感染控制与患者安全
方法
- 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
- 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
- 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
- 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
- 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 34 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
What makes "Risk for falls" a risk nursing diagnosis rather than an actual one?
The daughter of a dying patient is upset that her mother has stopped eating. What is the best response?
为什么即使换用新针头,胰岛素笔也绝不能用于多名患者?
A patient on chemotherapy develops shingles over several areas on both sides of the body. Which precautions are needed?
A patient receives hemodialysis this morning. Which type of medication is often held before dialysis, as prescribed?
A patient with a severe asthma attack had a PaCO₂ of 32 mmHg (4.3 kPa) on arrival. An hour later it is 46 mmHg (6.1 kPa), and the patient seems tired. What does this suggest?
What is the main benefit of pulmonary rehabilitation for patients with COPD?
一名髋部骨折的老年患者在受伤两天后出现气短、意识混乱,胸部有瘀点状皮疹。应怀疑哪种并发症?
一名患者血细胞比容 54%,BUN 高,尿比重 1.034。这种模式提示什么?
A patient on warfarin with an INR of 3.6 fell and hit their head an hour ago. They now report a worsening headache and drowsiness. What is the priority?
为什么长期口服的糖皮质激素不应突然停药?
A patient on simvastatin is prescribed gemfibrozil. What is the main concern?
Why must inspired air be humidified for a patient with a tracheostomy?
A patient with lung cancer develops swelling of the face and arms, distended neck and chest veins and breathlessness that is worse when bending forward. What is the most likely cause?
为什么 CKD 患者常在餐时服用磷结合剂?
A patient taking an SGLT2 inhibitor is booked for major surgery. Which statement is correct?
How is the height of an epidural sensory block usually checked?
A 62-year-old with known reflux reports burning central chest pain with sweating and breathlessness that began while walking. What should the nurse do first?
A woman with a normal pre-pregnancy BMI asks how much weight she should gain. Which range do the widely used US Institute of Medicine guidelines recommend?
Just after the membranes rupture, there is painless vaginal bleeding and the fetal heart rate drops sharply. The mother's vital signs are normal. Which condition is most likely?
A child with type 1 diabetes has a stomach bug and is eating very little. What is the correct advice about insulin?
A toddler with sickle cell disease suddenly becomes pale and lethargic, with a fast heart rate and an enlarging left upper abdomen. What should the nurse suspect?
应教导服用氯氮平的患者立即报告什么?
An 83-year-old becomes confused and constipated and cannot pass urine. She takes amitriptyline, oxybutynin and an over-the-counter sleep aid with diphenhydramine. What is the most likely cause?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一名新生儿体重 9 lb 10 oz。按 1 lb = 16 oz 和 1 kg = 2.2 lb,求以千克表示的体重m。取到两位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一张处方写着口服混悬液1½ tsp,每天三次,共 7 天。按1 tsp = 5 mL,整个疗程需要多少 mLV?
2 mL 的 1%(w/v)溶液中含有多少毫克药物 m?
处方为 750 单位的药物,药液规格为 5000 单位/mL。请用 1 mL 注射器抽取剂量:应给多少体积 V?
用滴系数为 10 滴/mL 的输液器在 5 小时内输入 1500 mL。求滴速 R(滴/分)。
一组输液以 20 滴/分的速度经 15 滴/mL 的输液器滴注。袋中还剩 200 mL。还需多少小时 t 才会滴完?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 记录显示了一名患者在一个 8 小时班次中的出入量。患者体重 73 kg。求平均尿量 U,以 mL/kg/h 计。 保留两位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一袋 500 mL 的液体用输液泵以 80 mL/h 输注。到 19:30 时已输入 150 mL。还要多少小时 t 袋子才会输完? 保留一位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 用 Braden 量表评估一位练习患者:感觉知觉: 非常受限; 潮湿程度: 偶尔潮湿; 活动: 经常步行; 活动能力: 轻度受限; 营养: 可能不足; 摩擦力和剪切力: 无明显问题。求 Braden 总分B。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 用 Braden 量表评估一位练习患者:感觉知觉: 完全受限; 潮湿程度: 持续潮湿; 活动: 卧床不起; 活动能力: 不受限制; 营养: 可能不足; 摩擦力和剪切力: 无明显问题。使用的分级为:19–23 无风险,15–18 轻度,13–14 中度,10–12 高,9 或以下极高。点击风险等级。
答案: D · The fall has not happened yet, but risk factors are present
A risk diagnosis describes a problem the patient is vulnerable to, based on risk factors, with no signs yet. Care aims to prevent the problem from occurring.
答案: A · Explain that losing appetite is a natural part of dying
As death approaches, the need for food and fluid falls. Forcing food causes distress and aspiration. Mouth care and small amounts on request keep the patient comfortable.
答案: B · 血液可能倒流进药筒并传播感染
血液和皮肤细胞可能被吸回药筒,所以共用笔可传播血源性感染。每支笔都标明仅供一名患者使用。
答案: A · Airborne and contact precautions until all lesions are crusted
Lesions over several areas on both sides mean disseminated zoster, which can spread through the air like chickenpox. Airborne and contact precautions are used until all lesions are dry and crusted. Localized zoster in an immunocompromised patient also needs airborne and contact precautions, but only until dissemination is ruled out.
答案: D · Antihypertensive drugs
Removing fluid during dialysis can cause hypotension, so blood pressure drugs are often held before treatment as prescribed. Some drugs are also removed by dialysis and given afterwards.
答案: A · Respiratory muscle fatigue with possible impending respiratory failure
Early in an asthma attack, fast breathing lowers the PaCO₂. A rising, “normal” value in a tiring patient means they can no longer move enough air, which is a warning sign of respiratory failure.
答案: A · Better exercise capacity and quality of life
Pulmonary rehabilitation improves breathlessness, exercise tolerance and well-being, and reduces hospital admissions. It does not reverse the underlying lung damage.
答案: C · 脂肪栓塞综合征
脂肪栓塞通常在长骨或骨盆骨折后 24–72 小时出现,表现为呼吸窘迫、神经系统改变和瘀点状皮疹三联征。
答案: A · 脱水伴血液浓缩
血浆水分的丢失使红细胞浓缩(血细胞比容升高)、尿液浓缩(比重高),BUN 升高。液体过载则会出现相反的模式。核对依据: Hematocrit Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024); BUN (Blood Urea Nitrogen) · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)
答案: D · Report urgently for imaging and possible reversal
A head injury in an anticoagulated patient, with worsening headache and drowsiness, suggests intracranial bleeding. The provider is told at once, neurological checks are done often, urgent imaging is arranged, and warfarin reversal (vitamin K and a prothrombin complex concentrate) may be prescribed.核对依据: Taking warfarin (Coumadin, Jantoven) - what to ask your doctor · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025); Prothrombin Time Test and INR (PT/INR) · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)
答案: C · 肾上腺受到抑制,可能无法产生足够的皮质醇
激素治疗抑制下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴。突然停药可能引起肾上腺危象,因此剂量要逐渐减少。
答案: B · A much higher risk of myopathy and rhabdomyolysis
Gemfibrozil reduces statin clearance and adds its own muscle toxicity. The combination greatly increases the risk of rhabdomyolysis and is generally avoided.
答案: C · The nose and upper airway, which warm and moisten air, are bypassed
The tracheostomy bypasses the nose, mouth and pharynx, which warm, filter and humidify air. Without humidification, secretions become thick and can block the tube. Heat and moisture exchangers, humidified oxygen and nebulised saline are used.
答案: B · Superior vena cava obstruction
A tumour in the mediastinum can compress the superior vena cava, causing swelling of the face, neck and arms, dilated veins on the chest and breathlessness. It is an oncological emergency. The patient is sat upright and given oxygen if hypoxic, and treatment may include a stent, steroids or radiotherapy.
答案: B · 它们结合肾脏无法排泄的食物磷酸盐
在 CKD 中,磷酸盐潴留导致继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进、肾性骨病和血管钙化。随餐服用的磷结合剂在肠道内结合饮食中的磷酸盐。同时还需限制饮食中的磷。
答案: C · It is usually paused in the days before surgery
Fasting, surgery and dehydration increase the risk of euglycaemic DKA with SGLT2 inhibitors. Guidance usually advises stopping them in the days before major surgery and restarting when the patient is eating and drinking normally.
答案: B · Testing sensation to cold with ice or a cold spray
The level at which the patient no longer feels cold shows the upper extent of the sensory block. Motor block is assessed with a scale such as Bromage. A rising block or new weakness is reported.
答案: C · Record a 12-lead ECG and escalate as possible cardiac pain
Cardiac pain can feel like heartburn. Exertional pain with sweating and breathlessness must be treated as possible acute coronary syndrome until excluded, so an ECG and urgent review come first.
答案: B · About 11.5 to 16 kg
For a normal BMI, the US Institute of Medicine (National Academy of Medicine) recommends a total gain of about 11.5 to 16 kg (25 to 35 lb), more for underweight women and less for women with obesity. The UK has no official target range; NICE focuses on healthy eating and activity.
答案: B · Ruptured vasa praevia
Rupture of the membranes can tear unprotected fetal vessels in vasa praevia. Fetal blood loss causes rapid bradycardia while the mother stays stable. An emergency caesarean is needed.
答案: D · Keep giving insulin, check glucose and ketones more often and follow the sick-day plan
Stress hormones during illness raise blood glucose and the risk of ketoacidosis. Insulin is never stopped; glucose and ketones are checked more often, fluids are encouraged and doses are adjusted according to the sick-day rules.
答案: A · Splenic sequestration crisis, an emergency
In splenic sequestration, sickled cells are trapped in the spleen, which enlarges quickly while haemoglobin falls sharply, leading to shock. It needs urgent fluids and transfusion; parents are taught to feel the spleen and seek help.
答案: D · 发热、咽痛或其他感染征象
发热、咽痛或流感样症状可能是粒细胞缺乏症的最初征象,需要紧急做血细胞计数。镇静和流涎过多是常见的副作用。
答案: B · The combined anticholinergic effects of her medicines
Several drugs with anticholinergic effects add up, increasing the risk of delirium, constipation and urinary retention in older adults. A medicine review aims to reduce the total anticholinergic burden.
答案: m = 4.38 kg
家用计量和体重:护理考试使用取整的等量关系:1 茶匙(tsp)= 5 mL,1 汤匙(tbsp)= 15 mL = 3 tsp,1 液量盎司(fl oz)= 30 mL = 2 tbsp,1 杯 = 8 fl oz = 240 mL。体重方面,1 kg = 2.2 lb,1 lb = 16 oz;长度方面,1 英寸 = 2.54 cm。设置换算时,要让你不需要的单位相互约去。
答案: V = 157.5 mL
量纲分析:先写出已知量,再乘以写成分数形式的换算系数(例如 60 min/1 h 或 1 mg/1000 mcg),使每个不需要的单位在分子和分母各出现一次并相互约去。只剩下所求单位时再计算。使用题目给出的等量关系,只对最终答案取整。
答案: m = 20 mg
Solution strengths: a percentage strength is grams per 100 mL, so 1% = 1 g/100 mL = 10 mg/mL. A ratio strength 1:1000 means 1 g in 1000 mL = 1 mg/mL; 1:10 000 is 0.1 mg/mL. For a dilution the amount of drug stays the same: C₁·V₁ = C₂·V₂.
答案: V = 0.15 mL
抽取剂量:体积 = (处方剂量/药物浓度) × 药物体积。先换算成相同的单位,再检查该体积是否适合注射器,并落在它的某一个刻度上。
在这支 1 mL 的注射器上,每条小刻度线代表 0.01 mL。
答案: R = 50 gtt/min
输注速率:输液泵按 mL/h = 体积/时间(小时)设定。重力滴注按每分钟滴数计:gtt/min = 体积 (mL) × 滴系数 (gtt/mL)/时间 (min)。 滴系数印在输液器包装上:普通输液器为 10、15 或 20 gtt/mL(输血器在美国常为 10 gtt/mL,在英国为 15),微量输液器为 60 gtt/mL。务必使用题目或包装给出的滴系数。
答案: t = 2.5 h
输注速率:输液泵按 mL/h = 体积/时间(小时)设定。重力滴注按每分钟滴数计:gtt/min = 体积 (mL) × 滴系数 (gtt/mL)/时间 (min)。 滴系数印在输液器包装上:普通输液器为 10、15 或 20 gtt/mL(输血器在美国常为 10 gtt/mL,在英国为 15),微量输液器为 60 gtt/mL。务必使用题目或包装给出的滴系数。
答案: U = 1.37 mL/kg/h
出入量:入量计入所有进入体内的液体(口服液体、静脉输液、静脉用药及冲管液、管饲);冰屑按其体积的一半计。出量计入尿液、引流液、呕吐物和其他丢失。平衡 = 总入量 − 总出量;平衡为负表示净丢失。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
答案: t = 4.4 h
输液时间:时间 (h) = 待输体积 (mL)/速率 (mL/h);使用袋中剩余的体积,而不是袋的容量。已输入体积 = 速率 × 时间。把小数小时换算为小时和分钟时,用小数部分 × 60(0.5 h = 30 min,而不是 50 min)。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
约为 4 h 23 min,所以袋子大约在 23:53 输完。
答案: B = 17
Braden 量表:评估压力性损伤风险的六个分项。感觉知觉、潮湿程度、活动、活动能力和营养各评 1 至 4 分,从最差水平(1)到无问题(4);摩擦力和剪切力评 1 至 3 分。总分为 6 至 23,总分越低风险越高。常用分级:19–23 无风险,15–18 轻度风险,13–14 中度风险,10–12 高风险,9 分及以下为极高风险。
答案: 高风险
Braden 量表:评估压力性损伤风险的六个分项。感觉知觉、潮湿程度、活动、活动能力和营养各评 1 至 4 分,从最差水平(1)到无问题(4);摩擦力和剪切力评 1 至 3 分。总分为 6 至 23,总分越低风险越高。常用分级:19–23 无风险,15–18 轻度风险,13–14 中度风险,10–12 高风险,9 分及以下为极高风险。
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