感染控制与患者安全
方法
- 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
- 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
- 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
- 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
- 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 34 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
When are non-sterile gloves needed?
A patient says, "I've bought nicotine patches and I'm stopping smoking on Monday." Which stage of change is this?
Which patient has the highest risk of a burn from a heating pad?
Which position is especially dangerous for a patient in physical restraints?
An older patient becomes confused over a few hours, with attention that comes and goes. What does this suggest?
A patient at 32 weeks of pregnancy feels dizzy and faint while lying flat on her back. What should the nurse do first?
A patient with Guillain–Barré syndrome has weakness spreading upwards from the legs. Which monitoring is most important?
A patient with known prostate cancer reports new back pain, leg weakness and difficulty passing urine. What should be suspected?
A patient with recurrent gout starts allopurinol. Which laboratory result shows that the treatment is achieving its goal?
一名血小板计数为 35 × 10³/µL 的患者被开具肌内注射。护士应怎么做?
阿米替林等三环类抗抑郁药过量为什么特别危险?
治疗类风湿关节炎的甲氨蝶呤每周服用一次。一名患者误将同样剂量每天服用。主要危险是什么?
关于阿哌沙班和利伐沙班等直接口服抗凝药,下列哪项说法正确?
A 28-year-old woman taking the combined pill comes in breathless and anxious. RR is 30/min, heart rate 118/min and SpO₂ 90% on air. A colleague says it is a panic attack. What should the nurse conclude?
The day after a thyroidectomy, a patient reports tingling around the mouth and in the fingers. Why might this happen?
一名患者的慢性低钠血症在 24 小时内从 115 纠正到 132 mmol/L。两天后他们出现言语含糊、吞咽困难和肢体无力。最可能的原因是什么?
手术前常被问及哪种草药补充剂,因为它可能增加出血?
Using the adult rule of nines, what is the total burn area of the whole right arm plus the whole front of the trunk (both with partial-thickness burns)?
Which newborn complication is particularly linked to a forceps birth?
Which finding in a newborn at 6 hours requires the most urgent action?
一名 5 周龄的婴儿每次喂奶后都出现用力的(喷射性)呕吐,吐后似乎仍很饿。可能的原因是什么?
一名 6 岁的血友病患儿摔倒后膝盖肿胀疼痛。优先事项是什么?
What is the main difference between disulfiram and naltrexone in alcohol dependence?
A patient who has worked well with the nurse for three weeks becomes angry and refuses to attend their sessions after being told that discharge is planned for next week. What is the best interpretation?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一位患者的体温为 96 °F。用 °C = (°F − 32) × 5/9 把它换算为摄氏度T。取到一位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 血红蛋白结果为 13.4 g/dL。请用 g/L 表示Hb。
一个药瓶中含有 500 mg 的粉末。标签上写着:加入 9.6 mL 注射用水,得到总容量 10 mL。医嘱为 150 mg。你应给予复溶后溶液的多少容量 V?
处方为 3000 单位的药物,药液规格为 5000 单位/mL。请用 1 mL 注射器抽取剂量:应给多少体积 V?
滴注以 40 gtt/min 的速度通过滴系数为 60 gtt/mL 的输液器。患者在 12 小时内接受多少毫升 V?
将 500 mg 药物稀释于 250 mL 中,通过滴系数为 60 gtt/mL 的输液器重力滴注。医嘱为每小时 60 mg。求滴速 R,以每分钟滴数表示。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 记录显示了一名患者在一个 8 小时班次中的出入量。患者体重 47 kg。求平均尿量 U,以 mL/kg/h 计。 保留两位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一袋 500 mL 的液体用输液泵以 60 mL/h 输注。到 09:30 时已输入 300 mL。还要多少小时 t 袋子才会输完? 保留一位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 用 Braden 量表评估一位练习患者:感觉知觉: 无损害; 潮湿程度: 持续潮湿; 活动: 局限于椅子; 活动能力: 不受限制; 营养: 非常差; 摩擦力和剪切力: 无明显问题。求 Braden 总分B。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一名成人体重 92 kg,身高 197 cm。计算 BMI 并点击 WHO 体重分类。
答案: A · When contact with blood, body fluids or broken skin is expected
Under standard precautions, gloves are worn when exposure to blood or body fluids is likely. Wearing them for all contact gives false security and can spread germs if not changed.
答案: A · Preparation
In preparation the person intends to act soon and has taken small steps, such as buying patches. Action begins when they actually stop smoking.
答案: A · A patient with diabetic peripheral neuropathy
Reduced sensation, as in peripheral neuropathy, prevents a person from feeling heat damage. Patients with poor sensation, poor circulation or confusion need very close monitoring if heat is used at all.
答案: C · Lying face down (prone)
Restraining a person face down can restrict breathing and has caused deaths from positional asphyxia. Restrained patients are positioned to protect the airway and are watched closely.
答案: C · Delirium, which needs the cause found quickly
Delirium starts suddenly, over hours or days, and attention fluctuates. It often has a treatable cause such as infection, hypoxia or medication, so it is a priority to assess.
答案: A · Turn her onto her left side
Lying on the back lets the uterus compress the inferior vena cava, reducing blood return to the heart. Turning to the left side relieves the pressure and restores the blood pressure.
答案: C · Breathing function, such as forced vital capacity
Guillain–Barré syndrome can paralyse the respiratory muscles. Serial vital capacity measurements help identify patients who need ventilation before they deteriorate.
答案: B · Metastatic spinal cord compression
Back pain with neurological symptoms in a patient with cancer suggests metastatic spinal cord compression. It is an oncological emergency needing urgent MRI and treatment to preserve function.
答案: B · A falling serum uric acid
Allopurinol reduces uric acid production by blocking xanthine oxidase. Over time, a lower serum uric acid reduces gout attacks and dissolves urate crystals. Kidney function is checked, and a rash must be reported because of rare severe skin reactions.核对依据: Gout · StatPearls (NCBI Bookshelf) (2026)
答案: C · 询问开医嘱者是否可以改用其他途径
血小板低时,肌内注射可引起肌肉内出血。护士应要求改用其他途径,如口服或静脉。如果注射不可避免,之后应用力按压而不要按摩。核对依据: Bleeding and Bruising (Thrombocytopenia) and Cancer Treatment · National Cancer Institute (NIH) (2022)
答案: A · 心律失常和癫痫发作
三环类阻断心脏钠通道(使 QRS 波群增宽),并有抗胆碱作用。过量时会引起心律失常、低血压、癫痫发作和昏迷。
答案: D · 甲氨蝶呤中毒引起的骨髓抑制和黏膜炎
甲氨蝶呤抑制二氢叶酸还原酶。每日服用会对骨髓和肠黏膜等分裂旺盛的组织产生毒性,可能致命。亚叶酸用作解救治疗。
答案: C · 无需常规检测 INR,但剂量取决于肾功能
DOAC 的作用可预测,因此不需要常规的凝血监测。剂量取决于肾功能、体重、年龄和相互作用的药物。由于药效在一两天内消退,漏服很重要。维生素 K 不能逆转其作用;有特异性的逆转剂。
答案: B · Low oxygen saturation is not explained by anxiety; PE must be excluded
Panic-related hyperventilation causes respiratory alkalosis but normal oxygen saturation. Hypoxaemia with tachycardia in a woman taking oestrogen suggests PE. She needs oxygen, urgent medical assessment and investigation. Paper-bag rebreathing is unsafe and can worsen hypoxaemia.
答案: C · The parathyroid glands may have been damaged, lowering calcium
The parathyroid glands lie behind the thyroid and can be damaged or removed during surgery. Low PTH leads to hypocalcaemia, causing tingling, cramps and, if severe, tetany or arrhythmias. Calcium is checked after surgery.
答案: B · 渗透性脱髓鞘综合征
慢性低钠血症的快速纠正会使脑细胞皱缩,并可损伤脑桥和其他区域的髓鞘。症状(构音障碍、吞咽困难、四肢轻瘫、“闭锁”状态)在数天后出现。这就是为什么要限制纠正速度并密切监测血钠。
答案: C · 银杏
银杏、大蒜、人参、鱼油等可能增加出血风险;圣约翰草会与许多药物相互作用。患者应报告所有补充剂,由手术团队建议术前是否停用。
答案: D · 27%
The whole arm is 9% and the front of the trunk 18%, giving 27% total body surface area. Superficial (redness only) areas would not be counted.
答案: D · Facial nerve palsy
Pressure from forceps blades on the facial nerve can cause temporary facial palsy, with asymmetry when the baby cries. It usually resolves within weeks.
答案: B · Central cyanosis, fast breathing and grunting
Central cyanosis, tachypnoea and grunting indicate respiratory distress and need immediate assessment, oxygen and evaluation for causes such as infection, heart disease or lung problems.
答案: A · 幽门狭窄
幽门狭窄通常在 2–8 周时出现,表现为喷射性、非胆汁性呕吐,呕吐后饥饿、体重减轻,有时可触及橄榄形肿块。
答案: D · 按处方补充凝血因子,并对关节休息、冰敷、加压和抬高
早期补充凝血因子可止住出血。休息、冷敷、轻度加压和抬高可减轻肿胀。阿司匹林和热敷会增加出血。反复的关节出血会损害关节。
答案: A · Disulfiram causes an unpleasant reaction to alcohol; naltrexone reduces craving and reward
Disulfiram blocks the breakdown of acetaldehyde, so drinking causes flushing, nausea and palpitations. Naltrexone blocks opioid receptors and reduces the pleasurable effect of alcohol.
答案: D · The patient is reacting to the coming end of the relationship
Anger, withdrawal or return of symptoms are common responses to termination. The nurse acknowledges the feelings, reviews progress and helps the patient prepare for the ending.
答案: T = 35.6 °C
温度:°C = (°F − 32) × 5/9,°F = °C × 9/5 + 32。从 °F 换算时先减 32 再乘,从 °C 换算时先乘再加 32。快速核对:37 °C 为 98.6 °F,每 1 °C 相当于 1.8 °F。
答案: Hb = 134 g/L
量纲分析:先写出已知量,再乘以写成分数形式的换算系数(例如 60 min/1 h 或 1 mg/1000 mcg),使每个不需要的单位在分子和分母各出现一次并相互约去。只剩下所求单位时再计算。使用题目给出的等量关系,只对最终答案取整。
答案: V = 3 mL
Dose calculation: the amount to give equals what is prescribed divided by what you have, times the quantity it comes in: amount = (desired dose/stock strength) × stock volume. Always keep the units the same (convert g to mg, mg to mcg first) and check that the answer is sensible.
答案: V = 0.6 mL
抽取剂量:体积 = (处方剂量/药物浓度) × 药物体积。先换算成相同的单位,再检查该体积是否适合注射器,并落在它的某一个刻度上。
在这支 1 mL 的注射器上,每条小刻度线代表 0.01 mL。
答案: V = 480 mL
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
答案: R = 30 gtt/min
Dose-based infusions: concentration = amount of drug in the bag/bag volume. Pump rate (mL/h) = dose per hour/concentration, and dose per hour = mL/h × concentration. Convert per-minute doses to per-hour (× 60) and keep the mass units the same (1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg).
答案: U = 3.52 mL/kg/h
出入量:入量计入所有进入体内的液体(口服液体、静脉输液、静脉用药及冲管液、管饲);冰屑按其体积的一半计。出量计入尿液、引流液、呕吐物和其他丢失。平衡 = 总入量 − 总出量;平衡为负表示净丢失。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
答案: t = 3.3 h
输液时间:时间 (h) = 待输体积 (mL)/速率 (mL/h);使用袋中剩余的体积,而不是袋的容量。已输入体积 = 速率 × 时间。把小数小时换算为小时和分钟时,用小数部分 × 60(0.5 h = 30 min,而不是 50 min)。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
约为 3 h 20 min,所以袋子大约在 12:50 输完。
答案: B = 15
Braden 量表:评估压力性损伤风险的六个分项。感觉知觉、潮湿程度、活动、活动能力和营养各评 1 至 4 分,从最差水平(1)到无问题(4);摩擦力和剪切力评 1 至 3 分。总分为 6 至 23,总分越低风险越高。常用分级:19–23 无风险,15–18 轻度风险,13–14 中度风险,10–12 高风险,9 分及以下为极高风险。
答案: 健康体重
体质指数:BMI = 体重(kg)/身高(m)²,身高要先换算为米。使用磅和英寸时,BMI = 703 × 体重(lb)/身高(in)²。WHO 成人分类:低于 18.5 为体重过轻,18.5–24.9 为健康体重,25.0–29.9 为超重,30.0–34.9 为肥胖 I 级,35.0–39.9 为肥胖 II 级,40 及以上为肥胖 III 级。
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