感染控制与患者安全
方法
- 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
- 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
- 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
- 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
- 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 34 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
A caller says they are a patient's daughter and asks for details of the patient's condition. What should the nurse do?
A patient spills hot tea on their forearm. What is the best immediate first aid?
关于使用身体约束,下列哪项说法正确?
A patient refuses to wear an identification wristband. What should the nurse do?
A patient is admitted with diabetic ketoacidosis. Which prescribed treatment is usually started first?
A nurse teaches a patient to inject enoxaparin at home. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
静脉输液过程中,留置针周围区域变得肿胀、发凉、苍白,输液速度减慢。可能发生了什么?
Why should chronic hypernatraemia be corrected gradually?
A patient with iron-deficiency anemia started oral iron. Which result is usually the earliest sign that treatment is working?
A patient taking an SGLT2 inhibitor has nausea and fast breathing. Glucose 190 mg/dL (10.5 mmol/L), pH 7.15, bicarbonate 10 mEq/L, blood ketones high. What is the most likely diagnosis?
A 19-year-old starts an SSRI for depression. Which is most important for the nurse to monitor during the first weeks?
Which heart failure drug improves symptoms and reduces hospital admissions but has not been shown to reduce mortality?
A patient's capillary refill time at the fingertip is 4 seconds. What does this suggest?
A patient with life-threatening asthma has not responded to repeated nebulised salbutamol (albuterol), ipratropium and steroids. Which drug is commonly given intravenously next?
垂体手术后,一名患者三小时内每小时排尿 400 mL,尿比重低。护士应怀疑什么?
一名中枢性尿崩症患者开始使用去氨加压素。护士应监测哪种并发症?
给予细胞毒性化疗药物时,通常推荐使用哪种个人防护装备?
一名肠梗阻患者出现持续剧烈疼痛(不再是绞痛)、发热、心率 120 次/分,以及腹部强直、压痛。这提示什么?
A woman's cultural practice involves eating only warm foods after birth. How should the nurse respond?
A woman with a history of postnatal depression is pregnant again. What is the most appropriate plan?
用 FLACC 量表为一名儿童评分。总分的范围是多少?
During an insulin infusion for diabetic ketoacidosis, why is potassium monitored closely?
Which approach is most effective when setting limits with a patient who repeatedly breaks ward rules?
A nurse posts on social media about a "funny" patient on her ward, without giving his name. What is correct?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一位患者的体温为 37.4 °C。用 °F = °C × 9/5 + 32 把它换算为华氏度T。取到一位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一个班次中,患者摄入了½ tbsp / 液体营养补充剂, ½ tsp / 止咳糖浆, ½ fl oz / 果汁。按给出的等量关系,求以 mL 表示的口服总摄入量V。
某患者体重 25 kg,医嘱为单次给药 20 mg/kg。求剂量 D(mg)。
一袋输液在 250 mL 中含 40000 单位药物。医嘱为每小时 1000 单位。泵速 R 应设为多少 mL/h?
用滴系数为 10 滴/mL 的输液器在 6 小时内输入 500 mL。求滴速 R(滴/分)。 取整到最接近的整数。
一袋液体在 100 mL 中含药 400 mg,以 12 mL/h 的速度输注。患者每小时获得多少毫克 D?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 记录显示了一名患者在一个 12 小时班次中的出入量。患者体重 78 kg。求平均尿量 U,以 mL/kg/h 计。 保留两位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一袋 1000 mL 的液体于 06:15 开始用输液泵以 75 mL/h 输注。到 13:15 时袋中还剩多少 mL V?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 对这些观察结果使用 NEWS2 图表(SpO₂ 量表 1):呼吸频率 10 次/分,SpO₂ 97%正在补充吸氧,血压 118/70 mmHg,脉搏 92 次/分,清醒,体温 37.0 °C。NEWS2 总分是多少?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 对这些观察结果使用 NEWS2 图表(SpO₂ 量表 1):呼吸频率 14 次/分,SpO₂ 98%吸室内空气,血压 84/50 mmHg,脉搏 58 次/分,清醒,体温 38.0 °C。患者属于哪个临床风险组?点击它。
答案: A · Check the patient's wishes and the caller's identity first
Information is shared only with people the patient has agreed to, and the caller's identity is checked as per policy. Often only limited information is given by phone.
答案: B · Cool the burn under cool running water for about 20 minutes
Cool running water for about 20 minutes reduces pain and depth of injury. Ice can damage tissue further, grease holds heat in, and blisters are left intact to protect the skin.
答案: D · 首先采用替代措施,并需要有时限的医嘱
只有在其他措施无效且患者或他人面临风险时才使用约束。需要有时限并定期复核的医嘱,不允许开“必要时”医嘱,并且要经常监测患者。
答案: C · Explain why it is needed, use other ID methods per policy and document
The nurse explains how the band prevents errors. If the patient still refuses, the nurse follows policy for alternative identification using two identifiers, informs the team and documents it.
答案: C · IV isotonic fluid such as 0.9% sodium chloride
Patients with DKA are severely dehydrated, so IV isotonic fluid is started first. IV insulin follows, with close monitoring of potassium, which can fall quickly.
答案: B · “I will rub the area after the injection to help it absorb.”
Rubbing the site after a low-molecular-weight heparin injection increases bruising. The abdomen away from the navel, rotating sites and reporting bleeding are correct.
答案: B · 液体渗入周围组织(渗出)
渗出会使皮肤发凉、肿胀、苍白。应停止输液并拔除留置针。如果液体是发疱剂,则属于外渗,需要特殊处理。
答案: C · Lowering the sodium too fast can cause cerebral oedema
In chronic hypernatraemia, brain cells adapt by holding extra solutes. If sodium falls too quickly, water moves into brain cells and causes cerebral oedema, so correction is controlled.
答案: D · A rise in the reticulocyte count
Once iron is available, the marrow releases more young red cells, so the reticulocyte count rises within about 1–2 weeks. The hemoglobin rises more slowly over weeks, and iron stores take months to refill.核对依据: Reticulocyte Count · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)
答案: C · Euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis
SGLT2 inhibitors can cause DKA with only mildly raised glucose because glucose is lost in the urine. Ketones and acidosis must be checked in any unwell patient on these drugs, even with a near-normal glucose.核对依据: Ketones blood test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答案: C · New or worsening suicidal thoughts or agitation
Antidepressants can increase suicidal thinking in young people, especially early in treatment or after dose changes. Close follow-up and a clear plan for reporting such thoughts are essential.
答案: C · Digoxin
ACE inhibitors (or ARBs/ARNI), beta blockers, mineralocorticoid antagonists and SGLT2 inhibitors reduce mortality in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. Digoxin improves symptoms and reduces admissions without reducing mortality.
答案: C · Reduced peripheral perfusion
Capillary refill time above about 2 seconds suggests poor peripheral perfusion, for example from dehydration, shock or cold. It should be interpreted with other signs such as heart rate, blood pressure, skin temperature and urine output.
答案: D · Magnesium sulfate
A single dose of IV magnesium sulfate is recommended in acute severe or life-threatening asthma that does not respond to initial treatment. Senior and critical care help is called early. Sedatives and beta-blockers are dangerous in acute asthma.
答案: C · 尿崩症
垂体后叶或下丘脑受损可使 ADH 释放停止,引起中枢性尿崩症,排出大量稀释尿。护士应上报,密切监测液体平衡和血清钠,并预期使用去氨加压素治疗。
答案: B · 低钠血症
去氨加压素是人工合成的 ADH 类似物。如果患者继续大量饮水,水潴留可引起低钠血症,出现头痛、意识混乱或惊厥。建议患者按口渴感饮水,并监测血钠、体重和液体平衡。
答案: C · 经化疗药物测试的手套和防渗隔离衣
细胞毒性药物可经皮肤吸收或被吸入。工作人员使用经化疗药物测试的手套(常为双层)、防渗长袖隔离衣,可能飞溅时还需护目装备,并使用密闭系统装置和安全处置。
答案: B · 绞窄或穿孔,需要紧急外科评估
疼痛从绞痛变为持续性疼痛,伴发热、心动过速、腹膜刺激征或乳酸升高,提示缺血(绞窄)或穿孔。这是外科急症。机械性梗阻禁用泻药。
答案: A · Respect it and offer suitable warm foods
Many cultures have postnatal dietary customs, such as warm foods. When a practice is not harmful, the nurse respects it and adapts care, which builds trust and supports recovery.
答案: D · Plan early support and monitoring before and after birth
A past episode increases the risk of recurrence. Early identification, a care plan with mental health services, support and monitoring during pregnancy and after birth are recommended.
答案: B · 0 至 10
FLACC 有五个类别,每个评 0、1 或 2 分,因此总分为 0–10,与数字自我报告量表相似。
答案: A · Insulin moves potassium into the cells, so blood potassium can fall sharply
Total body potassium is low in DKA, though blood levels may look normal at first. Insulin and correction of acidosis drive potassium into cells, risking hypokalaemia and arrhythmias, so potassium is added to fluids and checked often.
答案: B · State the rule and the consequence clearly, and make sure all staff apply it consistently
Effective limit setting is clear, calm and consistent across the whole team. The behaviour expected and the consequence are stated in advance and applied without anger or punishment.
答案: B · It breaches confidentiality, because he could still be identified
Sharing patient information on social media, even without a name, can identify the patient and breaches confidentiality and dignity. Professional codes prohibit it.
答案: T = 99.3 °F
温度:°C = (°F − 32) × 5/9,°F = °C × 9/5 + 32。从 °F 换算时先减 32 再乘,从 °C 换算时先乘再加 32。快速核对:37 °C 为 98.6 °F,每 1 °C 相当于 1.8 °F。
答案: V = 25 mL
家用计量和体重:护理考试使用取整的等量关系:1 茶匙(tsp)= 5 mL,1 汤匙(tbsp)= 15 mL = 3 tsp,1 液量盎司(fl oz)= 30 mL = 2 tbsp,1 杯 = 8 fl oz = 240 mL。体重方面,1 kg = 2.2 lb,1 lb = 16 oz;长度方面,1 英寸 = 2.54 cm。设置换算时,要让你不需要的单位相互约去。
答案: D = 500 mg
剂量计算:给药量等于医嘱剂量除以现有药物的规格,再乘以该规格对应的量:给药量 = (医嘱剂量/储备规格) × 储备体积。始终统一单位(先把 g 换成 mg,mg 换成 mcg),并检查答案是否合理。
答案: R = 6.25 mL/h
剂量计算:给药量等于医嘱剂量除以现有药物的规格,再乘以该规格对应的量:给药量 = (医嘱剂量/储备规格) × 储备体积。始终统一单位(先把 g 换成 mg,mg 换成 mcg),并检查答案是否合理。
答案: R = 14 gtt/min
输注速率:输液泵按 mL/h = 体积/时间(小时)设定。重力滴注按每分钟滴数计:gtt/min = 体积 (mL) × 滴系数 (gtt/mL)/时间 (min)。 滴系数印在输液器包装上:普通输液器为 10、15 或 20 gtt/mL(输血器在美国常为 10 gtt/mL,在英国为 15),微量输液器为 60 gtt/mL。务必使用题目或包装给出的滴系数。
床旁取最接近的整滴:14 滴/分。
答案: D = 48 mg/h
输注速率:输液泵按 mL/h = 体积/时间(小时)设定。重力滴注按每分钟滴数计:gtt/min = 体积 (mL) × 滴系数 (gtt/mL)/时间 (min)。 滴系数印在输液器包装上:普通输液器为 10、15 或 20 gtt/mL(输血器在美国常为 10 gtt/mL,在英国为 15),微量输液器为 60 gtt/mL。务必使用题目或包装给出的滴系数。
答案: U = 0.69 mL/kg/h
出入量:入量计入所有进入体内的液体(口服液体、静脉输液、静脉用药及冲管液、管饲);冰屑按其体积的一半计。出量计入尿液、引流液、呕吐物和其他丢失。平衡 = 总入量 − 总出量;平衡为负表示净丢失。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
答案: V = 475 mL
输液时间:时间 (h) = 待输体积 (mL)/速率 (mL/h);使用袋中剩余的体积,而不是袋的容量。已输入体积 = 速率 × 时间。把小数小时换算为小时和分钟时,用小数部分 × 60(0.5 h = 30 min,而不是 50 min)。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
答案: NEWS2 = 4
NEWS2(国家早期预警评分 2,英国皇家内科医师学会 2017):按图表为七个参数分别评分(呼吸频率、量表 1 的 SpO₂、吸空气还是吸氧、收缩压、脉搏、按 ACVPU 量表评定的意识状态和体温),然后把分数相加。临床风险:0–4 为低;任何单项参数得 3 分为中低;5–6 为中;7 或以上为高。总分 5 或以上需要紧急响应。
答案: 中低
NEWS2(国家早期预警评分 2,英国皇家内科医师学会 2017):按图表为七个参数分别评分(呼吸频率、量表 1 的 SpO₂、吸空气还是吸氧、收缩压、脉搏、按 ACVPU 量表评定的意识状态和体温),然后把分数相加。临床风险:0–4 为低;任何单项参数得 3 分为中低;5–6 为中;7 或以上为高。总分 5 或以上需要紧急响应。
即使总分低,单项得 3 分也需要紧急会诊。
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