NCLEX-PN 风格练习题(LPN/LVN):速成包

公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 34 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。

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1公式与方法

感染控制与患者安全

方法

  1. 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
  2. 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
  3. 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
  4. 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
  5. 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。

优先排序与委派

方法

  1. 问自己:如果什么都不做,什么会最快伤害患者。
  2. 应用 ABC(心脏骤停时为 C-A-B),然后是 Maslow 需求层次:生理需要先于安全,安全先于心理需要。
  3. 比较各选项:急性先于慢性,不稳定先于稳定,意外先于预期,全身性先于局部,并将每项发现与患者的基线对照。
  4. 除非是紧急情况,否则先评估再行动;然后选择其他步骤所依赖的那一步。
  5. 委派时核对五项正确:任务、情境、人员、指示和监督。评估、宣教和评价仍由注册护士负责。

实验室检查值与电解质

方法

  1. 把数值与本实验室自己的参考范围比较,再与患者的基线和趋势比较。
  2. 检查标本:溶血、延迟,或在静脉输液附近采血都可能得出错误结果。
  3. 把数值与其典型体征以及引起它的药物和疾病联系起来。
  4. 注意相互作用:低钾或低镁会增加地高辛中毒的风险;脱水会使锂浓度升高。
  5. 对患者采取行动:评估,血药浓度不安全时暂停用药,复述危急值并通知开医嘱的医生。

内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

方法

  1. 说出问题所在:泵衰竭、动脉阻塞、节律、血栓、气道狭窄、感染或设备问题。
  2. 先检查危险征象:低氧、低血压、胸痛、新出现的意识模糊、冰冷无脉搏的肢体。
  3. 让氧疗与患者相匹配:大多数人为 94–98%,有 CO₂ 潴留风险者为 88–92%。
  4. 把每种药物与其检测和风险联系起来:华法林与 INR,肝素与 aPTT 和血小板,利尿剂与血钾。
  5. 选择安全的第一步措施,然后升级处理并重新评估。

内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

方法

  1. 对每位新出现意识模糊、乏力或癫痫发作的患者都检查血糖。
  2. 把意识水平作为脑部问题最早的警示;瞳孔变化和库欣三联征出现得较晚。
  3. 对于糖尿病急症,要区分 DKA(酮体、酸中毒)和 HHS(渗透压很高、脱水);先补液。
  4. 对于钠和水,要判断是 ADH 过多(SIADH)还是缺乏(尿崩症),并缓慢纠正慢性变化。
  5. 对于肾脏问题,把原因分为肾前性、肾性或肾后性,并监测血钾和液体。

内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

方法

  1. 想一想可能隐藏着什么:内出血、无发热的感染、SpO₂ 正常背后的通气不足。
  2. 利用术后的时间来缩小并发症的范围:出血在数小时内,胸部问题在数天内,伤口和吻合口漏出现得更晚。
  3. 对于疼痛,要评估、用多模式镇痛治疗、重新评估,并且在每次使用阿片类药物时监测镇静程度。
  4. 对于癌症患者,把低谷期的任何疾病都当作中性粒细胞减少性脓毒症处理,并了解肿瘤急症。
  5. 对于烧伤,只计算浅二度/深二度和三度的面积,从烧伤的时刻开始计算 Parkland 时间,并根据尿量调整。

产科护理

方法

  1. 把产妇放在时间轴上定位:孕周、产程阶段或产后第几天,再判断此时什么是正常的。
  2. 找出处于危险中的对象:母亲、胎儿或新生儿,或者其中不止一个。
  3. 把发现与其原因联系起来:减速用 VEAL CHOP,出血用四个 T,产后用 BUBBLE-HE。
  4. 优先选择改善血流和氧合的措施(侧卧、停用缩宫素、宫底按摩),然后再升级处理。

儿科护理

方法

  1. 先记下患儿的年龄:它决定正常生命体征、发育里程碑和合适的疼痛量表。
  2. 评估气道、呼吸和循环,记住儿童代偿很久之后会迅速恶化。
  3. 让措施与发育阶段相匹配,并让家属参与。
  4. 检查答案对儿童是否安全:按体重计算,病毒感染不用阿司匹林,12 岁以下不用可待因。

精神科护理

方法

  1. 判断是否存在即时风险:自杀、暴力、药物急症或躯体疾病。
  2. 先保障安全:观察、移除危险物品、缓和局面、停用有害药物、寻求帮助。
  3. 选择治疗性回应:承认感受、陈述现实,避免虚假的安慰和“为什么”式提问。
  4. 尊重权利:采用限制最少的方案,知情同意,以及保密及其限度。

护理数学与单位换算

公制进位
1 kg = 1000 g, 1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg, 1 L = 1000 mL
体重和长度
1 kg = 2.2 lb, 1 lb = 16 oz, 1 in = 2.54 cm, 1 ft = 12 in
家用计量
1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL
温度
°C = (°F − 32)·5/9, °F = °C·9/5 + 32
24 小时制
PM 1–11 点:加 12; 12 AM = 00:xx; 12 PM = 12:xx
给药速率
mcg/min × 60/1000 = mg/h
实验室换算系数
葡萄糖 1 mmol/L = 18 mg/dL; 肌酐 1 mg/dL = 88.4 µmol/L; Hb 1 g/dL = 10 g/L

方法

  1. 写出已知量及其单位,以及你想要的单位。
  2. 选定等量关系:kg、g、mg 和 mcg 之间,或 L 和 mL 之间为 1000;1 kg = 2.2 lb;1 tsp = 5 mL,1 tbsp = 15 mL,1 fl oz = 30 mL,1 cup = 240 mL。
  3. 写成分数,使不需要的单位相互约去;对于速率,每个变化的单位用一个分数。
  4. 检查方向:单位越小,数字越大。
  5. 只对最终答案取整,精度按题目所述。

剂量计算

由浓度计算剂量
体积 = 剂量 / 浓度
按体重给药
剂量 = mg/kg × 体重
片剂
片数 = 剂量 / 每片规格
单位
1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg

方法

  1. 把医嘱剂量和药品规格换算为同一单位。
  2. 用“需要量除以现有量再乘以数量”:(D/H) × Q。
  3. 按体重给药时,先乘以以 kg 计的体重,再用日剂量除以给药次数。
  4. 先估算,再检查答案是否合理。

静脉输液速度

泵速
mL/h = volume (mL)/time (h)
滴速
drops/min = volume (mL) × drop factor / time (min)
输注时间
time (h) = volume (mL)/rate (mL/h)

方法

  1. 泵速 mL/h:体积除以以小时计的时间。
  2. 滴速 drops/min:体积 × 滴系数,再除以以分钟计的时间。
  3. 剩余时间:剩余体积除以速率。
  4. 按题目或设备的要求取整。

静脉输液与液体平衡

Holliday–Segar 每小时量
4 mL/kg(前 10 kg)+ 2 mL/kg(次 10 kg)+ 1 mL/kg(20 kg 以上每 kg)
Holliday–Segar 每日量
相同分段分别为 100 / 50 / 20 mL/kg
液体平衡
入量 − 出量
冰屑
按其体积的一半计算
尿量
mL/kg/h = mL / (kg × h)
输注时间
时间 (h) = 剩余体积 (mL) / 速率 (mL/h)
已输入体积
mL = 速率 × 时间

临床评估评分

格拉斯哥昏迷量表
GCS = E (1–4) + V (1–5) + M (1–6) = 3–15
Apgar
5 项体征 × 0–2 = 0–10; 7–10 令人放心, 4–6 中度异常, 0–3 低
Braden 量表
5 × (1–4) + 1 × (1–3) = 6–23; ≤ 18 有风险
Morse 跌倒评分
跌倒 25, 诊断 15, 辅助 15/30, 静脉输液 20, 步态 10/20, 精神状态 15
NEWS2 风险
0–4 低; 单项 3 分为中低; 5–6 中; ≥ 7 高
平均动脉压
MAP = (SBP + 2·DBP)/3 = DBP + PP/3
脉压和休克指数
PP = SBP − DBP, SI = HR/SBP
体质指数
BMI = kg/m² = 703·lb/in²

方法

  1. 找出题目使用的评分表及其范围(GCS 3–15,Apgar 0–10,Braden 6–23,Morse 0–125)。
  2. 分别为每个条目评分,将描述与其对应的等级匹配。
  3. 把各条目得分相加,并检查总分是否在范围内。
  4. 应用分界值:对于 NEWS2,还要查看是否有单项参数得 3 分。
  5. 对于导出的数值,使用 MAP = (SBP + 2·DBP)/3,PP = SBP − DBP,SI = HR/SBP,BMI = kg/m²。

2练习题

1.护理学基础中等

Why is nail varnish or false nails often removed before surgery?

  1. AThey can affect pulse oximetry and checking skin colour
  2. BThey make the anaesthetic work less well
  3. CThey can catch fire from the electrical equipment used in theatre
  4. DThey are a common cause of wound infection
2.护理学基础困难

Which task should a registered nurse not delegate to a healthcare assistant (nursing assistant)?

  1. ATaking routine observations on a stable patient
  2. BHelping a patient with a morning wash
  3. CRecording a patient's oral fluid intake
  4. DAssessing a patient who reports new chest pain
3.感染控制与患者安全中等

An alcohol-based skin prep has been used before surgery with electrosurgery. What must happen before the drapes are placed?

  1. AThe prep must be warmed with a hair dryer
  2. BThe prep must be wiped off with saline
  3. CThe prep must be covered with the drapes while it is still wet
  4. DThe prep must be fully dry and any pooled liquid removed
4.感染控制与患者安全困难

A flexible bronchoscope contacts mucous membranes but does not enter sterile tissue. Which level of processing is required at a minimum between patients?

  1. AHigh-level disinfection
  2. BLow-level disinfection
  3. CWiping with an alcohol wipe
  4. DCleaning with soap and water only
5.优先排序与委派中等

Five days after starting heparin, a patient’s platelet count has fallen by more than half. What should the nurse suspect?

  1. AAn expected effect that needs no action
  2. BHeparin-induced thrombocytopenia
  3. CVitamin K deficiency
  4. DIron deficiency anemia
6.优先排序与委派困难

将哪项分配给 LPN/LVN 最恰当?

  1. A一名新发房颤、刚开始静脉输注地尔硫䓬的患者
  2. B一名需要关于新开始使用华法林的出院教育的患者
  3. C一名病情稳定的 COPD 患者,需要定时雾化支气管扩张剂和口服药物
  4. D一小时前从重症监护室转来的患者
7.临床护理中等

哪种电解质紊乱对心律最危险?

  1. A血钠过低
  2. B血钾过高或过低
  3. C血氯过高
  4. D血磷过低
8.临床护理困难

An acutely ill patient without COPD is on 15 L/min oxygen, and their SpO2 is now 100% and stable. What should be done?

  1. AKeep the oxygen at 15 L/min for at least a week to be on the safe side
  2. BIncrease the oxygen further to build up a reserve
  3. CStop the oxygen and the saturation monitoring because the patient is now well
  4. DReduce the oxygen to keep the SpO2 within the prescribed target range
9.实验室检查值与电解质中等

After surgery for colon cancer, a patient's CEA had fallen to normal, but it has been rising over the last two checks. What does this most likely suggest?

  1. AA sure sign that the cancer has been fully cured
  2. BA normal change after surgery that needs no follow-up
  3. CPossible recurrence that needs further assessment
  4. DA sign of iron deficiency from the earlier bleeding
10.实验室检查值与电解质困难

A patient without symptoms has a TSH of 7.5 mIU/L on two occasions with a normal free T4. Which term fits best?

  1. ASubclinical hyperthyroidism
  2. BOvert primary hypothyroidism
  3. CSubclinical hypothyroidism
  4. DSecondary hypothyroidism
11.药理学中等

Methylergometrine (methylergonovine) is prescribed for postpartum bleeding. Which finding would make the nurse withhold it and check with the prescriber?

  1. AHaemoglobin slightly below normal
  2. BHeart rate of 88 per minute
  3. CBlood pressure of 160/105 mmHg
  4. DTemperature of 37.2 °C (99 °F)
12.药理学困难

治疗类风湿关节炎的甲氨蝶呤每周服用一次。一名患者误将同样剂量每天服用。主要危险是什么?

  1. A甲氨蝶呤中毒引起的骨髓抑制和黏膜炎
  2. B低血糖,因为甲氨蝶呤强烈刺激胰岛素释放
  3. C由于药物耐受,关节炎加重
  4. D液体潴留引起严重高血压
13.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸中等

Why is a non-selective beta-blocker such as propranolol usually avoided in a patient with asthma?

  1. AIt can cause bronchospasm by blocking beta-2 receptors
  2. BIt thickens airway mucus by drying the airways
  3. CIt raises the heart rate sharply during an acute asthma attack
  4. DIt makes inhaled corticosteroids work too strongly
14.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸困难

一名胸痛患者的 II、III 和 aVF 导联 ST 段抬高。血压 86/54 mmHg,肺部清晰,颈静脉怒张。护士应对哪种处方药提出疑问?

  1. A嚼服阿司匹林 300 mg
  2. B静脉止吐药
  3. C舌下含服硝酸甘油(glyceryl trinitrate)
  4. DSpO₂ 低于目标值时给氧
15.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏中等

Which nursing care is most important for a patient with diabetes insipidus?

  1. AWeighing the patient once a month
  2. BStrict fluid balance, daily weight and free access to water
  3. CGiving a loop diuretic to clear extra fluid
  4. DA strict fluid restriction to reduce the amount of urine passed
16.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏困难

卒中阿替普酶输注期间,患者出现剧烈头痛、呕吐和 GCS 下降。护士首先应做什么?

  1. A给镇静剂使患者安静下来并继续输注
  2. B加快输注速度,使其更快完成
  3. C给止吐药,一小时后复查 GCS
  4. D停止输注并紧急呼叫卒中团队
17.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤中等

A patient had an upper GI endoscopy with a local anaesthetic throat spray. What must the nurse check before giving a drink?

  1. AThat bowel sounds are present in all four quadrants
  2. BThat the patient's blood glucose is above normal
  3. CThat swallowing and the gag reflex have returned
  4. DThat the patient has passed urine since the procedure
18.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤困难

A patient with suspected appendicitis says the pain suddenly eased, but an hour later has a temperature of 38.9 °C, a rigid abdomen and a pulse of 118/min. What does this suggest?

  1. ASimple constipation that needs a laxative
  2. BThe appendicitis has settled by itself
  3. CA side effect of the analgesia given
  4. DPerforation with peritonitis
19.产科护理中等

Why is it important to do newborn bloodspot screening at the recommended time rather than in the first hours?

  1. AEarlier testing always gives false negatives for all conditions
  2. BThe baby's blood cannot be sampled before day 3
  3. CSome results, such as PKU, need milk feeds first
  4. DThe heel cannot be pricked until the cord falls off
20.产科护理困难

A newborn male has a urethral opening on the underside of the penis. What should the nurse tell the parents?

  1. ACircumcision should be done straight away
  2. BIt will correct itself by school age
  3. CIt is a normal variation that needs no follow-up
  4. DCircumcision should wait for specialist review
21.儿科护理中等

A parent asks how to care for a child with mild croup at home. Which advice is correct?

  1. AGive an over-the-counter cough syrup every hour until the barking cough stops
  2. BLay the child flat in a cool room so the airway can relax
  3. CKeep the child calm and upright, and get urgent help if there is noisy breathing at rest
  4. DHold the child over a bowl of hot, steaming water to loosen the cough
22.儿科护理困难

一名 2 岁儿童因高热发生强直–阵挛性惊厥。护士应首先做什么?

  1. A用力按住孩子的四肢以制止抽动并防止抽搐造成的伤害
  2. B保护孩子免受伤害,记录惊厥持续时间,并将孩子翻成侧卧位
  3. C把勺子放入孩子口中以保护舌头
  4. D把孩子放入凉水浴中
23.精神科护理中等

What is the PHQ-9 used for?

  1. AScreening for alcohol problems
  2. BScreening for depression and measuring its severity
  3. CMonitoring involuntary movements caused by antipsychotics
  4. DAssessing the severity of alcohol withdrawal
24.精神科护理困难

A patient who is detained under mental health legislation refuses his prescribed oral antipsychotic. What is the correct general principle?

  1. AThe nurse may hide the medicine in his food without any further process
  2. BDetained patients have no right to refuse any treatment at all
  3. CThe refusal must always be accepted, even if the law allows treatment without consent
  4. DTreatment without consent is lawful only under the conditions and procedures set by the law
25.护理数学与单位换算中等
12345678910111223:00?10:00 PM11:00 PM1:00 PM11:00 AM

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一个剂量记录在 23:00(24 小时制)。哪个条目是 12 小时制中的同一时间?点击它。

23:00
  1. 110:00 PM
  2. 211:00 PM
  3. 31:00 PM
  4. 411:00 AM
26.护理数学与单位换算困难
00:0017:0508:00t = ?

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一次输注从 17:05 开始,到次日早晨 08:00 结束(24 小时制)。它运行了多少分钟t?

17:0508:00
t = min
27.剂量计算中等
70 kg20 mg/kg/天2× 每天D = ? mg

某患者体重 70 kg。医嘱剂量为每天 20 mg/kg,分 2 次等量给药。每次给多少毫克 D?

70 kg20 mg/kg/天2× 每天
D = mg
28.剂量计算困难
40k 件250 mL? mL/h1500 件/h

一袋输液在 250 mL 中含 40000 单位药物。医嘱为每小时 1500 单位。泵速 R 应设为多少 mL/h?

40000 件/250 mL1500 件/h
R = mL/h
29.静脉输液速度中等
350 mL剩余? mL/h6 h 剩余

医嘱要求在 10 小时内输入 500 mL。4 小时后你发现袋中还剩 350 mL,而输液仍须按时完成。 必须把泵重新设定为多少 mL/h 的速率 R?

500 mL / 10 h经过 4 h: 350 mL
R = mL/h
30.静脉输液速度困难
500 mg250 mL8 mL/h? mg/h

一袋液体在 250 mL 中含药 500 mg,以 8 mL/h 的速度输注。患者每小时获得多少毫克 D?

500 mg/250 mL8 mL/h
D = mg/h
31.静脉输液与液体平衡中等
入量出量8 小时班次汤200 mL茶200 mL果冻100 mL静脉输液50 mL/h × 8 h静脉抗生素2 × 50 mL尿液225 mL尿液175 mL伤口引流70 mL

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 记录显示了一名患者在一个 8 小时班次中的出入量。患者体重 82 kg。求平均尿量 U,以 mL/kg/h 计。 保留两位小数。

82 kg8 h尿液: 225 mL尿液: 175 mL伤口引流: 70 mL
U = mL/kg/h
32.静脉输液与液体平衡困难
500 mL250 mL 已输入120 mL/h16:30t = ? h

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一袋 500 mL 的液体用输液泵以 120 mL/h 输注。到 16:30 时已输入 250 mL。还要多少小时 t 袋子才会输完? 保留一位小数。

500 mL250 mL 已输入120 mL/h
t = h
33.临床评估评分中等
15083SBPDBPmmHgHR 78/min · SI = ?

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一位患者的脉搏为 78 次/分,血压为 150/83 mmHg。求休克指数SI = HR/SBP。取到两位小数。

HR 78/minBP 150/83 mmHg
SI =
34.临床评估评分困难
86?SBPDBPmmHgMAP = 60

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 团队的目标是平均动脉压至少为 60 mmHg。一位患者的收缩压为 86 mmHg。使用 MAP = (SBP + 2·DBP)/3,仍能使 MAP 达到 60 mmHg 的最低舒张压DBP是多少?

MAP 60 mmHgSBP 86 mmHg
DBP = mmHg

3溶液

1.护理学基础

答案: A · They can affect pulse oximetry and checking skin colour

为什么是这个答案

Dark varnish or false nails can block the oximeter's light and hide nail-bed colour. Clear access to the nails helps monitor oxygenation and circulation.

答案

A · They can affect pulse oximetry and checking skin colour
2.护理学基础

答案: D · Assessing a patient who reports new chest pain

为什么是这个答案

New symptoms in a patient need registered nurse assessment and decision-making. Routine, predictable tasks with stable patients can be delegated with clear instructions.

答案

D · Assessing a patient who reports new chest pain
3.感染控制与患者安全

答案: D · The prep must be fully dry and any pooled liquid removed

为什么是这个答案

Wet alcohol prep and its vapors under drapes can be ignited by electrosurgery or lasers. The prep is allowed to dry fully, and pooling in skin folds or linen is prevented.

答案

D · The prep must be fully dry and any pooled liquid removed
4.感染控制与患者安全

答案: A · High-level disinfection

为什么是这个答案

Items that touch mucous membranes or non-intact skin are semi-critical and need at least high-level disinfection after thorough cleaning. Inadequate reprocessing of endoscopes has caused outbreaks.

答案

A · High-level disinfection
5.优先排序与委派

答案: B · Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia

为什么是这个答案

Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia usually appears 5–10 days after starting heparin, with a large fall in platelets and a risk of clotting. The nurse reports at once so heparin can be stopped.

答案

B · Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia
6.优先排序与委派

答案: C · 一名病情稳定的 COPD 患者,需要定时雾化支气管扩张剂和口服药物

为什么是这个答案

病情稳定、接受常规治疗的 COPD 患者,其护理是可预测的。刚从 ICU 转来的患者和新开始的静脉控制心率输注需要 RN 评估,而关于新的高警示药物的初次教育属于 RN。

答案

C · 一名病情稳定的 COPD 患者,需要定时雾化支气管扩张剂和口服药物
7.临床护理

答案: B · 血钾过高或过低

为什么是这个答案

高钾血症和低钾血症都可能引起致命性心律失常。钾绝不能未经稀释快速静脉推注。

答案

B · 血钾过高或过低
8.临床护理

答案: D · Reduce the oxygen to keep the SpO2 within the prescribed target range

为什么是这个答案

Oxygen is prescribed to a target range, usually 94–98% for most patients. Once the patient is stable it should be weaned down, as unnecessary hyperoxia has no benefit and can be harmful.

答案

D · Reduce the oxygen to keep the SpO2 within the prescribed target range
9.实验室检查值与电解质

答案: C · Possible recurrence that needs further assessment

为什么是这个答案

CEA is not specific enough for screening, but a rising level after successful treatment can signal recurrence, so imaging and further assessment are usually arranged. Smoking and some benign conditions can also raise CEA.核对依据: CEA Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2026)

答案

C · Possible recurrence that needs further assessment
10.实验室检查值与电解质

答案: C · Subclinical hypothyroidism

为什么是这个答案

A raised TSH with a normal free T4 is subclinical hypothyroidism; the pituitary is working harder to keep T4 normal. Overt hypothyroidism has a low free T4, and subclinical hyperthyroidism has a low TSH.核对依据: TSH (Thyroid-stimulating hormone) Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)

答案

C · Subclinical hypothyroidism
11.药理学

答案: C · Blood pressure of 160/105 mmHg

为什么是这个答案

Ergot alkaloids cause vasoconstriction and can raise blood pressure sharply. They are contraindicated in hypertension and pre-eclampsia.

答案

C · Blood pressure of 160/105 mmHg
12.药理学

答案: A · 甲氨蝶呤中毒引起的骨髓抑制和黏膜炎

为什么是这个答案

甲氨蝶呤抑制二氢叶酸还原酶。每日服用会对骨髓和肠黏膜等分裂旺盛的组织产生毒性,可能致命。亚叶酸用作解救治疗。

答案

A · 甲氨蝶呤中毒引起的骨髓抑制和黏膜炎
13.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

答案: A · It can cause bronchospasm by blocking beta-2 receptors

为什么是这个答案

Beta-2 receptors in the airways mediate bronchodilation. Blocking them can trigger severe bronchospasm in asthma and also blunts the effect of salbutamol. Cardioselective beta-1 blockers are safer but still used with caution.

答案

A · It can cause bronchospasm by blocking beta-2 receptors
14.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

答案: C · 舌下含服硝酸甘油(glyceryl trinitrate)

为什么是这个答案

下壁 STEMI 伴低血压、颈静脉压升高且肺部清晰,提示右心室梗死。这些患者依赖前负荷,硝酸酯类可引起严重低血压;收缩压低于 90 mmHg 本身就是暂停使用的理由。阿司匹林仍有指征,紧急再灌注才是根本治疗。

答案

C · 舌下含服硝酸甘油(glyceryl trinitrate)
15.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

答案: B · Strict fluid balance, daily weight and free access to water

为什么是这个答案

Patients with DI can become dehydrated and hypernatraemic quickly. Strict input and output, daily weights, sodium monitoring and access to water are essential. Desmopressin replaces the missing ADH in cranial DI.

答案

B · Strict fluid balance, daily weight and free access to water
16.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

答案: D · 停止输注并紧急呼叫卒中团队

为什么是这个答案

溶栓期间或之后新出现的头痛、呕吐、高血压或神经功能恶化,可能提示症状性颅内出血。应停止输注,安排紧急医疗评估,并预期紧急 CT 扫描和凝血检查。

答案

D · 停止输注并紧急呼叫卒中团队
17.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

答案: C · That swallowing and the gag reflex have returned

为什么是这个答案

Throat spray numbs the pharynx, so drinking too early risks aspiration. Fluids are given once the gag reflex and swallowing have returned, usually after about an hour, starting with sips of water.

答案

C · That swallowing and the gag reflex have returned
18.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

答案: D · Perforation with peritonitis

为什么是这个答案

Brief relief can occur when an inflamed appendix ruptures, followed by spreading peritonitis with fever, rigidity and tachycardia. This is a surgical emergency needing urgent review, IV fluids and antibiotics.

答案

D · Perforation with peritonitis
19.产科护理

答案: C · Some results, such as PKU, need milk feeds first

为什么是这个答案

Phenylalanine builds up only after the baby has had milk feeds, so very early samples can miss PKU. Programmes specify timing, and early samples may need repeating.

答案

C · Some results, such as PKU, need milk feeds first
20.产科护理

答案: D · Circumcision should wait for specialist review

为什么是这个答案

In hypospadias, the urethral opening is on the underside of the penis. Circumcision is avoided because the foreskin may be used in surgical repair.

答案

D · Circumcision should wait for specialist review
21.儿科护理

答案: C · Keep the child calm and upright, and get urgent help if there is noisy breathing at rest

为什么是这个答案

Calm and comfort reduce distress and airway narrowing. Steam inhalation is not effective and risks scalds. Parents should seek urgent help for stridor at rest, retractions, drooling, blue colour or drowsiness.

答案

C · Keep the child calm and upright, and get urgent help if there is noisy breathing at rest
22.儿科护理

答案: B · 保护孩子免受伤害,记录惊厥持续时间,并将孩子翻成侧卧位

为什么是这个答案

惊厥期间,移开坚硬物品,不要往口中放任何东西,也不要约束孩子,记录持续时间,之后让孩子侧卧。如果持续超过 5 分钟,应紧急求助。

答案

B · 保护孩子免受伤害,记录惊厥持续时间,并将孩子翻成侧卧位
23.精神科护理

答案: B · Screening for depression and measuring its severity

为什么是这个答案

The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 asks how often each of the nine depression symptoms has occurred in the last 2 weeks. Item 9 asks about thoughts of self-harm, which always needs follow-up.

答案

B · Screening for depression and measuring its severity
24.精神科护理

答案: D · Treatment without consent is lawful only under the conditions and procedures set by the law

为什么是这个答案

Mental health laws allow some treatments for mental disorder without consent in defined circumstances, with safeguards such as second opinions and time limits. Staff must follow these procedures and record them, and should continue to seek the patient's agreement.

答案

D · Treatment without consent is lawful only under the conditions and procedures set by the law
25.护理数学与单位换算

答案: 11:00 PM

24 小时制:下午 1 点起,小时数加 12(下午 3:45 = 15:45)。午夜到凌晨 12:59 为 00:00–00:59,中午 12:00–12:59 仍为 12:00–12:59。反过来换算时,13–23 点减 12 并标为下午;00 点变为凌晨 12 点。跨午夜计算时间要分两段:先算到 24:00(00:00),再从 00:00 算起。

换算小时

23 − 12 = 11 → PM

答案

11:00 PM

答案

11:00 PM
26.护理数学与单位换算

答案: t = 895 min

24 小时制:下午 1 点起,小时数加 12(下午 3:45 = 15:45)。午夜到凌晨 12:59 为 00:00–00:59,中午 12:00–12:59 仍为 12:00–12:59。反过来换算时,13–23 点减 12 并标为下午;00 点变为凌晨 12 点。跨午夜计算时间要分两段:先算到 24:00(00:00),再从 00:00 算起。

午夜之前

17:05 → 24:00 = 415 min

午夜之后

00:00 → 08:00 = 480 min

合计

t = 415 + 480 = 895 min

答案

t = 895 min
27.剂量计算

答案: D = 700 mg

剂量计算:给药量等于医嘱剂量除以现有药物的规格,再乘以该规格对应的量:给药量 = (医嘱剂量/储备规格) × 储备体积。始终统一单位(先把 g 换成 mg,mg 换成 mcg),并检查答案是否合理。

每日总量

20·70 = 1400 mg

每次剂量

D = 1400/2 = 700 mg

答案

D = 700 mg
28.剂量计算

答案: R = 9.375 mL/h

剂量计算:给药量等于医嘱剂量除以现有药物的规格,再乘以该规格对应的量:给药量 = (医嘱剂量/储备规格) × 储备体积。始终统一单位(先把 g 换成 mg,mg 换成 mcg),并检查答案是否合理。

浓度

40000/250 = 160 件/mL

泵速

R = 1500/160 = 9.375 mL/h

答案

R = 9.375 mL/h
29.静脉输液速度

答案: R = 58.33 mL/h

Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.

原速率

500/10 = 50 mL/h

新速率

R = 350/6 = 58.33 mL/h

答案

R = 58.33 mL/h

许多医院允许在不重开医嘱的情况下进行不超过 25% 的此类调整;请查阅本院规定。

30.静脉输液速度

答案: D = 16 mg/h

输注速率:输液泵按 mL/h = 体积/时间(小时)设定。重力滴注按每分钟滴数计:gtt/min = 体积 (mL) × 滴系数 (gtt/mL)/时间 (min)。 滴系数印在输液器包装上:普通输液器为 10、15 或 20 gtt/mL(输血器在美国常为 10 gtt/mL,在英国为 15),微量输液器为 60 gtt/mL。务必使用题目或包装给出的滴系数。

浓度

500/250 = 2 mg/mL

给药速率

D = 2·8 = 16 mg/h

答案

D = 16 mg/h
31.静脉输液与液体平衡

答案: U = 0.61 mL/kg/h

出入量:入量计入所有进入体内的液体(口服液体、静脉输液、静脉用药及冲管液、管饲);冰屑按其体积的一半计。出量计入尿液、引流液、呕吐物和其他丢失。平衡 = 总入量 − 总出量;平衡为负表示净丢失。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。

总尿量

225 + 175 = 400 mL

每千克每小时

U = 400/(82·8) = 0.6098 ≈ 0.61 mL/kg/h

答案

U = 0.61 mL/kg/h
32.静脉输液与液体平衡

答案: t = 2.1 h

输液时间:时间 (h) = 待输体积 (mL)/速率 (mL/h);使用袋中剩余的体积,而不是袋的容量。已输入体积 = 速率 × 时间。把小数小时换算为小时和分钟时,用小数部分 × 60(0.5 h = 30 min,而不是 50 min)。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。

剩余体积

500 − 250 = 250 mL

时间

t = 250/120 = 2.083 ≈ 2.1 h

答案

t = 2.1 h

约为 2 h 05 min,所以袋子大约在 18:35 输完。

33.临床评估评分

答案: SI = 0.52

血压数值:脉压 PP = SBP − DBP。平均动脉压 MAP ≈ (SBP + 2·DBP)/3 = DBP + PP/3,这是基于正常心率下心脏每搏约有三分之二时间处于舒张期的估算(心率快时准确性下降);MAP 至少约 65 mmHg 是常用的器官灌注目标。休克指数 SI = 心率/SBP,正常约为 0.5–0.7;高于约 1 是休克的警示信号。

休克指数

SI = 78/150 = 0.52

答案

SI = 0.52

在通常的 0.5–0.7 之内或之下。

34.临床评估评分

答案: DBP = 47 mmHg

血压数值:脉压 PP = SBP − DBP。平均动脉压 MAP ≈ (SBP + 2·DBP)/3 = DBP + PP/3,这是基于正常心率下心脏每搏约有三分之二时间处于舒张期的估算(心率快时准确性下降);MAP 至少约 65 mmHg 是常用的器官灌注目标。休克指数 SI = 心率/SBP,正常约为 0.5–0.7;高于约 1 是休克的警示信号。

变形

DBP = (3·MAP − SBP)/2

代入

DBP = (3·60 − 86)/2 = 94/2 = 47 mmHg

答案

DBP = 47 mmHg

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