NCLEX-PN 风格练习题(LPN/LVN):速成包

公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 34 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。

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1公式与方法

感染控制与患者安全

方法

  1. 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
  2. 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
  3. 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
  4. 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
  5. 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。

优先排序与委派

方法

  1. 问自己:如果什么都不做,什么会最快伤害患者。
  2. 应用 ABC(心脏骤停时为 C-A-B),然后是 Maslow 需求层次:生理需要先于安全,安全先于心理需要。
  3. 比较各选项:急性先于慢性,不稳定先于稳定,意外先于预期,全身性先于局部,并将每项发现与患者的基线对照。
  4. 除非是紧急情况,否则先评估再行动;然后选择其他步骤所依赖的那一步。
  5. 委派时核对五项正确:任务、情境、人员、指示和监督。评估、宣教和评价仍由注册护士负责。

实验室检查值与电解质

方法

  1. 把数值与本实验室自己的参考范围比较,再与患者的基线和趋势比较。
  2. 检查标本:溶血、延迟,或在静脉输液附近采血都可能得出错误结果。
  3. 把数值与其典型体征以及引起它的药物和疾病联系起来。
  4. 注意相互作用:低钾或低镁会增加地高辛中毒的风险;脱水会使锂浓度升高。
  5. 对患者采取行动:评估,血药浓度不安全时暂停用药,复述危急值并通知开医嘱的医生。

内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

方法

  1. 说出问题所在:泵衰竭、动脉阻塞、节律、血栓、气道狭窄、感染或设备问题。
  2. 先检查危险征象:低氧、低血压、胸痛、新出现的意识模糊、冰冷无脉搏的肢体。
  3. 让氧疗与患者相匹配:大多数人为 94–98%,有 CO₂ 潴留风险者为 88–92%。
  4. 把每种药物与其检测和风险联系起来:华法林与 INR,肝素与 aPTT 和血小板,利尿剂与血钾。
  5. 选择安全的第一步措施,然后升级处理并重新评估。

内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

方法

  1. 对每位新出现意识模糊、乏力或癫痫发作的患者都检查血糖。
  2. 把意识水平作为脑部问题最早的警示;瞳孔变化和库欣三联征出现得较晚。
  3. 对于糖尿病急症,要区分 DKA(酮体、酸中毒)和 HHS(渗透压很高、脱水);先补液。
  4. 对于钠和水,要判断是 ADH 过多(SIADH)还是缺乏(尿崩症),并缓慢纠正慢性变化。
  5. 对于肾脏问题,把原因分为肾前性、肾性或肾后性,并监测血钾和液体。

内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

方法

  1. 想一想可能隐藏着什么:内出血、无发热的感染、SpO₂ 正常背后的通气不足。
  2. 利用术后的时间来缩小并发症的范围:出血在数小时内,胸部问题在数天内,伤口和吻合口漏出现得更晚。
  3. 对于疼痛,要评估、用多模式镇痛治疗、重新评估,并且在每次使用阿片类药物时监测镇静程度。
  4. 对于癌症患者,把低谷期的任何疾病都当作中性粒细胞减少性脓毒症处理,并了解肿瘤急症。
  5. 对于烧伤,只计算浅二度/深二度和三度的面积,从烧伤的时刻开始计算 Parkland 时间,并根据尿量调整。

产科护理

方法

  1. 把产妇放在时间轴上定位:孕周、产程阶段或产后第几天,再判断此时什么是正常的。
  2. 找出处于危险中的对象:母亲、胎儿或新生儿,或者其中不止一个。
  3. 把发现与其原因联系起来:减速用 VEAL CHOP,出血用四个 T,产后用 BUBBLE-HE。
  4. 优先选择改善血流和氧合的措施(侧卧、停用缩宫素、宫底按摩),然后再升级处理。

儿科护理

方法

  1. 先记下患儿的年龄:它决定正常生命体征、发育里程碑和合适的疼痛量表。
  2. 评估气道、呼吸和循环,记住儿童代偿很久之后会迅速恶化。
  3. 让措施与发育阶段相匹配,并让家属参与。
  4. 检查答案对儿童是否安全:按体重计算,病毒感染不用阿司匹林,12 岁以下不用可待因。

精神科护理

方法

  1. 判断是否存在即时风险:自杀、暴力、药物急症或躯体疾病。
  2. 先保障安全:观察、移除危险物品、缓和局面、停用有害药物、寻求帮助。
  3. 选择治疗性回应:承认感受、陈述现实,避免虚假的安慰和“为什么”式提问。
  4. 尊重权利:采用限制最少的方案,知情同意,以及保密及其限度。

护理数学与单位换算

公制进位
1 kg = 1000 g, 1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg, 1 L = 1000 mL
体重和长度
1 kg = 2.2 lb, 1 lb = 16 oz, 1 in = 2.54 cm, 1 ft = 12 in
家用计量
1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL
温度
°C = (°F − 32)·5/9, °F = °C·9/5 + 32
24 小时制
PM 1–11 点:加 12; 12 AM = 00:xx; 12 PM = 12:xx
给药速率
mcg/min × 60/1000 = mg/h
实验室换算系数
葡萄糖 1 mmol/L = 18 mg/dL; 肌酐 1 mg/dL = 88.4 µmol/L; Hb 1 g/dL = 10 g/L

方法

  1. 写出已知量及其单位,以及你想要的单位。
  2. 选定等量关系:kg、g、mg 和 mcg 之间,或 L 和 mL 之间为 1000;1 kg = 2.2 lb;1 tsp = 5 mL,1 tbsp = 15 mL,1 fl oz = 30 mL,1 cup = 240 mL。
  3. 写成分数,使不需要的单位相互约去;对于速率,每个变化的单位用一个分数。
  4. 检查方向:单位越小,数字越大。
  5. 只对最终答案取整,精度按题目所述。

剂量计算

由浓度计算剂量
体积 = 剂量 / 浓度
按体重给药
剂量 = mg/kg × 体重
片剂
片数 = 剂量 / 每片规格
单位
1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg

方法

  1. 把医嘱剂量和药品规格换算为同一单位。
  2. 用“需要量除以现有量再乘以数量”:(D/H) × Q。
  3. 按体重给药时,先乘以以 kg 计的体重,再用日剂量除以给药次数。
  4. 先估算,再检查答案是否合理。

静脉输液速度

泵速
mL/h = volume (mL)/time (h)
滴速
drops/min = volume (mL) × drop factor / time (min)
输注时间
time (h) = volume (mL)/rate (mL/h)

方法

  1. 泵速 mL/h:体积除以以小时计的时间。
  2. 滴速 drops/min:体积 × 滴系数,再除以以分钟计的时间。
  3. 剩余时间:剩余体积除以速率。
  4. 按题目或设备的要求取整。

静脉输液与液体平衡

Holliday–Segar 每小时量
4 mL/kg(前 10 kg)+ 2 mL/kg(次 10 kg)+ 1 mL/kg(20 kg 以上每 kg)
Holliday–Segar 每日量
相同分段分别为 100 / 50 / 20 mL/kg
液体平衡
入量 − 出量
冰屑
按其体积的一半计算
尿量
mL/kg/h = mL / (kg × h)
输注时间
时间 (h) = 剩余体积 (mL) / 速率 (mL/h)
已输入体积
mL = 速率 × 时间

临床评估评分

格拉斯哥昏迷量表
GCS = E (1–4) + V (1–5) + M (1–6) = 3–15
Apgar
5 项体征 × 0–2 = 0–10; 7–10 令人放心, 4–6 中度异常, 0–3 低
Braden 量表
5 × (1–4) + 1 × (1–3) = 6–23; ≤ 18 有风险
Morse 跌倒评分
跌倒 25, 诊断 15, 辅助 15/30, 静脉输液 20, 步态 10/20, 精神状态 15
NEWS2 风险
0–4 低; 单项 3 分为中低; 5–6 中; ≥ 7 高
平均动脉压
MAP = (SBP + 2·DBP)/3 = DBP + PP/3
脉压和休克指数
PP = SBP − DBP, SI = HR/SBP
体质指数
BMI = kg/m² = 703·lb/in²

方法

  1. 找出题目使用的评分表及其范围(GCS 3–15,Apgar 0–10,Braden 6–23,Morse 0–125)。
  2. 分别为每个条目评分,将描述与其对应的等级匹配。
  3. 把各条目得分相加,并检查总分是否在范围内。
  4. 应用分界值:对于 NEWS2,还要查看是否有单项参数得 3 分。
  5. 对于导出的数值,使用 MAP = (SBP + 2·DBP)/3,PP = SBP − DBP,SI = HR/SBP,BMI = kg/m²。

2练习题

1.护理学基础中等

A patient with a weak left leg walks with a stick in the right hand. What is the correct sequence?

  1. AMove both legs forward together first, then bring the stick level with them
  2. BMove the right leg first, then the stick, then the left leg
  3. CMove the stick and the left leg forward together, then the right leg
  4. DMove the stick and the right leg together, then the left leg
2.护理学基础困难

While counting an apical pulse, the nurse finds the rhythm is irregularly irregular and the radial rate is lower than the apical rate. Which rhythm is most likely?

  1. ASinus tachycardia
  2. BAtrial fibrillation
  3. CNormal sinus rhythm
  4. DSinus bradycardia
3.感染控制与患者安全中等

A patient is booked for an MRI scan. What must the nurse check beforehand?

  1. AWhether the patient has any metal implants or devices, such as a pacemaker
  2. BWhether the patient has had a hearing test this year
  3. CWhether the patient has eaten a large meal recently
  4. DWhether the patient’s blood glucose has been in the normal range today
4.感染控制与患者安全困难

A patient on a general ward for two days is found to have smear-positive pulmonary TB. What should the nurse do besides moving the patient to an airborne isolation room?

  1. ATell all the exposed patients to start TB drugs at once, before any testing
  2. BClose the ward to all new admissions for a full year
  3. CNothing more, because the patient has now been isolated
  4. DInform infection prevention so exposed patients and staff can be identified and followed up
5.优先排序与委派中等

一名护理助理拒绝一项被委派的任务,说他们没有接受过这项任务的培训。护士最好的回应是什么?

  1. A把任务留给下一班,到时有受过培训的人在
  2. B感谢助理,确保任务被安全完成,并安排培训
  3. C因拒绝任务而向经理举报该助理
  4. D告诉助理这在岗位说明里,必须完成
6.优先排序与委派困难

Four patients arrive at the emergency department at the same time. Who should be seen first?

  1. AAn older adult with weakness on one side that began 40 minutes ago
  2. BAn adult with kidney stone pain of 9/10 and stable vital signs
  3. CA child with a temperature of 39 °C who is alert and drinking
  4. DA young adult with a swollen, painful ankle after a fall on the stairs
7.临床护理中等

Which mask is required for staff during an aerosol-generating procedure on a patient with a respiratory infection spread by aerosols?

  1. AA standard fluid-repellent surgical mask with a visor
  2. BA fit-tested respirator mask (such as FFP3 or N95)
  3. CNo mask, as long as gloves are worn
  4. DA cloth face covering
8.临床护理困难

An acutely ill patient without COPD is on 15 L/min oxygen, and their SpO2 is now 100% and stable. What should be done?

  1. AStop the oxygen and the saturation monitoring because the patient is now well
  2. BReduce the oxygen to keep the SpO2 within the prescribed target range
  3. CIncrease the oxygen further to build up a reserve
  4. DKeep the oxygen at 15 L/min for at least a week to be on the safe side
9.实验室检查值与电解质中等

A patient has a calcium of 7.0 mg/dL (1.75 mmol/L) and tingling around the mouth. Which nursing measure is most appropriate?

  1. ALimit dairy products until the level falls again
  2. BPromote walking to move calcium back into the bone
  3. CEncourage 3 L of fluid per day to dilute the calcium
  4. DPut seizure precautions in place and report the result
10.实验室检查值与电解质困难

一名服用噻嗪类利尿剂的患者钠 129 mEq/L,钾 3.2 mEq/L,感觉乏力。哪种解释最合适?

  1. A利尿剂导致钠和钾丢失
  2. B这些结果是肾衰竭的典型表现
  3. C患者只是静脉输液导致水过多
  4. D患者有原发性醛固酮增多症,钠高
11.药理学中等

服用老一代 MAO 抑制剂的患者被警告避免富含酪胺的食物。可能会发生什么?

  1. A严重低血糖
  2. B突发肾衰竭
  3. C过敏性皮疹
  4. D高血压危象
12.药理学困难

一名患者在首剂阿莫西林后发生过敏性休克。按常用的 A/B 分类系统,这种不良反应如何分类?

  1. AA 型,因为它与剂量相关,可以根据药物的药理学作用预测
  2. BB 型,因为它不可预测,且与药物的正常作用无关
  3. CA 型,因为剂量太高
  4. DB 型,因为它只在长期使用后发生
13.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸中等

A peripheral cannula site is red, warm, tender and swollen along the vein. What should the nurse do?

  1. ACover the site and keep using it until it blocks
  2. BFlush the cannula hard to clear it
  3. CLeave it in place, as this is normal after 24 hours
  4. DRemove the cannula, document and monitor the site
14.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸困难

A patient who injects drugs has a fever, a new heart murmur and splinter haemorrhages. Before antibiotics are started, what is most important?

  1. ATake a single blood culture from the cannula
  2. BTake several sets of blood cultures from separate sites
  3. CArrange an exercise ECG test
  4. DWait for an echocardiogram before taking any samples
15.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏中等

A routine blood test shows a potassium of 6.4 mmol/L. The lab reports that the sample was haemolysed. The patient feels well. What should the nurse do?

  1. AIgnore it, because haemolysis always gives a normal result
  2. BStart dialysis as soon as possible
  3. CGive oral potassium supplements straight away
  4. DInform the doctor and arrange an urgent repeat sample
16.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏困难

A patient with acute glomerulonephritis has a BP of 190/115 mmHg, a severe headache and blurred vision. Which is the priority?

  1. AUrgent escalation for BP control and close neuro checks
  2. BGive extra oral fluids to correct the low urine output
  3. CRecheck the BP at the next routine round
  4. DEncourage a walk to relieve the headache
17.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤中等

哪些措施有助于预防高危患者发生肿瘤溶解综合征?

  1. A每天补充钙和磷酸盐
  2. B化疗期间停止所有静脉和口服液体
  3. C静脉水化加别嘌醇或拉布立酶
  4. D限制液体并服用钾片
18.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤困难

A 76-year-old with a past peptic ulcer needs long-term anti-inflammatory treatment for arthritis. Which plan best reduces GI bleeding risk?

  1. ATake the NSAID with a glass of milk instead of food
  2. BCombine two different NSAIDs at lower doses
  3. CConsider an alternative; if an NSAID is needed, add a PPI
  4. DUse the highest NSAID dose to shorten the course
19.产科护理中等

A woman at 37 weeks had a placental abruption. Which laboratory finding suggests she is developing disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)?

  1. AA low fibrinogen level and low platelets
  2. BA high fibrinogen level and high platelets
  3. CA low white cell count only
  4. DA raised haemoglobin level
20.产科护理困难

After a severe postpartum haemorrhage, a woman cannot breastfeed because her milk does not come in, and she feels very tired. Which condition should be suspected?

  1. AMastitis
  2. BSheehan syndrome
  3. CPostpartum thyroiditis
  4. DBreast engorgement
21.儿科护理中等

Which newborn problem may be the first sign of cystic fibrosis?

  1. AMeconium ileus
  2. BPhysiological jaundice
  3. CErythema toxicum
  4. DUmbilical hernia
22.儿科护理困难

一名镰状细胞病患儿出现新的胸痛、咳嗽、发热,血氧饱和度 90%。护士应怀疑什么?

  1. A轻度感冒
  2. B肢体危象的正常疼痛
  3. C对住院的焦虑
  4. D急性胸部综合征,属于急症
23.精神科护理中等

Which feature helps distinguish normal grief from major depression?

  1. AIn grief, the person cannot feel any positive emotions or enjoy any memories of the person who died
  2. BGrief always lasts less than 2 weeks
  3. CIn grief, the person feels worthless and hopeless all the time
  4. DIn grief, painful feelings come in waves and self-esteem is usually kept
24.精神科护理困难

A patient with dementia repeatedly walks towards the ward exit, saying he must go to work. What is the most appropriate action?

  1. AWalk with him, acknowledge his concern and gently redirect him to an activity
  2. BLock him in his room so that he cannot leave
  3. CTell him firmly that he has been retired for 20 years
  4. DUse a physical restraint in a chair for the rest of the day so that he stays safe and cannot reach the exit
25.护理数学与单位换算中等
112.1437 kg? kg取整到 0.1 kg

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一次体重换算得到 112.1437 kg。 本练习的规则是:体重取到最接近的十分之一千克。你记录的数值x是多少?

112.1437 kg
x = kg
26.护理数学与单位换算困难
00:0017:4003:30t = ?

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一次输注从 17:40 开始,到次日早晨 03:30 结束(24 小时制)。它运行了多少小时t?答案以小数表示小时数,取到两位小数。

17:4003:30
t = h
27.剂量计算中等
024681010 mL

一名体重 16 kg 的儿童按 4 mg/kg 处方用药。原液浓度为 20 mg/mL。请抽取剂量:应给多少体积 V?

16 kg4 mg/kg20 mg/mL
V = mL
28.剂量计算困难
100 mg/1 mLV = ? mL

一名患者体重 46.2 lb。医嘱为单次剂量 2 mg/kg,储备液为 1 mL 中含 100 mg。按 1 kg = 2.2 lb 计算,你应给予多少容量 V?

46.2 lb2 mg/kg100 mg/1 mL1 kg = 2.2 lb
V = mL
29.静脉输液速度中等
60 gtt/mL75 mL/h? gtt/min

医嘱要求以 75 mL/h 输液,但没有输液泵。改用滴系数为 60 gtt/mL 的输液器重力滴注。求滴速 R,以每分钟滴数表示。

75 mL/h60 gtt/mL
R = gtt/min
30.静脉输液速度困难
370 mL剩余? mL/h2 h 剩余

医嘱要求在 6 小时内输入 1000 mL。4 小时后你发现袋中还剩 370 mL,而输液仍须按时完成。 原来的泵速必须提高百分之多少 Δ?

1000 mL / 6 h经过 4 h: 370 mL
Δ = %
31.静脉输液与液体平衡中等
入量出量12 小时班次果冻100 mL牛奶200 mL果汁150 mL冰屑200 mL静脉输液75 mL/h × 12 h静脉抗生素2 × 100 mL尿液350 mL尿液375 mL尿液350 mL伤口引流50 mL

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 记录显示了一名患者在一个 12 小时班次中的出入量。患者体重 62 kg。求平均尿量 U,以 mL/kg/h 计。 保留两位小数。

62 kg12 h尿液: 350 mL尿液: 375 mL尿液: 350 mL伤口引流: 50 mL
U = mL/kg/h
32.静脉输液与液体平衡困难
500 mL→ 200 mL/h开始 13:00t总数​ = ? h80 mL/h × 4 h

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一份 500 mL 的输液于 13:00 开始以 80 mL/h 输注。4 小时后速率改为 200 mL/h,之后不再改变。从开始算起多少小时 t 后袋子会输完? 保留一位小数。

500 mL80 mL/h · 4 h200 mL/h
t = h
33.临床评估评分中等
S? / 4+M? / 4+A? / 4+Mob? / 4+N? / 4+F? / 3Σ?

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 用 Braden 量表评估一位练习患者:感觉知觉: 完全受限; 潮湿程度: 偶尔潮湿; 活动: 偶尔步行; 活动能力: 非常受限; 营养: 充足; 摩擦力和剪切力: 有问题。求 Braden 总分B。

6–23
B =
34.临床评估评分困难
体重过轻健康体重超重肥胖 I 级肥胖 II 级肥胖 III 级

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一名成人体重 110 kg,身高 163 cm。计算 BMI 并点击 WHO 体重分类。

110 kg163 cm
  1. 1体重过轻
  2. 2健康体重
  3. 3超重
  4. 4肥胖 I 级
  5. 5肥胖 II 级
  6. 6肥胖 III 级

3溶液

1.护理学基础

答案: C · Move the stick and the left leg forward together, then the right leg

为什么是这个答案

The stick and the weak leg move together so the stick takes part of the load, then the strong leg steps through.

答案

C · Move the stick and the left leg forward together, then the right leg
2.护理学基础

答案: B · Atrial fibrillation

为什么是这个答案

Atrial fibrillation gives an irregularly irregular pulse, and some beats are too weak to be felt at the wrist, causing a pulse deficit. It should be reported and confirmed with an ECG.

答案

B · Atrial fibrillation
3.感染控制与患者安全

答案: A · Whether the patient has any metal implants or devices, such as a pacemaker

为什么是这个答案

The MRI magnet can move or heat metal objects and can stop some implanted devices from working. Patients are screened for implants, pacemakers, metal fragments and metal items such as jewelry before entering the scanner room.

答案

A · Whether the patient has any metal implants or devices, such as a pacemaker
4.感染控制与患者安全

答案: D · Inform infection prevention so exposed patients and staff can be identified and followed up

为什么是这个答案

Infection prevention and public health carry out a contact investigation to identify and screen people exposed while the patient was not isolated. Treatment of contacts depends on their test results.

答案

D · Inform infection prevention so exposed patients and staff can be identified and followed up
5.优先排序与委派

答案: B · 感谢助理,确保任务被安全完成,并安排培训

为什么是这个答案

被委派者应拒绝自己没有能力完成的任务。护士要确保现在安全地完成任务,并为将来安排培训。强迫完成任务或搁置不做都会让患者处于风险之中。

答案

B · 感谢助理,确保任务被安全完成,并安排培训
6.优先排序与委派

答案: A · An older adult with weakness on one side that began 40 minutes ago

为什么是这个答案

Sudden one-sided weakness suggests a stroke, and treatment depends on how quickly it starts. Severe kidney stone pain needs prompt pain relief, but the patient is stable.

答案

A · An older adult with weakness on one side that began 40 minutes ago
7.临床护理

答案: B · A fit-tested respirator mask (such as FFP3 or N95)

为什么是这个答案

Aerosol-generating procedures, such as intubation, release small infectious particles. Respirators that are fit-tested protect the wearer, while surgical masks mainly protect against droplets.

答案

B · A fit-tested respirator mask (such as FFP3 or N95)
8.临床护理

答案: B · Reduce the oxygen to keep the SpO2 within the prescribed target range

为什么是这个答案

Oxygen is prescribed to a target range, usually 94–98% for most patients. Once the patient is stable it should be weaned down, as unnecessary hyperoxia has no benefit and can be harmful.

答案

B · Reduce the oxygen to keep the SpO2 within the prescribed target range
9.实验室检查值与电解质

答案: D · Put seizure precautions in place and report the result

为什么是这个答案

Hypocalcemia increases neuromuscular excitability and can cause tetany, laryngospasm and seizures. The nurse reports the result, keeps the patient safe with seizure precautions and expects calcium replacement. The other measures fit hypercalcemia.核对依据: Hypoparathyroidism · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2026)

答案

D · Put seizure precautions in place and report the result
10.实验室检查值与电解质

答案: A · 利尿剂导致钠和钾丢失

为什么是这个答案

噻嗪类利尿剂常引起低钠血症和低钾血症,尤其是在老年人中。护士应报告结果,开医嘱者会复核药物和电解质补充。核对依据: Thiazide Diuretics · StatPearls (NCBI Bookshelf) (2025)

答案

A · 利尿剂导致钠和钾丢失
11.药理学

答案: D · 高血压危象

为什么是这个答案

肠道中的 MAO 通常会分解饮食中的酪胺。MAO 被抑制后,来自陈年奶酪等食物的酪胺进入循环并释放去甲肾上腺素,导致血压危险地升高。

答案

D · 高血压危象
12.药理学

答案: B · B 型,因为它不可预测,且与药物的正常作用无关

为什么是这个答案

A 型(增强型)反应可根据药物的药理作用预测,并与剂量相关。B 型(异常型)反应,如免疫介导的过敏,与剂量无关且难以预测。

答案

B · B 型,因为它不可预测,且与药物的正常作用无关
13.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

答案: D · Remove the cannula, document and monitor the site

为什么是这个答案

Redness, pain, warmth and swelling along the vein indicate phlebitis. The cannula is removed, the site is observed for infection and the event is documented. Regular visual phlebitis scoring and removing cannulas that are no longer needed reduce the risk.

答案

D · Remove the cannula, document and monitor the site
14.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

答案: B · Take several sets of blood cultures from separate sites

为什么是这个答案

Suspected infective endocarditis requires multiple sets of blood cultures taken with careful aseptic technique, ideally before antibiotics, to identify the organism and guide weeks of IV therapy. Echocardiography looks for vegetations but should not delay cultures or, in a very sick patient, antibiotics.

答案

B · Take several sets of blood cultures from separate sites
15.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

答案: D · Inform the doctor and arrange an urgent repeat sample

为什么是这个答案

Haemolysis releases potassium from red cells and can falsely raise the result. A repeat sample is taken urgently, and an ECG may be done. If the ECG shows hyperkalaemic changes, treatment should not wait.

答案

D · Inform the doctor and arrange an urgent repeat sample
16.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

答案: A · Urgent escalation for BP control and close neuro checks

为什么是这个答案

Severe hypertension with headache and visual change suggests hypertensive encephalopathy. This needs urgent medical treatment and neurological monitoring. Seizures can occur.

答案

A · Urgent escalation for BP control and close neuro checks
17.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

答案: C · 静脉水化加别嘌醇或拉布立酶

为什么是这个答案

预防措施包括积极水化以维持高尿量,使用别嘌醇(减少尿酸生成)或拉布立酶(分解尿酸),并密切监测电解质、肾功能和尿量。

答案

C · 静脉水化加别嘌醇或拉布立酶
18.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

答案: C · Consider an alternative; if an NSAID is needed, add a PPI

为什么是这个答案

Older age and a previous ulcer greatly increase NSAID-related bleeding. Safer options are considered first; if an NSAID is needed, the lowest effective dose for the shortest time is used with gastroprotection such as a PPI.

答案

C · Consider an alternative; if an NSAID is needed, add a PPI
19.产科护理

答案: A · A low fibrinogen level and low platelets

为什么是这个答案

In DIC, widespread clotting consumes fibrinogen and platelets, leading to bleeding. Fibrinogen is normally raised in pregnancy, so a low level is especially concerning.

答案

A · A low fibrinogen level and low platelets
20.产科护理

答案: B · Sheehan syndrome

为什么是这个答案

Sheehan syndrome is pituitary necrosis from severe blood loss and hypotension. Low prolactin causes lactation failure, and other hormone deficiencies cause fatigue, low blood pressure and absent periods.

答案

B · Sheehan syndrome
21.儿科护理

答案: A · Meconium ileus

为什么是这个答案

In about 10–20% of babies with CF, thick, sticky meconium blocks the small bowel (meconium ileus), causing distension and vomiting. Newborn screening also helps detect CF early.

答案

A · Meconium ileus
22.儿科护理

答案: D · 急性胸部综合征,属于急症

为什么是这个答案

急性胸部综合征引起胸痛、发热、呼吸道症状、缺氧和胸部 X 线上的新改变。它是镰状细胞病的主要死因之一,需要紧急治疗。

答案

D · 急性胸部综合征,属于急症
23.精神科护理

答案: D · In grief, painful feelings come in waves and self-esteem is usually kept

为什么是这个答案

In grief, sadness tends to come in waves linked to reminders of the loss, and positive memories and humour are possible. Pervasive worthlessness, self-loathing and hopelessness suggest depression.

答案

D · In grief, painful feelings come in waves and self-esteem is usually kept
24.精神科护理

答案: A · Walk with him, acknowledge his concern and gently redirect him to an activity

为什么是这个答案

Wandering often has a reason, such as a past routine, boredom or a physical need. Redirection, meaningful activity and a safe environment are preferred over restraint, which increases agitation and the risk of injury.

答案

A · Walk with him, acknowledge his concern and gently redirect him to an activity
25.护理数学与单位换算

答案: x = 112.1 kg

取整:看舍入位后面的那个数字:5 或更大则进位,4 或更小则保持原数字不变。只对最终答案取整,绝不对中间步骤取整。典型的考试规则:1 mL 或以上的体积取到十分位,低于 1 mL 的体积取到百分位,滴速取整到整滴,体重取到一位小数;务必遵循题目所规定的规则。

十分位位上的数字

112.1437 → 1

只看下一位数字

112.1437 → 4
4 小于或等于 4,所以 1 不变。
后面的数字(37)不考虑:只取整一次,不要逐位取整。

取整

x = 112.1 kg

答案

x = 112.1 kg
26.护理数学与单位换算

答案: t = 9.83 h

24 小时制:下午 1 点起,小时数加 12(下午 3:45 = 15:45)。午夜到凌晨 12:59 为 00:00–00:59,中午 12:00–12:59 仍为 12:00–12:59。反过来换算时,13–23 点减 12 并标为下午;00 点变为凌晨 12 点。跨午夜计算时间要分两段:先算到 24:00(00:00),再从 00:00 算起。

午夜之前

17:40 → 24:00 = 380 min

午夜之后

00:00 → 03:30 = 210 min

合计

380 + 210 = 590 min
t = 590/60 = 9.833 ≈ 9.83 h

答案

t = 9.83 h
27.剂量计算

答案: V = 3.2 mL

抽取剂量:体积 = (处方剂量/药物浓度) × 药物体积。先换算成相同的单位,再检查该体积是否适合注射器,并落在它的某一个刻度上。

按体重计算剂量

D = 4·16 = 64 mg

体积

V = 64/20 = 3.2 mL

在注射器上

在这支 10 mL 的注射器上,每条小刻度线代表 0.2 mL。

答案

V = 3.2 mL
28.剂量计算

答案: V = 0.42 mL

Dose calculation: the amount to give equals what is prescribed divided by what you have, times the quantity it comes in: amount = (desired dose/stock strength) × stock volume. Always keep the units the same (convert g to mg, mg to mcg first) and check that the answer is sensible.

体重 (kg)

46.2/2.2 = 21 kg

剂量

2·21 = 42 mg

体积

V = (42/100)·1 = 0.42 mL

答案

V = 0.42 mL
29.静脉输液速度

答案: R = 75 gtt/min

Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.

每分钟毫升数

75/60 = 1.25 mL/min

滴速

R = 1.25·60 = 75 gtt/min

答案

R = 75 gtt/min

使用微滴输液器(60 gtt/mL)时,gtt/min 等于 mL/h。

30.静脉输液速度

答案: Δ = 11 %

Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.

原速率

1000/6 = 166.7 mL/h

新速率

R = 370/2 = 185 mL/h

变化百分比

Δ = (185 − 166.7)/166.7·100% = 11%

答案

Δ = 11%

许多医院允许在不重开医嘱的情况下进行不超过 25% 的此类调整;请查阅本院规定。

31.静脉输液与液体平衡

答案: U = 1.44 mL/kg/h

出入量:入量计入所有进入体内的液体(口服液体、静脉输液、静脉用药及冲管液、管饲);冰屑按其体积的一半计。出量计入尿液、引流液、呕吐物和其他丢失。平衡 = 总入量 − 总出量;平衡为负表示净丢失。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。

总尿量

350 + 375 + 350 = 1075 mL

每千克每小时

U = 1075/(62·12) = 1.445 ≈ 1.44 mL/kg/h

答案

U = 1.44 mL/kg/h
32.静脉输液与液体平衡

答案: t = 4.9 h

输液时间:时间 (h) = 待输体积 (mL)/速率 (mL/h);使用袋中剩余的体积,而不是袋的容量。已输入体积 = 速率 × 时间。把小数小时换算为小时和分钟时,用小数部分 × 60(0.5 h = 30 min,而不是 50 min)。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。

第一部分

80·4 = 320 mL
500 − 320 = 180 mL 剩余

第二部分

180/200 = 0.9 h

总时间

t = 4 + 0.9 = 4.9 h

答案

t = 4.9 h

约为 4 h 54 min,所以袋子大约在 17:54 输完。

33.临床评估评分

答案: B = 13

Braden 量表:评估压力性损伤风险的六个分项。感觉知觉、潮湿程度、活动、活动能力和营养各评 1 至 4 分,从最差水平(1)到无问题(4);摩擦力和剪切力评 1 至 3 分。总分为 6 至 23,总分越低风险越高。常用分级:19–23 无风险,15–18 轻度风险,13–14 中度风险,10–12 高风险,9 分及以下为极高风险。

为每个分项评分

感觉知觉: 完全受限 → 1
潮湿程度: 偶尔潮湿 → 3
活动: 偶尔步行 → 3
活动能力: 非常受限 → 2
营养: 充足 → 3
摩擦力和剪切力: 有问题 → 1

相加

Braden 总分 = 1 + 3 + 3 + 2 + 3 + 1 = 13

答案

B = 13
34.临床评估评分

答案: 肥胖 III 级

体质指数:BMI = 体重(kg)/身高(m)²,身高要先换算为米。使用磅和英寸时,BMI = 703 × 体重(lb)/身高(in)²。WHO 成人分类:低于 18.5 为体重过轻,18.5–24.9 为健康体重,25.0–29.9 为超重,30.0–34.9 为肥胖 I 级,35.0–39.9 为肥胖 II 级,40 及以上为肥胖 III 级。

BMI

BMI = 110/1.63² = 41.4

分类

肥胖 III 级

答案

肥胖 III 级

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