disorder without consent in defined circumstances, with safeguards such as second opinions and time limits. Staff must follow these procedures and record them, and should continue to seek the patient's agreement.
答案: 11:00 PM
24 小时制:下午 1 点起,小时数加 12(下午 3:45 = 15:45)。午夜到凌晨 12:59 为 00:00–00:59,中午 12:00–12:59 仍为 12:00–12:59。反过来换算时,13–23 点减 12 并标为下午;00 点变为凌晨 12 点。跨午夜计算时间要分两段:先算到 24:00(00:00),再从 00:00 算起。
答案: t = 895 min
24 小时制:下午 1 点起,小时数加 12(下午 3:45 = 15:45)。午夜到凌晨 12:59 为 00:00–00:59,中午 12:00–12:59 仍为 12:00–12:59。反过来换算时,13–23 点减 12 并标为下午;00 点变为凌晨 12 点。跨午夜计算时间要分两段:先算到 24:00(00:00),再从 00:00 算起。
答案: D = 700 mg
剂量计算:给药量等于医嘱剂量除以现有药物的规格,再乘以该规格对应的量:给药量 = (医嘱剂量/储备规格) × 储备体积。始终统一单位(先把 g 换成 mg,mg 换成 mcg),并检查答案是否合理。
答案: R = 9.375 mL/h
剂量计算:给药量等于医嘱剂量除以现有药物的规格,再乘以该规格对应的量:给药量 = (医嘱剂量/储备规格) × 储备体积。始终统一单位(先把 g 换成 mg,mg 换成 mcg),并检查答案是否合理。
答案: R = 58.33 mL/h
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
许多医院允许在不重开医嘱的情况下进行不超过 25% 的此类调整;请查阅本院规定。
答案: D = 16 mg/h
输注速率:输液泵按 mL/h = 体积/时间(小时)设定。重力滴注按每分钟滴数计:gtt/min = 体积 (mL) × 滴系数 (gtt/mL)/时间 (min)。 滴系数印在输液器包装上:普通输液器为 10、15 或 20 gtt/mL(输血器在美国常为 10 gtt/mL,在英国为 15),微量输液器为 60 gtt/mL。务必使用题目或包装给出的滴系数。
答案: U = 0.61 mL/kg/h
出入量:入量计入所有进入体内的液体(口服液体、静脉输液、静脉用药及冲管液、管饲);冰屑按其体积的一半计。出量计入尿液、引流液、呕吐物和其他丢失。平衡 = 总入量 − 总出量;平衡为负表示净丢失。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
答案: t = 2.1 h
输液时间:时间 (h) = 待输体积 (mL)/速率 (mL/h);使用袋中剩余的体积,而不是袋的容量。已输入体积 = 速率 × 时间。把小数小时换算为小时和分钟时,用小数部分 × 60(0.5 h = 30 min,而不是 50 min)。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
约为 2 h 05 min,所以袋子大约在 18:35 输完。
答案: SI = 0.52
血压数值:脉压 PP = SBP − DBP。平均动脉压 MAP ≈ (SBP + 2·DBP)/3 = DBP + PP/3,这是基于正常心率下心脏每搏约有三分之二时间处于舒张期的估算(心率快时准确性下降);MAP 至少约 65 mmHg 是常用的器官灌注目标。休克指数 SI = 心率/SBP,正常约为 0.5–0.7;高于约 1 是休克的警示信号。
在通常的 0.5–0.7 之内或之下。
答案: DBP = 47 mmHg
血压数值:脉压 PP = SBP − DBP。平均动脉压 MAP ≈ (SBP + 2·DBP)/3 = DBP + PP/3,这是基于正常心率下心脏每搏约有三分之二时间处于舒张期的估算(心率快时准确性下降);MAP 至少约 65 mmHg 是常用的器官灌注目标。休克指数 SI = 心率/SBP,正常约为 0.5–0.7;高于约 1 是休克的警示信号。
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