感染控制与患者安全
方法
- 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
- 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
- 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
- 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
- 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 34 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
A patient with a weak left leg walks with a stick in the right hand. What is the correct sequence?
While counting an apical pulse, the nurse finds the rhythm is irregularly irregular and the radial rate is lower than the apical rate. Which rhythm is most likely?
A patient is booked for an MRI scan. What must the nurse check beforehand?
A patient on a general ward for two days is found to have smear-positive pulmonary TB. What should the nurse do besides moving the patient to an airborne isolation room?
一名护理助理拒绝一项被委派的任务,说他们没有接受过这项任务的培训。护士最好的回应是什么?
Four patients arrive at the emergency department at the same time. Who should be seen first?
Which mask is required for staff during an aerosol-generating procedure on a patient with a respiratory infection spread by aerosols?
An acutely ill patient without COPD is on 15 L/min oxygen, and their SpO2 is now 100% and stable. What should be done?
A patient has a calcium of 7.0 mg/dL (1.75 mmol/L) and tingling around the mouth. Which nursing measure is most appropriate?
一名服用噻嗪类利尿剂的患者钠 129 mEq/L,钾 3.2 mEq/L,感觉乏力。哪种解释最合适?
服用老一代 MAO 抑制剂的患者被警告避免富含酪胺的食物。可能会发生什么?
一名患者在首剂阿莫西林后发生过敏性休克。按常用的 A/B 分类系统,这种不良反应如何分类?
A peripheral cannula site is red, warm, tender and swollen along the vein. What should the nurse do?
A patient who injects drugs has a fever, a new heart murmur and splinter haemorrhages. Before antibiotics are started, what is most important?
A routine blood test shows a potassium of 6.4 mmol/L. The lab reports that the sample was haemolysed. The patient feels well. What should the nurse do?
A patient with acute glomerulonephritis has a BP of 190/115 mmHg, a severe headache and blurred vision. Which is the priority?
哪些措施有助于预防高危患者发生肿瘤溶解综合征?
A 76-year-old with a past peptic ulcer needs long-term anti-inflammatory treatment for arthritis. Which plan best reduces GI bleeding risk?
A woman at 37 weeks had a placental abruption. Which laboratory finding suggests she is developing disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)?
After a severe postpartum haemorrhage, a woman cannot breastfeed because her milk does not come in, and she feels very tired. Which condition should be suspected?
Which newborn problem may be the first sign of cystic fibrosis?
一名镰状细胞病患儿出现新的胸痛、咳嗽、发热,血氧饱和度 90%。护士应怀疑什么?
Which feature helps distinguish normal grief from major depression?
A patient with dementia repeatedly walks towards the ward exit, saying he must go to work. What is the most appropriate action?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一次体重换算得到 112.1437 kg。 本练习的规则是:体重取到最接近的十分之一千克。你记录的数值x是多少?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一次输注从 17:40 开始,到次日早晨 03:30 结束(24 小时制)。它运行了多少小时t?答案以小数表示小时数,取到两位小数。
一名体重 16 kg 的儿童按 4 mg/kg 处方用药。原液浓度为 20 mg/mL。请抽取剂量:应给多少体积 V?
一名患者体重 46.2 lb。医嘱为单次剂量 2 mg/kg,储备液为 1 mL 中含 100 mg。按 1 kg = 2.2 lb 计算,你应给予多少容量 V?
医嘱要求以 75 mL/h 输液,但没有输液泵。改用滴系数为 60 gtt/mL 的输液器重力滴注。求滴速 R,以每分钟滴数表示。
医嘱要求在 6 小时内输入 1000 mL。4 小时后你发现袋中还剩 370 mL,而输液仍须按时完成。 原来的泵速必须提高百分之多少 Δ?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 记录显示了一名患者在一个 12 小时班次中的出入量。患者体重 62 kg。求平均尿量 U,以 mL/kg/h 计。 保留两位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一份 500 mL 的输液于 13:00 开始以 80 mL/h 输注。4 小时后速率改为 200 mL/h,之后不再改变。从开始算起多少小时 t 后袋子会输完? 保留一位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 用 Braden 量表评估一位练习患者:感觉知觉: 完全受限; 潮湿程度: 偶尔潮湿; 活动: 偶尔步行; 活动能力: 非常受限; 营养: 充足; 摩擦力和剪切力: 有问题。求 Braden 总分B。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一名成人体重 110 kg,身高 163 cm。计算 BMI 并点击 WHO 体重分类。
答案: C · Move the stick and the left leg forward together, then the right leg
The stick and the weak leg move together so the stick takes part of the load, then the strong leg steps through.
答案: B · Atrial fibrillation
Atrial fibrillation gives an irregularly irregular pulse, and some beats are too weak to be felt at the wrist, causing a pulse deficit. It should be reported and confirmed with an ECG.
答案: A · Whether the patient has any metal implants or devices, such as a pacemaker
The MRI magnet can move or heat metal objects and can stop some implanted devices from working. Patients are screened for implants, pacemakers, metal fragments and metal items such as jewelry before entering the scanner room.
答案: D · Inform infection prevention so exposed patients and staff can be identified and followed up
Infection prevention and public health carry out a contact investigation to identify and screen people exposed while the patient was not isolated. Treatment of contacts depends on their test results.
答案: B · 感谢助理,确保任务被安全完成,并安排培训
被委派者应拒绝自己没有能力完成的任务。护士要确保现在安全地完成任务,并为将来安排培训。强迫完成任务或搁置不做都会让患者处于风险之中。
答案: A · An older adult with weakness on one side that began 40 minutes ago
Sudden one-sided weakness suggests a stroke, and treatment depends on how quickly it starts. Severe kidney stone pain needs prompt pain relief, but the patient is stable.
答案: B · A fit-tested respirator mask (such as FFP3 or N95)
Aerosol-generating procedures, such as intubation, release small infectious particles. Respirators that are fit-tested protect the wearer, while surgical masks mainly protect against droplets.
答案: B · Reduce the oxygen to keep the SpO2 within the prescribed target range
Oxygen is prescribed to a target range, usually 94–98% for most patients. Once the patient is stable it should be weaned down, as unnecessary hyperoxia has no benefit and can be harmful.
答案: D · Put seizure precautions in place and report the result
Hypocalcemia increases neuromuscular excitability and can cause tetany, laryngospasm and seizures. The nurse reports the result, keeps the patient safe with seizure precautions and expects calcium replacement. The other measures fit hypercalcemia.核对依据: Hypoparathyroidism · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2026)
答案: A · 利尿剂导致钠和钾丢失
噻嗪类利尿剂常引起低钠血症和低钾血症,尤其是在老年人中。护士应报告结果,开医嘱者会复核药物和电解质补充。核对依据: Thiazide Diuretics · StatPearls (NCBI Bookshelf) (2025)
答案: D · 高血压危象
肠道中的 MAO 通常会分解饮食中的酪胺。MAO 被抑制后,来自陈年奶酪等食物的酪胺进入循环并释放去甲肾上腺素,导致血压危险地升高。
答案: B · B 型,因为它不可预测,且与药物的正常作用无关
A 型(增强型)反应可根据药物的药理作用预测,并与剂量相关。B 型(异常型)反应,如免疫介导的过敏,与剂量无关且难以预测。
答案: D · Remove the cannula, document and monitor the site
Redness, pain, warmth and swelling along the vein indicate phlebitis. The cannula is removed, the site is observed for infection and the event is documented. Regular visual phlebitis scoring and removing cannulas that are no longer needed reduce the risk.
答案: B · Take several sets of blood cultures from separate sites
Suspected infective endocarditis requires multiple sets of blood cultures taken with careful aseptic technique, ideally before antibiotics, to identify the organism and guide weeks of IV therapy. Echocardiography looks for vegetations but should not delay cultures or, in a very sick patient, antibiotics.
答案: D · Inform the doctor and arrange an urgent repeat sample
Haemolysis releases potassium from red cells and can falsely raise the result. A repeat sample is taken urgently, and an ECG may be done. If the ECG shows hyperkalaemic changes, treatment should not wait.
答案: A · Urgent escalation for BP control and close neuro checks
Severe hypertension with headache and visual change suggests hypertensive encephalopathy. This needs urgent medical treatment and neurological monitoring. Seizures can occur.
答案: C · 静脉水化加别嘌醇或拉布立酶
预防措施包括积极水化以维持高尿量,使用别嘌醇(减少尿酸生成)或拉布立酶(分解尿酸),并密切监测电解质、肾功能和尿量。
答案: C · Consider an alternative; if an NSAID is needed, add a PPI
Older age and a previous ulcer greatly increase NSAID-related bleeding. Safer options are considered first; if an NSAID is needed, the lowest effective dose for the shortest time is used with gastroprotection such as a PPI.
答案: A · A low fibrinogen level and low platelets
In DIC, widespread clotting consumes fibrinogen and platelets, leading to bleeding. Fibrinogen is normally raised in pregnancy, so a low level is especially concerning.
答案: B · Sheehan syndrome
Sheehan syndrome is pituitary necrosis from severe blood loss and hypotension. Low prolactin causes lactation failure, and other hormone deficiencies cause fatigue, low blood pressure and absent periods.
答案: A · Meconium ileus
In about 10–20% of babies with CF, thick, sticky meconium blocks the small bowel (meconium ileus), causing distension and vomiting. Newborn screening also helps detect CF early.
答案: D · 急性胸部综合征,属于急症
急性胸部综合征引起胸痛、发热、呼吸道症状、缺氧和胸部 X 线上的新改变。它是镰状细胞病的主要死因之一,需要紧急治疗。
答案: D · In grief, painful feelings come in waves and self-esteem is usually kept
In grief, sadness tends to come in waves linked to reminders of the loss, and positive memories and humour are possible. Pervasive worthlessness, self-loathing and hopelessness suggest depression.
答案: A · Walk with him, acknowledge his concern and gently redirect him to an activity
Wandering often has a reason, such as a past routine, boredom or a physical need. Redirection, meaningful activity and a safe environment are preferred over restraint, which increases agitation and the risk of injury.
答案: x = 112.1 kg
取整:看舍入位后面的那个数字:5 或更大则进位,4 或更小则保持原数字不变。只对最终答案取整,绝不对中间步骤取整。典型的考试规则:1 mL 或以上的体积取到十分位,低于 1 mL 的体积取到百分位,滴速取整到整滴,体重取到一位小数;务必遵循题目所规定的规则。
答案: t = 9.83 h
24 小时制:下午 1 点起,小时数加 12(下午 3:45 = 15:45)。午夜到凌晨 12:59 为 00:00–00:59,中午 12:00–12:59 仍为 12:00–12:59。反过来换算时,13–23 点减 12 并标为下午;00 点变为凌晨 12 点。跨午夜计算时间要分两段:先算到 24:00(00:00),再从 00:00 算起。
答案: V = 3.2 mL
抽取剂量:体积 = (处方剂量/药物浓度) × 药物体积。先换算成相同的单位,再检查该体积是否适合注射器,并落在它的某一个刻度上。
在这支 10 mL 的注射器上,每条小刻度线代表 0.2 mL。
答案: V = 0.42 mL
Dose calculation: the amount to give equals what is prescribed divided by what you have, times the quantity it comes in: amount = (desired dose/stock strength) × stock volume. Always keep the units the same (convert g to mg, mg to mcg first) and check that the answer is sensible.
答案: R = 75 gtt/min
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
使用微滴输液器(60 gtt/mL)时,gtt/min 等于 mL/h。
答案: Δ = 11 %
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
许多医院允许在不重开医嘱的情况下进行不超过 25% 的此类调整;请查阅本院规定。
答案: U = 1.44 mL/kg/h
出入量:入量计入所有进入体内的液体(口服液体、静脉输液、静脉用药及冲管液、管饲);冰屑按其体积的一半计。出量计入尿液、引流液、呕吐物和其他丢失。平衡 = 总入量 − 总出量;平衡为负表示净丢失。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
答案: t = 4.9 h
输液时间:时间 (h) = 待输体积 (mL)/速率 (mL/h);使用袋中剩余的体积,而不是袋的容量。已输入体积 = 速率 × 时间。把小数小时换算为小时和分钟时,用小数部分 × 60(0.5 h = 30 min,而不是 50 min)。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
约为 4 h 54 min,所以袋子大约在 17:54 输完。
答案: B = 13
Braden 量表:评估压力性损伤风险的六个分项。感觉知觉、潮湿程度、活动、活动能力和营养各评 1 至 4 分,从最差水平(1)到无问题(4);摩擦力和剪切力评 1 至 3 分。总分为 6 至 23,总分越低风险越高。常用分级:19–23 无风险,15–18 轻度风险,13–14 中度风险,10–12 高风险,9 分及以下为极高风险。
答案: 肥胖 III 级
体质指数:BMI = 体重(kg)/身高(m)²,身高要先换算为米。使用磅和英寸时,BMI = 703 × 体重(lb)/身高(in)²。WHO 成人分类:低于 18.5 为体重过轻,18.5–24.9 为健康体重,25.0–29.9 为超重,30.0–34.9 为肥胖 I 级,35.0–39.9 为肥胖 II 级,40 及以上为肥胖 III 级。
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