感染控制与患者安全
方法
- 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
- 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
- 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
- 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
- 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 34 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
A caller says they are a patient's daughter and asks for details of the patient's condition. What should the nurse do?
Why is heat usually avoided on a fresh soft-tissue injury during the first day?
Which practice reduces back strain when a nurse moves a patient or heavy object?
A nurse calculates a child’s prescribed dose and finds it is ten times higher than the usual dose for the child’s weight. What should the nurse do?
在静脉输注抗生素期间,一名患者出现荨麻疹、喘鸣和声音嘶哑。护士首先做什么?
After handover on a medical unit, which patient should the nurse see first?
A pressure ulcer shows full-thickness tissue loss with exposed bone. Which category (stage) is this?
A patient with poorly controlled hyperthyroidism develops a high fever, very fast heart rate, agitation and vomiting during an infection. What is likely?
A patient with a potassium of 2.8 mEq/L has potassium chloride prescribed IV. Which statement about giving it is correct?
A patient with severe hypertriglyceridemia has a measured sodium of 128 mEq/L, but a measured serum osmolality is normal, and the patient has no symptoms. What is the most likely explanation?
为什么多西环素不应与牛奶或抗酸药同时服用?
A woman with epilepsy who takes an antiepileptic drug plans to become pregnant. Which advice is standard?
胸腔引流管中的液面不再波动。这可能意味着什么?
A conscious adult in the dining room is suddenly unable to speak, cough or breathe after a mouthful of food. What should the nurse do first?
A patient taking warfarin is diagnosed with an intracerebral haemorrhage. What is the priority treatment?
A patient on insulin has worsening chronic kidney disease and is having more hypos. What is the best explanation?
What is the most important safety point about misoprostol?
急性胰腺炎最初几小时,通常推荐哪种补液策略?
A pregnant woman taking iron says her stools have turned black. What is the best response?
A biophysical profile scores 4 out of 10 at 38 weeks. How should the nurse interpret this?
What is the main purpose of medical play with a doll and real equipment before surgery?
一名 6 岁的镰状细胞病患儿体温 39.0 °C。为什么要作为紧急情况处理?
When is the risk of suicide particularly high for patients after psychiatric inpatient care?
一名患者被发现无反应,呼吸频率 6 次/分,瞳孔针尖样。护士应首先做什么?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一次注射的剂量计算得到 6.5039 mL。 本练习的规则是:1 mL 或以上的体积取到最接近的十分之一 mL。你记录的数值x是多少?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 血清肌酐结果为 322 µmol/L。按肌酐 1 mg/dL = 88.4 µmol/L,求以 mg/dL 表示的c。取到两位小数。
一名体重 72 kg 的患者体表面积为 1.65 m²。医嘱为 50 mg/m²。求剂量 D,以 mg 表示。
处方剂量为 1880 微克。安瓿浓度为 2 mg/mL。请用 1 mL 注射器抽取剂量:应给多少体积 V?
医嘱要求以 100 mL/h 输液,但没有输液泵。改用滴系数为 60 gtt/mL 的输液器重力滴注。求滴速 R,以每分钟滴数表示。
一袋中含有 2 g 药物,溶于 250 mL。医嘱为每分钟 1.5 mg。泵速 R 应设为多少 mL/h?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 记录显示了一名患者在一个 8 小时班次中的出入量。患者体重 80 kg。求平均尿量 U,以 mL/kg/h 计。 保留两位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一袋 1000 mL 的液体于 06:45 开始用输液泵以 50 mL/h 输注。到 14:15 时袋中还剩多少 mL V?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一位头部损伤后的练习患者自发睁眼,说出不恰当的、随机的词,最佳运动反应表现为:把肢体从压迫处缩回(正常屈曲)。 算出 GCS 并据此对头部损伤分级。点击你的答案。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 对这些观察结果使用 NEWS2 图表(SpO₂ 量表 1):呼吸频率 12 次/分,SpO₂ 96%正在补充吸氧,血压 118/70 mmHg,脉搏 40 次/分,清醒,体温 34.8 °C。患者属于哪个临床风险组?点击它。
答案: B · Check the patient's wishes and the caller's identity first
Information is shared only with people the patient has agreed to, and the caller's identity is checked as per policy. Often only limited information is given by phone.
答案: B · It widens blood vessels and can increase swelling and bleeding
Heat causes vasodilation, which can worsen swelling and bleeding in an acute injury. Cold is used first; heat may help later with stiffness.
答案: A · Keep the load close to the body and avoid twisting
Good body mechanics include a wide base of support, bending at the hips and knees, keeping the load close and turning with the feet instead of twisting the spine. Lifting aids are used whenever possible.
答案: B · Hold the dose and verify it with the prescriber and pharmacist
Tenfold errors are common in pediatrics, usually from decimal or unit mistakes. The nurse holds the dose and clarifies it, and never changes the dose on their own.
答案: A · 停止输注
停药可终止对过敏原的进一步接触。然后护士呼叫援助,并按处方准备肾上腺素以应对过敏性休克。减慢输注仍会给予更多药物,记录则放在之后。
答案: A · New atrial fibrillation, heart rate 150/min, blood pressure 86/50 mmHg, dizzy
Rapid atrial fibrillation with hypotension and dizziness means the heart is not pumping enough blood; the patient is unstable. The other patients are within target or have predictable needs.
答案: C · Category 4
Category 4 involves full-thickness tissue loss with exposed bone, tendon or muscle. Category 3 is full-thickness skin loss without exposed bone or tendon. US (NPIAP) terminology calls these stages rather than categories.
答案: B · Thyroid storm
Thyroid storm is a life-threatening worsening of hyperthyroidism, often triggered by infection or surgery. It needs urgent treatment with cooling, beta-blockade and antithyroid drugs.
答案: C · It is always diluted and given by infusion pump, never as an IV push
Concentrated potassium chloride given as an IV push can cause fatal cardiac arrest, so it is never pushed. It is diluted, mixed well and given by infusion pump at a rate set by protocol, often with cardiac monitoring at higher rates.
答案: D · Pseudohyponatremia, an artifact caused by very high lipids
Very high lipids or proteins take up part of the plasma volume, so some laboratory methods report a falsely low sodium. The osmolality and the sodium measured by direct methods are normal. Treating this "hyponatremia" would be harmful.
答案: C · 钙和其他金属离子会与之结合,减少吸收
四环素类在肠道中与钙、镁、铝和铁形成络合物,从而减少吸收。服药时间应与这些产品错开。
答案: B · Take folic acid before conception and seek specialist review of her medication
Folic acid before and in early pregnancy reduces the risk of neural tube defects. Medication should be reviewed before conception, but drugs should not be stopped suddenly because uncontrolled seizures are also dangerous.
答案: D · 肺已复张,或引流管扭曲、堵塞
肺完全复张并封闭管口时可出现波动消失,但引流管扭曲、被血块堵塞或患者压住管子时也会如此。应评估患者和管路,并上报。
答案: C · Up to five back blows, then up to five abdominal thrusts if needed
For a conscious adult with severe choking, current UK, European and AHA (2025) guidance teach up to five back blows, then up to five abdominal thrusts, repeated until the obstruction clears; some older courses used abdominal thrusts alone. If the person becomes unconscious, CPR is started. Blind finger sweeps can push the object further in.
答案: B · Urgent reversal of the anticoagulant effect
Anticoagulants make the haematoma expand. Warfarin is reversed urgently, typically with prothrombin complex concentrate and IV vitamin K. Thrombolysis and antiplatelets are contraindicated in a bleed.
答案: C · The kidneys clear less insulin, so it lasts longer
The kidneys clear a large share of insulin. As kidney function falls, insulin stays in the blood longer and some oral agents build up, so hypos increase. Insulin doses often need to be reduced.
答案: B · It can cause miscarriage and must not be used in pregnancy
Misoprostol protects the stomach lining against NSAID damage, but it stimulates uterine contraction and can cause miscarriage. Diarrhoea is its most common side effect.
答案: B · 以目标为导向的平衡晶体液,根据反应调整
胰腺炎使液体丢失到组织中,所以早期静脉补液很重要。最新指南倾向于使用哈特曼液或乳酸林格液等平衡晶体液进行适度、以目标为导向的复苏,并根据心率、血压和尿量调整,因为过于积极的补液只会增加负荷而没有益处。
答案: A · Explain that this is an expected effect of iron
Iron supplements commonly make stools dark green or black. This is harmless, unlike tarry stools with signs of bleeding such as dizziness.
答案: C · It is abnormal and needs prompt review
A score of 8 to 10 is normal, 6 is equivocal, and 4 or less is abnormal and suggests fetal hypoxia. At term, a low score usually leads to prompt review and consideration of birth.
答案: A · To let the child express fears and gain a sense of control
Therapeutic or medical play lets children explore equipment, act out procedures and show feelings they cannot put into words. It reduces anxiety and helps staff correct misunderstandings.
答案: C · 镰状细胞病患儿脾功能减退,发生严重细菌感染的风险很高
反复梗死使脾脏在儿童早期受损(功能性无脾),因此有荚膜的细菌可导致暴发性脓毒症。发热需要紧急评估,通常需要使用抗生素。
答案: C · In the first weeks after discharge
The period shortly after discharge carries a high risk of suicide. Early follow-up, a safety plan and clear crisis contacts help bridge the transition.
答案: B · 呼救,开放气道并支持呼吸,并按处方或规程给予纳洛酮
首先是气道和呼吸支持,并给予纳洛酮以逆转阿片类药物的作用。由于纳洛酮的作用可能先于阿片类药物消退,需密切监测患者。
答案: x = 6.5 mL
取整:看舍入位后面的那个数字:5 或更大则进位,4 或更小则保持原数字不变。只对最终答案取整,绝不对中间步骤取整。典型的考试规则:1 mL 或以上的体积取到十分位,低于 1 mL 的体积取到百分位,滴速取整到整滴,体重取到一位小数;务必遵循题目所规定的规则。
答案: c = 3.64 mg/dL
量纲分析:先写出已知量,再乘以写成分数形式的换算系数(例如 60 min/1 h 或 1 mg/1000 mcg),使每个不需要的单位在分子和分母各出现一次并相互约去。只剩下所求单位时再计算。使用题目给出的等量关系,只对最终答案取整。
答案: D = 82.5 mg
Body-surface-area dosing: many cytotoxic and some paediatric doses are prescribed per square metre of body surface area: dose (mg) = dose per m² × BSA (m²). The Mosteller formula estimates BSA = √(height (cm) × weight (kg)/3600).
答案: V = 0.94 mL
抽取剂量:体积 = (处方剂量/药物浓度) × 药物体积。先换算成相同的单位,再检查该体积是否适合注射器,并落在它的某一个刻度上。
答案: R = 100 gtt/min
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
使用微滴输液器(60 gtt/mL)时,gtt/min 等于 mL/h。
答案: R = 11.25 mL/h
Dose-based infusions: concentration = amount of drug in the bag/bag volume. Pump rate (mL/h) = dose per hour/concentration, and dose per hour = mL/h × concentration. Convert per-minute doses to per-hour (× 60) and keep the mass units the same (1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg).
答案: U = 1.95 mL/kg/h
出入量:入量计入所有进入体内的液体(口服液体、静脉输液、静脉用药及冲管液、管饲);冰屑按其体积的一半计。出量计入尿液、引流液、呕吐物和其他丢失。平衡 = 总入量 − 总出量;平衡为负表示净丢失。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
答案: V = 625 mL
输液时间:时间 (h) = 待输体积 (mL)/速率 (mL/h);使用袋中剩余的体积,而不是袋的容量。已输入体积 = 速率 × 时间。把小数小时换算为小时和分钟时,用小数部分 × 60(0.5 h = 30 min,而不是 50 min)。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
答案: 中度
格拉斯哥昏迷量表:把三个方面的最佳反应相加。睁眼 E:4 自发,3 对声音或言语,2 对压迫,1 无。言语 V:5 定向正常,4 意识模糊,3 用词不恰当,2 发出无法理解的声音,1 无。运动 M:6 遵嘱动作,5 定位,4 正常屈曲(回缩),3 异常屈曲,2 伸展,1 无。总分为 3 至 15。头部损伤后,13–15 通常称为轻度,9–12 为中度,3–8 为重度。
答案: 高
NEWS2(国家早期预警评分 2,英国皇家内科医师学会 2017):按图表为七个参数分别评分(呼吸频率、量表 1 的 SpO₂、吸空气还是吸氧、收缩压、脉搏、按 ACVPU 量表评定的意识状态和体温),然后把分数相加。临床风险:0–4 为低;任何单项参数得 3 分为中低;5–6 为中;7 或以上为高。总分 5 或以上需要紧急响应。
总分 5 或以上需要紧急的临床响应。
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