NCLEX-PN 风格练习题(LPN/LVN):速成包

公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 34 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。

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1公式与方法

感染控制与患者安全

方法

  1. 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
  2. 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
  3. 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
  4. 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
  5. 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。

优先排序与委派

方法

  1. 问自己:如果什么都不做,什么会最快伤害患者。
  2. 应用 ABC(心脏骤停时为 C-A-B),然后是 Maslow 需求层次:生理需要先于安全,安全先于心理需要。
  3. 比较各选项:急性先于慢性,不稳定先于稳定,意外先于预期,全身性先于局部,并将每项发现与患者的基线对照。
  4. 除非是紧急情况,否则先评估再行动;然后选择其他步骤所依赖的那一步。
  5. 委派时核对五项正确:任务、情境、人员、指示和监督。评估、宣教和评价仍由注册护士负责。

实验室检查值与电解质

方法

  1. 把数值与本实验室自己的参考范围比较,再与患者的基线和趋势比较。
  2. 检查标本:溶血、延迟,或在静脉输液附近采血都可能得出错误结果。
  3. 把数值与其典型体征以及引起它的药物和疾病联系起来。
  4. 注意相互作用:低钾或低镁会增加地高辛中毒的风险;脱水会使锂浓度升高。
  5. 对患者采取行动:评估,血药浓度不安全时暂停用药,复述危急值并通知开医嘱的医生。

内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

方法

  1. 说出问题所在:泵衰竭、动脉阻塞、节律、血栓、气道狭窄、感染或设备问题。
  2. 先检查危险征象:低氧、低血压、胸痛、新出现的意识模糊、冰冷无脉搏的肢体。
  3. 让氧疗与患者相匹配:大多数人为 94–98%,有 CO₂ 潴留风险者为 88–92%。
  4. 把每种药物与其检测和风险联系起来:华法林与 INR,肝素与 aPTT 和血小板,利尿剂与血钾。
  5. 选择安全的第一步措施,然后升级处理并重新评估。

内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

方法

  1. 对每位新出现意识模糊、乏力或癫痫发作的患者都检查血糖。
  2. 把意识水平作为脑部问题最早的警示;瞳孔变化和库欣三联征出现得较晚。
  3. 对于糖尿病急症,要区分 DKA(酮体、酸中毒)和 HHS(渗透压很高、脱水);先补液。
  4. 对于钠和水,要判断是 ADH 过多(SIADH)还是缺乏(尿崩症),并缓慢纠正慢性变化。
  5. 对于肾脏问题,把原因分为肾前性、肾性或肾后性,并监测血钾和液体。

内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

方法

  1. 想一想可能隐藏着什么:内出血、无发热的感染、SpO₂ 正常背后的通气不足。
  2. 利用术后的时间来缩小并发症的范围:出血在数小时内,胸部问题在数天内,伤口和吻合口漏出现得更晚。
  3. 对于疼痛,要评估、用多模式镇痛治疗、重新评估,并且在每次使用阿片类药物时监测镇静程度。
  4. 对于癌症患者,把低谷期的任何疾病都当作中性粒细胞减少性脓毒症处理,并了解肿瘤急症。
  5. 对于烧伤,只计算浅二度/深二度和三度的面积,从烧伤的时刻开始计算 Parkland 时间,并根据尿量调整。

产科护理

方法

  1. 把产妇放在时间轴上定位:孕周、产程阶段或产后第几天,再判断此时什么是正常的。
  2. 找出处于危险中的对象:母亲、胎儿或新生儿,或者其中不止一个。
  3. 把发现与其原因联系起来:减速用 VEAL CHOP,出血用四个 T,产后用 BUBBLE-HE。
  4. 优先选择改善血流和氧合的措施(侧卧、停用缩宫素、宫底按摩),然后再升级处理。

儿科护理

方法

  1. 先记下患儿的年龄:它决定正常生命体征、发育里程碑和合适的疼痛量表。
  2. 评估气道、呼吸和循环,记住儿童代偿很久之后会迅速恶化。
  3. 让措施与发育阶段相匹配,并让家属参与。
  4. 检查答案对儿童是否安全:按体重计算,病毒感染不用阿司匹林,12 岁以下不用可待因。

精神科护理

方法

  1. 判断是否存在即时风险:自杀、暴力、药物急症或躯体疾病。
  2. 先保障安全:观察、移除危险物品、缓和局面、停用有害药物、寻求帮助。
  3. 选择治疗性回应:承认感受、陈述现实,避免虚假的安慰和“为什么”式提问。
  4. 尊重权利:采用限制最少的方案,知情同意,以及保密及其限度。

护理数学与单位换算

公制进位
1 kg = 1000 g, 1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg, 1 L = 1000 mL
体重和长度
1 kg = 2.2 lb, 1 lb = 16 oz, 1 in = 2.54 cm, 1 ft = 12 in
家用计量
1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL
温度
°C = (°F − 32)·5/9, °F = °C·9/5 + 32
24 小时制
PM 1–11 点:加 12; 12 AM = 00:xx; 12 PM = 12:xx
给药速率
mcg/min × 60/1000 = mg/h
实验室换算系数
葡萄糖 1 mmol/L = 18 mg/dL; 肌酐 1 mg/dL = 88.4 µmol/L; Hb 1 g/dL = 10 g/L

方法

  1. 写出已知量及其单位,以及你想要的单位。
  2. 选定等量关系:kg、g、mg 和 mcg 之间,或 L 和 mL 之间为 1000;1 kg = 2.2 lb;1 tsp = 5 mL,1 tbsp = 15 mL,1 fl oz = 30 mL,1 cup = 240 mL。
  3. 写成分数,使不需要的单位相互约去;对于速率,每个变化的单位用一个分数。
  4. 检查方向:单位越小,数字越大。
  5. 只对最终答案取整,精度按题目所述。

剂量计算

由浓度计算剂量
体积 = 剂量 / 浓度
按体重给药
剂量 = mg/kg × 体重
片剂
片数 = 剂量 / 每片规格
单位
1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg

方法

  1. 把医嘱剂量和药品规格换算为同一单位。
  2. 用“需要量除以现有量再乘以数量”:(D/H) × Q。
  3. 按体重给药时,先乘以以 kg 计的体重,再用日剂量除以给药次数。
  4. 先估算,再检查答案是否合理。

静脉输液速度

泵速
mL/h = volume (mL)/time (h)
滴速
drops/min = volume (mL) × drop factor / time (min)
输注时间
time (h) = volume (mL)/rate (mL/h)

方法

  1. 泵速 mL/h:体积除以以小时计的时间。
  2. 滴速 drops/min:体积 × 滴系数,再除以以分钟计的时间。
  3. 剩余时间:剩余体积除以速率。
  4. 按题目或设备的要求取整。

静脉输液与液体平衡

Holliday–Segar 每小时量
4 mL/kg(前 10 kg)+ 2 mL/kg(次 10 kg)+ 1 mL/kg(20 kg 以上每 kg)
Holliday–Segar 每日量
相同分段分别为 100 / 50 / 20 mL/kg
液体平衡
入量 − 出量
冰屑
按其体积的一半计算
尿量
mL/kg/h = mL / (kg × h)
输注时间
时间 (h) = 剩余体积 (mL) / 速率 (mL/h)
已输入体积
mL = 速率 × 时间

临床评估评分

格拉斯哥昏迷量表
GCS = E (1–4) + V (1–5) + M (1–6) = 3–15
Apgar
5 项体征 × 0–2 = 0–10; 7–10 令人放心, 4–6 中度异常, 0–3 低
Braden 量表
5 × (1–4) + 1 × (1–3) = 6–23; ≤ 18 有风险
Morse 跌倒评分
跌倒 25, 诊断 15, 辅助 15/30, 静脉输液 20, 步态 10/20, 精神状态 15
NEWS2 风险
0–4 低; 单项 3 分为中低; 5–6 中; ≥ 7 高
平均动脉压
MAP = (SBP + 2·DBP)/3 = DBP + PP/3
脉压和休克指数
PP = SBP − DBP, SI = HR/SBP
体质指数
BMI = kg/m² = 703·lb/in²

方法

  1. 找出题目使用的评分表及其范围(GCS 3–15,Apgar 0–10,Braden 6–23,Morse 0–125)。
  2. 分别为每个条目评分,将描述与其对应的等级匹配。
  3. 把各条目得分相加,并检查总分是否在范围内。
  4. 应用分界值:对于 NEWS2,还要查看是否有单项参数得 3 分。
  5. 对于导出的数值,使用 MAP = (SBP + 2·DBP)/3,PP = SBP − DBP,SI = HR/SBP,BMI = kg/m²。

2练习题

1.护理学基础中等

How should the opening of a stoma bag be cut?

  1. ATo fit closely around the stoma without pressing on it
  2. BMuch larger than the stoma so that the edge never rubs against it
  3. CIn any shape, as long as the bag sticks
  4. DSmaller than the stoma so it grips it tightly
2.护理学基础困难

Which action is most effective in preventing catheter-associated urinary tract infection?

  1. AChanging the drainage bag every few hours to keep the system fresh
  2. BRemoving the catheter as soon as it is no longer needed
  3. CWashing out the bladder every day
  4. DGiving antibiotics to every catheterised patient
3.感染控制与患者安全中等

A patient is on a ventilator. Which bed position helps to prevent ventilator-associated pneumonia?

  1. AHead of the bed raised about 10 degrees
  2. BTrendelenburg position
  3. CLying completely flat
  4. DHead of the bed raised 30 to 45 degrees
4.感染控制与患者安全困难

Before the wound is closed, the sponge count does not match the starting count. What should happen?

  1. AClose the wound to avoid a long anesthetic and recount the sponges after surgery
  2. BAssume that the first count was wrong and continue
  3. CChange the count on the record so that it matches, then close the wound as planned
  4. DTell the surgeon and team, search for the item, and image the patient per policy if it is not found
5.优先排序与委派中等

对于采取防跌倒措施的患者,护士应将哪项任务委派给护理助理?

  1. A每天早晨评估并记录患者的跌倒风险评分
  2. B按计划每 2 小时协助患者上厕所
  3. C决定是否仍需要床边警报器
  4. D教家属如何在家中预防跌倒
6.优先排序与委派困难

A patient is admitted with suspected meningococcal meningitis. Which precautions are needed until treatment has been given for long enough?

  1. AStandard precautions only
  2. BAirborne precautions
  3. CContact precautions only
  4. DDroplet precautions
7.临床护理中等

A patient's low potassium does not improve despite potassium replacement. Which other electrolyte should be checked?

  1. APhosphate
  2. BChloride
  3. CMagnesium
  4. DSodium
8.临床护理困难

A patient starting a DOAC is taught about missed doses. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?

  1. A"I will take it at the same time each day."
  2. B"I will report any blood in my urine."
  3. C"I will tell other doctors and my dentist I take an anticoagulant."
  4. D"If I forget a dose, I'll take two the next day to catch up."
9.实验室检查值与电解质中等

Which instruction is correct for a patient starting oral iron tablets?

  1. AYour stools may turn dark green or black
  2. BTake the tablet with an antacid to improve absorption
  3. CTake each tablet with milk to protect the stomach
  4. DYour urine will turn bright orange while you take it
10.实验室检查值与电解质困难

一名肾功能正常、心电图正常的患者钾为 6.2 mEq/L。实验室备注样本发生了溶血。最好的解释是什么?

  1. A结果可能是假性偏高;评估患者并安排重新采样
  2. B患者有肾衰竭
  3. C不再做进一步检查,立即用胰岛素和葡萄糖治疗
  4. D钾肯定是正常的,无需随访
11.药理学中等

Sumatriptan is contraindicated in which patient?

  1. AA patient with mild asthma
  2. BA patient with coronary artery disease
  3. CA patient with a recent ankle sprain
  4. DA patient with iron deficiency anaemia
12.药理学困难

为什么治疗结核病时常常同时给予吡哆醇(维生素 B6)和异烟肼?

  1. A预防周围神经病变
  2. B减少细菌耐药
  3. C预防异烟肼引起的肝损伤
  4. D增加异烟肼的吸收
13.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸中等

A patient with heart failure takes furosemide once a day. When is the best time to take it?

  1. AJust before the evening meal, with a large drink
  2. BIn the morning, to avoid needing the toilet at night
  3. CWhenever the ankles look swollen, on those days only
  4. DAt bedtime, so the effect lasts through the night
14.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸困难

A patient has sudden severe chest pain spreading to the back between the shoulder blades. Which finding most supports aortic dissection rather than myocardial infarction?

  1. ASweating, nausea and pallor that started with the pain
  2. BA large difference in blood pressure between the arms
  3. CA heart rate of 104/min and a respiratory rate of 22/min
  4. DPain that started at rest
15.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏中等

Which group of problems is typical of primary hyperparathyroidism?

  1. AHeat intolerance, tremor, weight loss and diarrhoea
  2. BHair loss, weight gain and feeling cold
  3. CKidney stones, bone pain, abdominal pain and low mood
  4. DMuscle cramps, tingling lips and seizures
16.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏困难

The nurse has four patients. Which one needs to be seen first?

  1. AA patient with Parkinson's disease whose next dose is due in two hours
  2. BA patient with stable CKD waiting for a renal diet review
  3. CA patient with hypothyroidism asking when to take levothyroxine
  4. DA patient on insulin for DKA whose potassium is now 2.9 mmol/L
17.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤中等

小肠梗阻和大肠梗阻的主要临床区别是什么?

  1. A小肠:仅有明显腹胀;大肠:无疼痛、无呕吐,也完全没有腹胀
  2. B小肠:呕吐早,腹胀较轻;大肠:呕吐晚,腹胀明显
  3. C小肠:完全不呕吐;大肠:早期大量呕吐,无腹胀
  4. D没有临床区别;只有 CT 扫描才能区分
18.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤困难

一名体重 70 kg 的成人烧伤面积占体表总面积 40%。按 Parkland 公式,最初 24 小时的晶体液通常如何分配?

  1. A一半在烧伤后的最初 8 小时内,另一半在随后的 16 小时内
  2. B从到达医院起算,四分之一在最初 8 小时内,其余在 16 小时内
  3. C从到达医院起算,24 小时内每小时等量输注
  4. D全部在第一小时内输完,当天剩余时间只用口服液体
19.产科护理中等

Which statement describes the "4 Ts" causes of postpartum haemorrhage?

  1. ATone, trauma, tissue and thrombin
  2. BTemperature, tachycardia, tears and time
  3. CTone, tachycardia, transfusion and tissue
  4. DTrauma, tension, temperature and thrombosis
20.产科护理困难

A nurse teaches a first-time mother about exclusive breastfeeding. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?

  1. A"On hot days I should give my baby extra water between feeds."
  2. B"I should feed my baby whenever she shows hunger cues."
  3. C"My milk supply increases the more often she feeds."
  4. D"Wet nappies help me check that she is getting enough."
21.儿科护理中等

Which diet is usually recommended for a child with cystic fibrosis?

  1. AA low-salt diet to protect the heart and kidneys from damage later in life
  2. BA low-fat diet to reduce greasy stools and abdominal pain
  3. CA high-energy, high-fat diet with fat-soluble vitamin supplements
  4. DA low-protein diet to reduce the work of the pancreas
22.儿科护理困难

A child is recovering from Kawasaki disease at home. Which finding is expected in the recovery phase?

  1. APeeling skin on the fingers and toes
  2. BA new high fever lasting several days
  3. CA new purple rash on the legs
  4. DSudden chest pain during play
23.精神科护理中等

A veteran with PTSD sits with his back to the wall, scans the room constantly and jumps at every door slam. Which symptom group do these behaviours belong to?

  1. AIntrusion symptoms
  2. BAvoidance
  3. CChanges in arousal and reactivity
  4. DDissociative amnesia for the trauma
24.精神科护理困难

A patient who is detained under mental health legislation refuses his prescribed oral antipsychotic. What is the correct general principle?

  1. AThe refusal must always be accepted, even if the law allows treatment without consent
  2. BThe nurse may hide the medicine in his food without any further process
  3. CTreatment without consent is lawful only under the conditions and procedures set by the law
  4. DDetained patients have no right to refuse any treatment at all
25.护理数学与单位换算中等
1234567891011122:00 AM?03:0014:0002:0001:00

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一个剂量记录在 2:00 AM。哪个条目是 24 小时制中的同一时间?点击它。

2:00 AM
  1. 103:00
  2. 214:00
  3. 302:00
  4. 401:00
26.护理数学与单位换算困难
00:0021:5002:35t = ?

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一次输注从 21:50 开始,到次日早晨 02:35 结束(24 小时制)。它运行了多少分钟t?

21:5002:35
t = min
27.剂量计算中等
024681010 mL

一名体重 21 kg 的儿童按 10 mg/kg 处方用药。原液浓度为 25 mg/mL。请抽取剂量:应给多少体积 V?

21 kg10 mg/kg25 mg/mL
V = mL
28.剂量计算困难
25%储备液水 = ? mL

你需要用 25%(w/v)储备液配制 250 mL 0.5%(w/v)溶液。 必须向储备液中加入多少水 W?

C₁ = 25%C₂ = 0.5%V₂ = 250 mL
W = mL
29.静脉输液速度中等
1500 mL20 gtt/mL12 h? gtt/min

用滴系数为 20 滴/mL 的输液器在 12 小时内输入 1500 mL。求滴速 R(滴/分)。 取整到最接近的整数。

1500 mL12 h20 gtt/mL
R = gtt/min
30.静脉输液速度困难
1 g250 mL? mL/h0.5 mg/min

一袋中含有 1 g 药物,溶于 250 mL。医嘱为每分钟 0.5 mg。泵速 R 应设为多少 mL/h?

1 g/250 mL0.5 mg/min
R = mL/h
31.静脉输液与液体平衡中等
入量出量12 小时班次汤200 mL果汁120 mL茶240 mL冰屑100 mL静脉输液100 mL/h × 12 h静脉抗生素1 × 50 mL尿液425 mL尿液175 mL尿液175 mL尿液375 mL

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 记录显示了一名患者在一个 12 小时班次中的出入量。患者体重 77 kg。求平均尿量 U,以 mL/kg/h 计。 保留两位小数。

77 kg12 h尿液: 425 mL尿液: 175 mL尿液: 175 mL尿液: 375 mL
U = mL/kg/h
32.静脉输液与液体平衡困难
1000 mL250 mL 已输入60 mL/h14:00t = ? h

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一袋 1000 mL 的液体用输液泵以 60 mL/h 输注。到 14:00 时已输入 250 mL。还要多少小时 t 袋子才会输完? 保留一位小数。

1000 mL250 mL 已输入60 mL/h
t = h
33.临床评估评分中等
E3 / 4+V4 / 5+M? / 6GCS 12?

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一张练习图表记录了 GCS 12,其中 E3 和 V4。记录的运动评分M是多少,它描述的是哪种反应?请给出数字。

GCS 12E3V4
M =
34.临床评估评分困难
3210123RR≤89–1112–2021–24≥25SpO₂≤9192–9394–95≥96空气 / O₂O₂空气SBP≤9091–100101–110111–219≥220HR≤4041–5051–9091–110111–130≥131ACVPUAC, V, P, UT °C≤35.035.1–36.036.1–38.038.1–39.0≥39.1低中低中高

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 对这些观察结果使用 NEWS2 图表(SpO₂ 量表 1):呼吸频率 30 次/分,SpO₂ 99%吸室内空气,血压 150/90 mmHg,脉搏 88 次/分,清醒,体温 37.3 °C。患者属于哪个临床风险组?点击它。

RR 30SpO₂ 99%空气SBP 150HR 88AT 37.3 °C
  1. 1低
  2. 2中低
  3. 3中
  4. 4高

3溶液

1.护理学基础

答案: A · To fit closely around the stoma without pressing on it

为什么是这个答案

The opening should fit snugly so stoma output does not reach the skin, but not so tight that it damages the stoma. Stomas shrink in the weeks after surgery, so the size is re-measured.

答案

A · To fit closely around the stoma without pressing on it
2.护理学基础

答案: B · Removing the catheter as soon as it is no longer needed

为什么是这个答案

The infection risk grows with each day of catheterisation, so the most effective step is avoiding unnecessary catheters and removing them early. Routine bladder washouts and frequent bag changes break the closed system and add risk.

答案

B · Removing the catheter as soon as it is no longer needed
3.感染控制与患者安全

答案: D · Head of the bed raised 30 to 45 degrees

为什么是这个答案

Raising the head of the bed to 30–45 degrees reduces aspiration of oral and gastric secretions into the lungs. It is part of the usual ventilator care bundle, unless contraindicated.

答案

D · Head of the bed raised 30 to 45 degrees
4.感染控制与患者安全

答案: D · Tell the surgeon and team, search for the item, and image the patient per policy if it is not found

为什么是这个答案

A count discrepancy is reported to the whole team at once. Closure waits while the field, wound and room are searched, and an x-ray is taken per policy if the item is still missing.

答案

D · Tell the surgeon and team, search for the item, and image the patient per policy if it is not found
5.优先排序与委派

答案: B · 按计划每 2 小时协助患者上厕所

为什么是这个答案

定时如厕巡视是遵循护理计划的常规任务。跌倒风险评分、决定干预措施和教育都需要护理判断。

答案

B · 按计划每 2 小时协助患者上厕所
6.优先排序与委派

答案: D · Droplet precautions

为什么是这个答案

Neisseria meningitidis spreads by respiratory droplets, so a surgical mask is worn within close range. Droplet precautions continue until the patient has received effective antibiotics for about 24 hours.

答案

D · Droplet precautions
7.临床护理

答案: C · Magnesium

为什么是这个答案

Hypomagnesaemia increases renal potassium loss and makes hypokalaemia hard to correct. Magnesium must be replaced as well.

答案

C · Magnesium
8.临床护理

答案: D · "If I forget a dose, I'll take two the next day to catch up."

为什么是这个答案

Doubling up on an anticoagulant increases the bleeding risk. Patients follow the specific missed-dose advice for their drug and never take a double dose.

答案

D · "If I forget a dose, I'll take two the next day to catch up."
9.实验室检查值与电解质

答案: A · Your stools may turn dark green or black

为什么是这个答案

Oral iron commonly darkens the stools, which is harmless, but black tarry stools with abdominal pain should be reported. Milk, antacids and tea reduce absorption; vitamin C or orange juice can improve it.核对依据: Ferrograd C patient information leaflet (ferrous sulfate + vitamin C) · electronic medicines compendium (eMC), UK (2018)

答案

A · Your stools may turn dark green or black
10.实验室检查值与电解质

答案: A · 结果可能是假性偏高;评估患者并安排重新采样

为什么是这个答案

红细胞富含钾。当它们在试管中破裂(由于止血带过紧、握拳或针头太细)时,钾漏出,结果呈假性偏高。护士仍应评估患者并重复检测,因为不能漏掉真正的高钾血症。核对依据: Potassium Blood Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)

答案

A · 结果可能是假性偏高;评估患者并安排重新采样
11.药理学

答案: B · A patient with coronary artery disease

为什么是这个答案

Triptans can constrict coronary arteries and cause angina or myocardial infarction. They are avoided in coronary disease, uncontrolled hypertension and previous stroke.

答案

B · A patient with coronary artery disease
12.药理学

答案: A · 预防周围神经病变

为什么是这个答案

异烟肼会引起吡哆醇缺乏,可导致周围神经病变。慢乙酰化者、营养不良者以及糖尿病或酒精依赖患者的风险更大。

答案

A · 预防周围神经病变
13.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

答案: B · In the morning, to avoid needing the toilet at night

为什么是这个答案

Loop diuretics produce a brisk diuresis that lasts several hours. Taking them in the morning (and a second dose by early afternoon if prescribed) avoids nocturia, broken sleep and night-time falls.

答案

B · In the morning, to avoid needing the toilet at night
14.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

答案: B · A large difference in blood pressure between the arms

为什么是这个答案

A difference of more than about 20 mmHg in systolic pressure between the arms, a pulse deficit or a new aortic regurgitation murmur suggests dissection. Sweating, tachycardia and rest pain also occur in MI. Thrombolysis and anticoagulants could be disastrous in dissection, so the distinction matters.

答案

B · A large difference in blood pressure between the arms
15.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

答案: C · Kidney stones, bone pain, abdominal pain and low mood

为什么是这个答案

High PTH raises calcium, which can cause kidney stones, bone loss and pain, constipation and abdominal pain, and low mood or confusion ("stones, bones, groans and moans"). Many cases are found on routine blood tests.

答案

C · Kidney stones, bone pain, abdominal pain and low mood
16.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

答案: D · A patient on insulin for DKA whose potassium is now 2.9 mmol/L

为什么是这个答案

Insulin drives potassium into cells, and a potassium of 2.9 mmol/L during DKA treatment can cause life-threatening arrhythmias. The insulin rate and potassium replacement need urgent review under the protocol. The other patients are stable.

答案

D · A patient on insulin for DKA whose potassium is now 2.9 mmol/L
17.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

答案: B · 小肠:呕吐早,腹胀较轻;大肠:呕吐晚,腹胀明显

为什么是这个答案

在近端小肠梗阻中,呕吐出现早且明显,腹胀较轻。在大肠梗阻中,腹胀明显,便秘出现早,呕吐较晚(可为粪样)。影像学检查可确认梗阻的水平和原因。

答案

B · 小肠:呕吐早,腹胀较轻;大肠:呕吐晚,腹胀明显
18.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

答案: A · 一半在烧伤后的最初 8 小时内,另一半在随后的 16 小时内

为什么是这个答案

Parkland 公式得出 24 小时内 4 × 70 × 40 = 11 200 mL。其中一半(5600 mL)应在从烧伤时刻(而非到达医院时)起算的最初 8 小时内输入,其余在 16 小时内输入。随后根据尿量调整速度。

答案

A · 一半在烧伤后的最初 8 小时内,另一半在随后的 16 小时内
19.产科护理

答案: A · Tone, trauma, tissue and thrombin

为什么是这个答案

The 4 Ts are tone (atony), trauma (tears, haematomas, rupture), tissue (retained placenta or clots) and thrombin (clotting disorders). Tone is the most common cause.

答案

A · Tone, trauma, tissue and thrombin
20.产科护理

答案: A · "On hot days I should give my baby extra water between feeds."

为什么是这个答案

Exclusively breastfed babies under 6 months do not need extra water, even in hot weather; more frequent feeds meet their needs. Water can fill the stomach and reduce milk intake.

答案

A · "On hot days I should give my baby extra water between feeds."
21.儿科护理

答案: C · A high-energy, high-fat diet with fat-soluble vitamin supplements

为什么是这个答案

Children with CF need more energy than usual because of malabsorption and the work of breathing. A high-energy diet with enzymes and extra vitamins A, D, E and K is standard; extra salt may be needed.

答案

C · A high-energy, high-fat diet with fat-soluble vitamin supplements
22.儿科护理

答案: A · Peeling skin on the fingers and toes

为什么是这个答案

Peeling (desquamation) of the skin of the fingers and toes is typical in the subacute phase of Kawasaki disease. Chest pain could signal a coronary problem, and a new fever needs medical review.

答案

A · Peeling skin on the fingers and toes
23.精神科护理

答案: C · Changes in arousal and reactivity

为什么是这个答案

Hypervigilance and an exaggerated startle response belong to the arousal and reactivity group, along with irritability, poor concentration and sleep problems.

答案

C · Changes in arousal and reactivity
24.精神科护理

答案: C · Treatment without consent is lawful only under the conditions and procedures set by the law

为什么是这个答案

Mental health laws allow some treatments for mental disorder without consent in defined circumstances, with safeguards such as second opinions and time limits. Staff must follow these procedures and record them, and should continue to seek the patient's agreement.

答案

C · Treatment without consent is lawful only under the conditions and procedures set by the law
25.护理数学与单位换算

答案: 02:00

24 小时制:下午 1 点起,小时数加 12(下午 3:45 = 15:45)。午夜到凌晨 12:59 为 00:00–00:59,中午 12:00–12:59 仍为 12:00–12:59。反过来换算时,13–23 点减 12 并标为下午;00 点变为凌晨 12 点。跨午夜计算时间要分两段:先算到 24:00(00:00),再从 00:00 算起。

换算小时

2 AM → 02

答案

02:00

答案

02:00
26.护理数学与单位换算

答案: t = 285 min

24 小时制:下午 1 点起,小时数加 12(下午 3:45 = 15:45)。午夜到凌晨 12:59 为 00:00–00:59,中午 12:00–12:59 仍为 12:00–12:59。反过来换算时,13–23 点减 12 并标为下午;00 点变为凌晨 12 点。跨午夜计算时间要分两段:先算到 24:00(00:00),再从 00:00 算起。

午夜之前

21:50 → 24:00 = 130 min

午夜之后

00:00 → 02:35 = 155 min

合计

t = 130 + 155 = 285 min

答案

t = 285 min
27.剂量计算

答案: V = 8.4 mL

抽取剂量:体积 = (处方剂量/药物浓度) × 药物体积。先换算成相同的单位,再检查该体积是否适合注射器,并落在它的某一个刻度上。

按体重计算剂量

D = 10·21 = 210 mg

体积

V = 210/25 = 8.4 mL

在注射器上

在这支 10 mL 的注射器上,每条小刻度线代表 0.2 mL。

答案

V = 8.4 mL
28.剂量计算

答案: W = 245 mL

Solution strengths: a percentage strength is grams per 100 mL, so 1% = 1 g/100 mL = 10 mg/mL. A ratio strength 1:1000 means 1 g in 1000 mL = 1 mg/mL; 1:10 000 is 0.1 mg/mL. For a dilution the amount of drug stays the same: C₁·V₁ = C₂·V₂.

储备液的容量

V₁ = 0.5·250/25 = 5 mL

需加水量

W = 250 − 5 = 245 mL

答案

W = 245 mL
29.静脉输液速度

答案: R = 42 gtt/min

输注速率:输液泵按 mL/h = 体积/时间(小时)设定。重力滴注按每分钟滴数计:gtt/min = 体积 (mL) × 滴系数 (gtt/mL)/时间 (min)。 滴系数印在输液器包装上:普通输液器为 10、15 或 20 gtt/mL(输血器在美国常为 10 gtt/mL,在英国为 15),微量输液器为 60 gtt/mL。务必使用题目或包装给出的滴系数。

以分钟计的时间

12·60 = 720 min

滴速

R = 1500·20/720 = 41.67 ≈ 42 gtt/min

答案

R = 42 gtt/min

床旁取最接近的整滴:42 滴/分。

30.静脉输液速度

答案: R = 7.5 mL/h

Dose-based infusions: concentration = amount of drug in the bag/bag volume. Pump rate (mL/h) = dose per hour/concentration, and dose per hour = mL/h × concentration. Convert per-minute doses to per-hour (× 60) and keep the mass units the same (1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg).

浓度

1000 mg/250 mL = 4 mg/mL

每小时剂量

0.5·60 = 30 mg/h

泵速

R = 30/4 = 7.5 mL/h

答案

R = 7.5 mL/h
31.静脉输液与液体平衡

答案: U = 1.24 mL/kg/h

出入量:入量计入所有进入体内的液体(口服液体、静脉输液、静脉用药及冲管液、管饲);冰屑按其体积的一半计。出量计入尿液、引流液、呕吐物和其他丢失。平衡 = 总入量 − 总出量;平衡为负表示净丢失。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。

总尿量

425 + 175 + 175 + 375 = 1150 mL

每千克每小时

U = 1150/(77·12) = 1.245 ≈ 1.24 mL/kg/h

答案

U = 1.24 mL/kg/h
32.静脉输液与液体平衡

答案: t = 12.5 h

输液时间:时间 (h) = 待输体积 (mL)/速率 (mL/h);使用袋中剩余的体积,而不是袋的容量。已输入体积 = 速率 × 时间。把小数小时换算为小时和分钟时,用小数部分 × 60(0.5 h = 30 min,而不是 50 min)。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。

剩余体积

1000 − 250 = 750 mL

时间

t = 750/60 = 12.5 h

答案

t = 12.5 h

约为 12 h 30 min,所以袋子大约在 02:30 输完。

33.临床评估评分

答案: M = 5

格拉斯哥昏迷量表:把三个方面的最佳反应相加。睁眼 E:4 自发,3 对声音或言语,2 对压迫,1 无。言语 V:5 定向正常,4 意识模糊,3 用词不恰当,2 发出无法理解的声音,1 无。运动 M:6 遵嘱动作,5 定位,4 正常屈曲(回缩),3 异常屈曲,2 伸展,1 无。总分为 3 至 15。头部损伤后,13–15 通常称为轻度,9–12 为中度,3–8 为重度。

运动评分

M = 12 − 3 − 4 = 5
M5: 把手移到受压部位(定位)

答案

M = 5
34.临床评估评分

答案: 中低

NEWS2(国家早期预警评分 2,英国皇家内科医师学会 2017):按图表为七个参数分别评分(呼吸频率、量表 1 的 SpO₂、吸空气还是吸氧、收缩压、脉搏、按 ACVPU 量表评定的意识状态和体温),然后把分数相加。临床风险:0–4 为低;任何单项参数得 3 分为中低;5–6 为中;7 或以上为高。总分 5 或以上需要紧急响应。

为每个参数评分

RR 30/min → 3
SpO₂ 99% → 0
吸空气 → 0
SBP 150 mmHg → 0
HR 88/min → 0
清醒 (A) → 0
T 37.3 °C → 0

总分和红色分值

NEWS2 = 3 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 = 3
至少有一个参数得 3 分。

风险组

中低

答案

中低

即使总分低,单项得 3 分也需要紧急会诊。

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