感染控制与患者安全
方法
- 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
- 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
- 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
- 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
- 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 34 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
How should the opening of a stoma bag be cut?
Which action is most effective in preventing catheter-associated urinary tract infection?
A patient is on a ventilator. Which bed position helps to prevent ventilator-associated pneumonia?
Before the wound is closed, the sponge count does not match the starting count. What should happen?
对于采取防跌倒措施的患者,护士应将哪项任务委派给护理助理?
A patient is admitted with suspected meningococcal meningitis. Which precautions are needed until treatment has been given for long enough?
A patient's low potassium does not improve despite potassium replacement. Which other electrolyte should be checked?
A patient starting a DOAC is taught about missed doses. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
Which instruction is correct for a patient starting oral iron tablets?
一名肾功能正常、心电图正常的患者钾为 6.2 mEq/L。实验室备注样本发生了溶血。最好的解释是什么?
Sumatriptan is contraindicated in which patient?
为什么治疗结核病时常常同时给予吡哆醇(维生素 B6)和异烟肼?
A patient with heart failure takes furosemide once a day. When is the best time to take it?
A patient has sudden severe chest pain spreading to the back between the shoulder blades. Which finding most supports aortic dissection rather than myocardial infarction?
Which group of problems is typical of primary hyperparathyroidism?
The nurse has four patients. Which one needs to be seen first?
小肠梗阻和大肠梗阻的主要临床区别是什么?
一名体重 70 kg 的成人烧伤面积占体表总面积 40%。按 Parkland 公式,最初 24 小时的晶体液通常如何分配?
Which statement describes the "4 Ts" causes of postpartum haemorrhage?
A nurse teaches a first-time mother about exclusive breastfeeding. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
Which diet is usually recommended for a child with cystic fibrosis?
A child is recovering from Kawasaki disease at home. Which finding is expected in the recovery phase?
A veteran with PTSD sits with his back to the wall, scans the room constantly and jumps at every door slam. Which symptom group do these behaviours belong to?
A patient who is detained under mental health legislation refuses his prescribed oral antipsychotic. What is the correct general principle?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一个剂量记录在 2:00 AM。哪个条目是 24 小时制中的同一时间?点击它。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一次输注从 21:50 开始,到次日早晨 02:35 结束(24 小时制)。它运行了多少分钟t?
一名体重 21 kg 的儿童按 10 mg/kg 处方用药。原液浓度为 25 mg/mL。请抽取剂量:应给多少体积 V?
你需要用 25%(w/v)储备液配制 250 mL 0.5%(w/v)溶液。 必须向储备液中加入多少水 W?
用滴系数为 20 滴/mL 的输液器在 12 小时内输入 1500 mL。求滴速 R(滴/分)。 取整到最接近的整数。
一袋中含有 1 g 药物,溶于 250 mL。医嘱为每分钟 0.5 mg。泵速 R 应设为多少 mL/h?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 记录显示了一名患者在一个 12 小时班次中的出入量。患者体重 77 kg。求平均尿量 U,以 mL/kg/h 计。 保留两位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一袋 1000 mL 的液体用输液泵以 60 mL/h 输注。到 14:00 时已输入 250 mL。还要多少小时 t 袋子才会输完? 保留一位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一张练习图表记录了 GCS 12,其中 E3 和 V4。记录的运动评分M是多少,它描述的是哪种反应?请给出数字。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 对这些观察结果使用 NEWS2 图表(SpO₂ 量表 1):呼吸频率 30 次/分,SpO₂ 99%吸室内空气,血压 150/90 mmHg,脉搏 88 次/分,清醒,体温 37.3 °C。患者属于哪个临床风险组?点击它。
答案: A · To fit closely around the stoma without pressing on it
The opening should fit snugly so stoma output does not reach the skin, but not so tight that it damages the stoma. Stomas shrink in the weeks after surgery, so the size is re-measured.
答案: B · Removing the catheter as soon as it is no longer needed
The infection risk grows with each day of catheterisation, so the most effective step is avoiding unnecessary catheters and removing them early. Routine bladder washouts and frequent bag changes break the closed system and add risk.
答案: D · Head of the bed raised 30 to 45 degrees
Raising the head of the bed to 30–45 degrees reduces aspiration of oral and gastric secretions into the lungs. It is part of the usual ventilator care bundle, unless contraindicated.
答案: D · Tell the surgeon and team, search for the item, and image the patient per policy if it is not found
A count discrepancy is reported to the whole team at once. Closure waits while the field, wound and room are searched, and an x-ray is taken per policy if the item is still missing.
答案: B · 按计划每 2 小时协助患者上厕所
定时如厕巡视是遵循护理计划的常规任务。跌倒风险评分、决定干预措施和教育都需要护理判断。
答案: D · Droplet precautions
Neisseria meningitidis spreads by respiratory droplets, so a surgical mask is worn within close range. Droplet precautions continue until the patient has received effective antibiotics for about 24 hours.
答案: C · Magnesium
Hypomagnesaemia increases renal potassium loss and makes hypokalaemia hard to correct. Magnesium must be replaced as well.
答案: D · "If I forget a dose, I'll take two the next day to catch up."
Doubling up on an anticoagulant increases the bleeding risk. Patients follow the specific missed-dose advice for their drug and never take a double dose.
答案: A · Your stools may turn dark green or black
Oral iron commonly darkens the stools, which is harmless, but black tarry stools with abdominal pain should be reported. Milk, antacids and tea reduce absorption; vitamin C or orange juice can improve it.核对依据: Ferrograd C patient information leaflet (ferrous sulfate + vitamin C) · electronic medicines compendium (eMC), UK (2018)
答案: A · 结果可能是假性偏高;评估患者并安排重新采样
红细胞富含钾。当它们在试管中破裂(由于止血带过紧、握拳或针头太细)时,钾漏出,结果呈假性偏高。护士仍应评估患者并重复检测,因为不能漏掉真正的高钾血症。核对依据: Potassium Blood Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)
答案: B · A patient with coronary artery disease
Triptans can constrict coronary arteries and cause angina or myocardial infarction. They are avoided in coronary disease, uncontrolled hypertension and previous stroke.
答案: A · 预防周围神经病变
异烟肼会引起吡哆醇缺乏,可导致周围神经病变。慢乙酰化者、营养不良者以及糖尿病或酒精依赖患者的风险更大。
答案: B · In the morning, to avoid needing the toilet at night
Loop diuretics produce a brisk diuresis that lasts several hours. Taking them in the morning (and a second dose by early afternoon if prescribed) avoids nocturia, broken sleep and night-time falls.
答案: B · A large difference in blood pressure between the arms
A difference of more than about 20 mmHg in systolic pressure between the arms, a pulse deficit or a new aortic regurgitation murmur suggests dissection. Sweating, tachycardia and rest pain also occur in MI. Thrombolysis and anticoagulants could be disastrous in dissection, so the distinction matters.
答案: C · Kidney stones, bone pain, abdominal pain and low mood
High PTH raises calcium, which can cause kidney stones, bone loss and pain, constipation and abdominal pain, and low mood or confusion ("stones, bones, groans and moans"). Many cases are found on routine blood tests.
答案: D · A patient on insulin for DKA whose potassium is now 2.9 mmol/L
Insulin drives potassium into cells, and a potassium of 2.9 mmol/L during DKA treatment can cause life-threatening arrhythmias. The insulin rate and potassium replacement need urgent review under the protocol. The other patients are stable.
答案: B · 小肠:呕吐早,腹胀较轻;大肠:呕吐晚,腹胀明显
在近端小肠梗阻中,呕吐出现早且明显,腹胀较轻。在大肠梗阻中,腹胀明显,便秘出现早,呕吐较晚(可为粪样)。影像学检查可确认梗阻的水平和原因。
答案: A · 一半在烧伤后的最初 8 小时内,另一半在随后的 16 小时内
Parkland 公式得出 24 小时内 4 × 70 × 40 = 11 200 mL。其中一半(5600 mL)应在从烧伤时刻(而非到达医院时)起算的最初 8 小时内输入,其余在 16 小时内输入。随后根据尿量调整速度。
答案: A · Tone, trauma, tissue and thrombin
The 4 Ts are tone (atony), trauma (tears, haematomas, rupture), tissue (retained placenta or clots) and thrombin (clotting disorders). Tone is the most common cause.
答案: A · "On hot days I should give my baby extra water between feeds."
Exclusively breastfed babies under 6 months do not need extra water, even in hot weather; more frequent feeds meet their needs. Water can fill the stomach and reduce milk intake.
答案: C · A high-energy, high-fat diet with fat-soluble vitamin supplements
Children with CF need more energy than usual because of malabsorption and the work of breathing. A high-energy diet with enzymes and extra vitamins A, D, E and K is standard; extra salt may be needed.
答案: A · Peeling skin on the fingers and toes
Peeling (desquamation) of the skin of the fingers and toes is typical in the subacute phase of Kawasaki disease. Chest pain could signal a coronary problem, and a new fever needs medical review.
答案: C · Changes in arousal and reactivity
Hypervigilance and an exaggerated startle response belong to the arousal and reactivity group, along with irritability, poor concentration and sleep problems.
答案: C · Treatment without consent is lawful only under the conditions and procedures set by the law
Mental health laws allow some treatments for mental disorder without consent in defined circumstances, with safeguards such as second opinions and time limits. Staff must follow these procedures and record them, and should continue to seek the patient's agreement.
答案: 02:00
24 小时制:下午 1 点起,小时数加 12(下午 3:45 = 15:45)。午夜到凌晨 12:59 为 00:00–00:59,中午 12:00–12:59 仍为 12:00–12:59。反过来换算时,13–23 点减 12 并标为下午;00 点变为凌晨 12 点。跨午夜计算时间要分两段:先算到 24:00(00:00),再从 00:00 算起。
答案: t = 285 min
24 小时制:下午 1 点起,小时数加 12(下午 3:45 = 15:45)。午夜到凌晨 12:59 为 00:00–00:59,中午 12:00–12:59 仍为 12:00–12:59。反过来换算时,13–23 点减 12 并标为下午;00 点变为凌晨 12 点。跨午夜计算时间要分两段:先算到 24:00(00:00),再从 00:00 算起。
答案: V = 8.4 mL
抽取剂量:体积 = (处方剂量/药物浓度) × 药物体积。先换算成相同的单位,再检查该体积是否适合注射器,并落在它的某一个刻度上。
在这支 10 mL 的注射器上,每条小刻度线代表 0.2 mL。
答案: W = 245 mL
Solution strengths: a percentage strength is grams per 100 mL, so 1% = 1 g/100 mL = 10 mg/mL. A ratio strength 1:1000 means 1 g in 1000 mL = 1 mg/mL; 1:10 000 is 0.1 mg/mL. For a dilution the amount of drug stays the same: C₁·V₁ = C₂·V₂.
答案: R = 42 gtt/min
输注速率:输液泵按 mL/h = 体积/时间(小时)设定。重力滴注按每分钟滴数计:gtt/min = 体积 (mL) × 滴系数 (gtt/mL)/时间 (min)。 滴系数印在输液器包装上:普通输液器为 10、15 或 20 gtt/mL(输血器在美国常为 10 gtt/mL,在英国为 15),微量输液器为 60 gtt/mL。务必使用题目或包装给出的滴系数。
床旁取最接近的整滴:42 滴/分。
答案: R = 7.5 mL/h
Dose-based infusions: concentration = amount of drug in the bag/bag volume. Pump rate (mL/h) = dose per hour/concentration, and dose per hour = mL/h × concentration. Convert per-minute doses to per-hour (× 60) and keep the mass units the same (1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg).
答案: U = 1.24 mL/kg/h
出入量:入量计入所有进入体内的液体(口服液体、静脉输液、静脉用药及冲管液、管饲);冰屑按其体积的一半计。出量计入尿液、引流液、呕吐物和其他丢失。平衡 = 总入量 − 总出量;平衡为负表示净丢失。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
答案: t = 12.5 h
输液时间:时间 (h) = 待输体积 (mL)/速率 (mL/h);使用袋中剩余的体积,而不是袋的容量。已输入体积 = 速率 × 时间。把小数小时换算为小时和分钟时,用小数部分 × 60(0.5 h = 30 min,而不是 50 min)。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
约为 12 h 30 min,所以袋子大约在 02:30 输完。
答案: M = 5
格拉斯哥昏迷量表:把三个方面的最佳反应相加。睁眼 E:4 自发,3 对声音或言语,2 对压迫,1 无。言语 V:5 定向正常,4 意识模糊,3 用词不恰当,2 发出无法理解的声音,1 无。运动 M:6 遵嘱动作,5 定位,4 正常屈曲(回缩),3 异常屈曲,2 伸展,1 无。总分为 3 至 15。头部损伤后,13–15 通常称为轻度,9–12 为中度,3–8 为重度。
答案: 中低
NEWS2(国家早期预警评分 2,英国皇家内科医师学会 2017):按图表为七个参数分别评分(呼吸频率、量表 1 的 SpO₂、吸空气还是吸氧、收缩压、脉搏、按 ACVPU 量表评定的意识状态和体温),然后把分数相加。临床风险:0–4 为低;任何单项参数得 3 分为中低;5–6 为中;7 或以上为高。总分 5 或以上需要紧急响应。
即使总分低,单项得 3 分也需要紧急会诊。
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