NCLEX-PN 风格练习题(LPN/LVN):速成包

公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 34 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。

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1公式与方法

感染控制与患者安全

方法

  1. 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
  2. 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
  3. 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
  4. 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
  5. 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。

优先排序与委派

方法

  1. 问自己:如果什么都不做,什么会最快伤害患者。
  2. 应用 ABC(心脏骤停时为 C-A-B),然后是 Maslow 需求层次:生理需要先于安全,安全先于心理需要。
  3. 比较各选项:急性先于慢性,不稳定先于稳定,意外先于预期,全身性先于局部,并将每项发现与患者的基线对照。
  4. 除非是紧急情况,否则先评估再行动;然后选择其他步骤所依赖的那一步。
  5. 委派时核对五项正确:任务、情境、人员、指示和监督。评估、宣教和评价仍由注册护士负责。

实验室检查值与电解质

方法

  1. 把数值与本实验室自己的参考范围比较,再与患者的基线和趋势比较。
  2. 检查标本:溶血、延迟,或在静脉输液附近采血都可能得出错误结果。
  3. 把数值与其典型体征以及引起它的药物和疾病联系起来。
  4. 注意相互作用:低钾或低镁会增加地高辛中毒的风险;脱水会使锂浓度升高。
  5. 对患者采取行动:评估,血药浓度不安全时暂停用药,复述危急值并通知开医嘱的医生。

内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

方法

  1. 说出问题所在:泵衰竭、动脉阻塞、节律、血栓、气道狭窄、感染或设备问题。
  2. 先检查危险征象:低氧、低血压、胸痛、新出现的意识模糊、冰冷无脉搏的肢体。
  3. 让氧疗与患者相匹配:大多数人为 94–98%,有 CO₂ 潴留风险者为 88–92%。
  4. 把每种药物与其检测和风险联系起来:华法林与 INR,肝素与 aPTT 和血小板,利尿剂与血钾。
  5. 选择安全的第一步措施,然后升级处理并重新评估。

内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

方法

  1. 对每位新出现意识模糊、乏力或癫痫发作的患者都检查血糖。
  2. 把意识水平作为脑部问题最早的警示;瞳孔变化和库欣三联征出现得较晚。
  3. 对于糖尿病急症,要区分 DKA(酮体、酸中毒)和 HHS(渗透压很高、脱水);先补液。
  4. 对于钠和水,要判断是 ADH 过多(SIADH)还是缺乏(尿崩症),并缓慢纠正慢性变化。
  5. 对于肾脏问题,把原因分为肾前性、肾性或肾后性,并监测血钾和液体。

内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

方法

  1. 想一想可能隐藏着什么:内出血、无发热的感染、SpO₂ 正常背后的通气不足。
  2. 利用术后的时间来缩小并发症的范围:出血在数小时内,胸部问题在数天内,伤口和吻合口漏出现得更晚。
  3. 对于疼痛,要评估、用多模式镇痛治疗、重新评估,并且在每次使用阿片类药物时监测镇静程度。
  4. 对于癌症患者,把低谷期的任何疾病都当作中性粒细胞减少性脓毒症处理,并了解肿瘤急症。
  5. 对于烧伤,只计算浅二度/深二度和三度的面积,从烧伤的时刻开始计算 Parkland 时间,并根据尿量调整。

产科护理

方法

  1. 把产妇放在时间轴上定位:孕周、产程阶段或产后第几天,再判断此时什么是正常的。
  2. 找出处于危险中的对象:母亲、胎儿或新生儿,或者其中不止一个。
  3. 把发现与其原因联系起来:减速用 VEAL CHOP,出血用四个 T,产后用 BUBBLE-HE。
  4. 优先选择改善血流和氧合的措施(侧卧、停用缩宫素、宫底按摩),然后再升级处理。

儿科护理

方法

  1. 先记下患儿的年龄:它决定正常生命体征、发育里程碑和合适的疼痛量表。
  2. 评估气道、呼吸和循环,记住儿童代偿很久之后会迅速恶化。
  3. 让措施与发育阶段相匹配,并让家属参与。
  4. 检查答案对儿童是否安全:按体重计算,病毒感染不用阿司匹林,12 岁以下不用可待因。

精神科护理

方法

  1. 判断是否存在即时风险:自杀、暴力、药物急症或躯体疾病。
  2. 先保障安全:观察、移除危险物品、缓和局面、停用有害药物、寻求帮助。
  3. 选择治疗性回应:承认感受、陈述现实,避免虚假的安慰和“为什么”式提问。
  4. 尊重权利:采用限制最少的方案,知情同意,以及保密及其限度。

护理数学与单位换算

公制进位
1 kg = 1000 g, 1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg, 1 L = 1000 mL
体重和长度
1 kg = 2.2 lb, 1 lb = 16 oz, 1 in = 2.54 cm, 1 ft = 12 in
家用计量
1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL
温度
°C = (°F − 32)·5/9, °F = °C·9/5 + 32
24 小时制
PM 1–11 点:加 12; 12 AM = 00:xx; 12 PM = 12:xx
给药速率
mcg/min × 60/1000 = mg/h
实验室换算系数
葡萄糖 1 mmol/L = 18 mg/dL; 肌酐 1 mg/dL = 88.4 µmol/L; Hb 1 g/dL = 10 g/L

方法

  1. 写出已知量及其单位,以及你想要的单位。
  2. 选定等量关系:kg、g、mg 和 mcg 之间,或 L 和 mL 之间为 1000;1 kg = 2.2 lb;1 tsp = 5 mL,1 tbsp = 15 mL,1 fl oz = 30 mL,1 cup = 240 mL。
  3. 写成分数,使不需要的单位相互约去;对于速率,每个变化的单位用一个分数。
  4. 检查方向:单位越小,数字越大。
  5. 只对最终答案取整,精度按题目所述。

剂量计算

由浓度计算剂量
体积 = 剂量 / 浓度
按体重给药
剂量 = mg/kg × 体重
片剂
片数 = 剂量 / 每片规格
单位
1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg

方法

  1. 把医嘱剂量和药品规格换算为同一单位。
  2. 用“需要量除以现有量再乘以数量”:(D/H) × Q。
  3. 按体重给药时,先乘以以 kg 计的体重,再用日剂量除以给药次数。
  4. 先估算,再检查答案是否合理。

静脉输液速度

泵速
mL/h = volume (mL)/time (h)
滴速
drops/min = volume (mL) × drop factor / time (min)
输注时间
time (h) = volume (mL)/rate (mL/h)

方法

  1. 泵速 mL/h:体积除以以小时计的时间。
  2. 滴速 drops/min:体积 × 滴系数,再除以以分钟计的时间。
  3. 剩余时间:剩余体积除以速率。
  4. 按题目或设备的要求取整。

静脉输液与液体平衡

Holliday–Segar 每小时量
4 mL/kg(前 10 kg)+ 2 mL/kg(次 10 kg)+ 1 mL/kg(20 kg 以上每 kg)
Holliday–Segar 每日量
相同分段分别为 100 / 50 / 20 mL/kg
液体平衡
入量 − 出量
冰屑
按其体积的一半计算
尿量
mL/kg/h = mL / (kg × h)
输注时间
时间 (h) = 剩余体积 (mL) / 速率 (mL/h)
已输入体积
mL = 速率 × 时间

临床评估评分

格拉斯哥昏迷量表
GCS = E (1–4) + V (1–5) + M (1–6) = 3–15
Apgar
5 项体征 × 0–2 = 0–10; 7–10 令人放心, 4–6 中度异常, 0–3 低
Braden 量表
5 × (1–4) + 1 × (1–3) = 6–23; ≤ 18 有风险
Morse 跌倒评分
跌倒 25, 诊断 15, 辅助 15/30, 静脉输液 20, 步态 10/20, 精神状态 15
NEWS2 风险
0–4 低; 单项 3 分为中低; 5–6 中; ≥ 7 高
平均动脉压
MAP = (SBP + 2·DBP)/3 = DBP + PP/3
脉压和休克指数
PP = SBP − DBP, SI = HR/SBP
体质指数
BMI = kg/m² = 703·lb/in²

方法

  1. 找出题目使用的评分表及其范围(GCS 3–15,Apgar 0–10,Braden 6–23,Morse 0–125)。
  2. 分别为每个条目评分,将描述与其对应的等级匹配。
  3. 把各条目得分相加,并检查总分是否在范围内。
  4. 应用分界值:对于 NEWS2,还要查看是否有单项参数得 3 分。
  5. 对于导出的数值,使用 MAP = (SBP + 2·DBP)/3,PP = SBP − DBP,SI = HR/SBP,BMI = kg/m²。

2练习题

1.护理学基础中等

According to Erikson, what is the main developmental task of older adulthood?

  1. AIntegrity versus despair
  2. BIndustry versus inferiority
  3. CTrust versus mistrust
  4. DIdentity versus role confusion
2.护理学基础困难

An older patient's leg wound has become more painful and has a new unpleasant smell, but there is no fever. What does this suggest?

  1. AThe wound has dried out and needs to be left open
  2. BNormal healing, because there is no fever and the wound is still closed
  3. CA possible wound infection that needs assessment and reporting
  4. DAn allergy to the dressing that needs no action
3.感染控制与患者安全中等

A patient has a weak left leg. Which instruction about using a cane is correct?

  1. AMove the cane and the right leg forward together
  2. BKeep the cane well out to the side, away from the body
  3. CHold the cane in the left hand, on the weaker side
  4. DHold the cane in the right hand, on the stronger side
4.感染控制与患者安全困难

两种不同药物的外观相似药瓶并排存放,一名护士差点拿错。下列哪种应对最体现公正文化?

  1. A上报并改进系统,例如把药瓶分开存放
  2. B为维护病区声誉而隐瞒此事
  3. C处分差点拿错药瓶的护士
  4. D告诉护士要更加小心,不做其他处理
5.优先排序与委派中等

A patient with type 1 diabetes has vomited since morning and cannot eat. Which action is most important?

  1. ACheck the blood glucose and ketones and contact the provider
  2. BWait until tomorrow to see if the vomiting settles
  3. CEncourage a large meal to settle the stomach
  4. DStop all insulin until the patient is able to eat normally again
6.优先排序与委派困难

After a head injury, a patient passes large amounts of very dilute urine, is thirsty and has a rising serum sodium. Which condition is most likely?

  1. ADiabetes insipidus
  2. BDiabetic ketoacidosis
  3. CAcute kidney injury with oliguria
  4. DSIADH
7.临床护理中等

After a laparoscopic cholecystectomy, a patient has pain in the shoulder tip. What is the most likely cause?

  1. AAn allergic reaction to the dressing
  2. BGas used during the operation irritating the diaphragm
  3. CA broken collarbone from being moved onto the table
  4. DA heart attack caused by the stress of surgery
8.临床护理困难

为什么浓氯化钾绝不能快速静脉推注?

  1. A快速给药时无效
  2. B会立即导致肾衰竭
  3. C可能引起致命性心律失常
  4. D会在静脉中结晶并堵塞留置针
9.实验室检查值与电解质中等

A patient with hyperkalemia is prescribed an oral potassium binder such as patiromer or sodium zirconium cyclosilicate. How does this drug lower potassium?

  1. AIt binds potassium in the gut so it leaves in the stool
  2. BIt protects the heart muscle against high potassium levels
  3. CIt stops the kidneys from absorbing water in the tubules
  4. DIt moves potassium into cells in the next few minutes
10.实验室检查值与电解质困难

The nurse teaches a patient with iron-deficiency anemia who is starting oral iron. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?

  1. A"I can take it with orange juice to help absorption"
  2. B"I'll take my iron tablet with a big glass of milk"
  3. C"I'll keep the tablets out of reach of the children"
  4. D"My stools may look darker while I take the tablets"
11.药理学中等

Why is a spacer recommended with a metered-dose inhaler?

  1. AMore drug reaches the lungs and less stays in the mouth
  2. BIt removes the need to shake the inhaler
  3. CIt turns the inhaler into a nebuliser
  4. DIt doubles the dose of drug released by each puff of the inhaler
12.药理学困难

对于一级消除的药物,剂量加倍(给药间隔不变)会:

  1. A使半衰期加倍
  2. B稳态浓度不变,但达到稳态所需的时间减半
  3. C使达到稳态的时间减半
  4. D使稳态浓度加倍,但不改变达到稳态的时间
13.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸中等

Why must intravenous potassium chloride never be given as a rapid push or undiluted?

  1. AIt immediately lowers the blood glucose to dangerous levels
  2. BIt works only when given by mouth
  3. CIt turns into solid crystals inside the vein and blocks it
  4. DA sudden high potassium level can cause cardiac arrest
14.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸困难

After a fall onto the chest, part of a patient's chest wall moves inward when they breathe in and outward when they breathe out. What does this indicate?

  1. AA single simple rib fracture with no lung injury
  2. BA large pleural effusion pressing on the chest wall
  3. CNormal chest movement caused by pain on breathing
  4. DA flail chest from ribs broken in more than one place
15.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏中等

How does the nurse test the facial nerve (VII)?

  1. AAsk the patient to stick out the tongue and move it from side to side
  2. BAsk them to raise the eyebrows, shut the eyes tightly and smile
  3. CShine a light in each eye and check the pupil response
  4. DTouch the forehead, cheek and chin with cotton wool
16.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏困难

一名颅内压升高的患者需要气管内吸痰。哪种做法最恰当?

  1. A常规每 15 分钟吸引一次,即使没有分泌物
  2. B吸引至少 30 秒,一次清除所有分泌物
  3. C吸痰时让患者平躺并转头
  4. D预先给氧,每次吸引时间要短,并限制吸引次数
17.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤中等

Which advice helps a person with diabetes prevent foot ulcers?

  1. ACut corns off at home with a sharp blade
  2. BSoak the feet in very hot water every evening
  3. CWear tight shoes to support the ankles
  4. DCheck the feet every day and never walk barefoot
18.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤困难

On day 3 after surgery, a patient has a temperature of 38.6 °C, respiratory rate 24/min, pulse 118/min, BP 92/58 mmHg and new confusion. What should the nurse do?

  1. AGive paracetamol and recheck in four hours
  2. BRecord the observations and continue routine care
  3. CEncourage oral fluids and wait for the doctor's round
  4. DEscalate urgently and start the sepsis pathway
19.产科护理中等

一名子痫前期的女性主诉剧烈头痛并看到闪光。这提示什么?

  1. A紧张性头痛,在妊娠晚期常见且无害
  2. B硫酸镁的正常作用
  3. C伴有严重表现的子痫前期,有发生子痫的风险
  4. D低血糖
20.产科护理困难

A preterm baby born at 28 weeks is at risk of intraventricular haemorrhage. Which nursing measure reduces this risk?

  1. ARapid fluid boluses to support blood pressure
  2. BKeeping the head of the cot lower than the feet
  3. CFrequent handling and stimulation to keep the baby alert
  4. DMinimal handling with the head in midline
21.儿科护理中等

一名患哮喘的学龄儿童每天使用吸入性糖皮质激素。护士应教给他们什么?

  1. A每次用药后漱口,并使用储雾罐
  2. B用水把粉末吞下去
  3. C症状一改善就停药
  4. D仅在哮喘发作时使用
22.儿科护理困难

A child with eczema suddenly develops clusters of painful, punched-out blisters and erosions with a fever. What should the nurse suspect?

  1. AChickenpox, which is mild and needs no specific treatment
  2. BEczema herpeticum, which needs urgent antiviral treatment
  3. CAn allergic reaction to the emollient
  4. DA normal eczema flare that needs more emollient
23.精神科护理中等

血清锂浓度的哪个范围通常被引用为维持治疗的治疗范围?

  1. A约 2.0 至 3.0 mmol/L(急性躁狂需要更高的水平)
  2. B约 3.5 至 5.0 mmol/L
  3. C约 0.6 至 1.2 mmol/L(目标范围因指南而异)
  4. D约 0.01 至 0.05 mmol/L
24.精神科护理困难

A patient who takes fluoxetine in the evening says he has had trouble falling asleep since starting it. What should the nurse suggest?

  1. ADrink a small glass of wine or beer before bed to help him fall asleep
  2. BDiscuss with the prescriber whether he can take it in the morning instead
  3. CTake a double dose at night to make him sleepy
  4. DStop the fluoxetine at once and tell the prescriber at his next appointment
25.护理数学与单位换算中等
1234567891011123:05 PM?16:0514:0503:0515:05

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一个剂量记录在 3:05 PM。哪个条目是 24 小时制中的同一时间?点击它。

3:05 PM
  1. 116:05
  2. 214:05
  3. 303:05
  4. 415:05
26.护理数学与单位换算困难
1 杯? mL1 tsp? mL1 tbsp? mLΣ = ? mL

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一个班次中,患者摄入了1 杯 / 茶, 1 tsp / 止咳糖浆, 1 tbsp / 液体营养补充剂。按给出的等量关系,求以 mL 表示的口服总摄入量V。

1 杯 = 8 fl oz = 240 mL1 tsp = 5 mL1 tbsp = 15 mL
V = mL
27.剂量计算中等
024681010 mL

一名体重 28 kg 的儿童按 7.5 mg/kg 处方用药。原液浓度为 50 mg/mL。请抽取剂量:应给多少体积 V?

28 kg7.5 mg/kg50 mg/mL
V = mL
28.剂量计算困难
50%储备液V₁ = ? mL

你需要用 50%(w/v)储备液配制 250 mL 1%(w/v)溶液。 你需要多少容量的储备液 V₁?

C₁ = 50%C₂ = 1%V₂ = 250 mL
V₁ = mL
29.静脉输液速度中等
20 gtt/mL75 mL/h? gtt/min

医嘱要求以 75 mL/h 输液,但没有输液泵。改用滴系数为 20 gtt/mL 的输液器重力滴注。求滴速 R,以每分钟滴数表示。

75 mL/h20 gtt/mL
R = gtt/min
30.静脉输液速度困难
500 mg250 mL15 mL/h? mg/h

一袋液体在 250 mL 中含药 500 mg,以 15 mL/h 的速度输注。患者每小时获得多少毫克 D?

500 mg/250 mL15 mL/h
D = mg/h
31.静脉输液与液体平衡中等
入量出量12 小时班次果汁150 mL果冻100 mL静脉输液125 mL/h × 12 h静脉抗生素1 × 100 mL尿液400 mL尿液450 mL尿液375 mL尿液500 mL伤口引流140 mL呕吐物100 mL

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 记录显示了一名患者在一个 12 小时班次中的出入量。静脉输液在整个班次中按所示速率输注。求总入量 I,以 mL 计。

果汁: 150 mL果冻: 100 mL静脉输液: 125 mL/h × 12 h静脉抗生素: 1 × 100 mL
I = mL
32.静脉输液与液体平衡困难
500 mL100 mL/h开始 12:0013:30: ? mL

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一袋 500 mL 的液体于 12:00 开始用输液泵以 100 mL/h 输注。到 13:30 时袋中还剩多少 mL V?

500 mL100 mL/h12:00 → 13:30
V = mL
33.临床评估评分中等
7746SBPDBPmmHgHR 83/min · SI = ?

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一位患者的脉搏为 83 次/分,血压为 77/46 mmHg。求休克指数SI = HR/SBP。取到两位小数。

HR 83/minBP 77/46 mmHg
SI =
34.临床评估评分困难
3210123RR≤89–1112–2021–24≥25SpO₂≤9192–9394–95≥96空气 / O₂O₂空气SBP≤9091–100101–110111–219≥220HR≤4041–5051–9091–110111–130≥131ACVPUAC, V, P, UT °C≤35.035.1–36.036.1–38.038.1–39.0≥39.1低中低中高

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 对这些观察结果使用 NEWS2 图表(SpO₂ 量表 1):呼吸频率 14 次/分,SpO₂ 99%吸室内空气,血压 222/134 mmHg,脉搏 70 次/分,清醒,体温 37.3 °C。患者属于哪个临床风险组?点击它。

RR 14SpO₂ 99%空气SBP 222HR 70AT 37.3 °C
  1. 1低
  2. 2中低
  3. 3中
  4. 4高

3溶液

1.护理学基础

答案: A · Integrity versus despair

为什么是这个答案

In late adulthood people review their lives. A sense of meaning brings integrity, while regret can lead to despair. Reminiscence can support this stage.

答案

A · Integrity versus despair
2.护理学基础

答案: C · A possible wound infection that needs assessment and reporting

为什么是这个答案

Increasing pain, odour, new exudate or delayed healing can signal infection even without fever, especially in older adults. The wound is assessed, the change reported and a swab taken if policy advises.

答案

C · A possible wound infection that needs assessment and reporting
3.感染控制与患者安全

答案: D · Hold the cane in the right hand, on the stronger side

为什么是这个答案

The cane is held on the strong side and moved forward with the weak leg, so it shares the weight that the weak leg cannot take. It is kept close to the body for stability.

答案

D · Hold the cane in the right hand, on the stronger side
4.感染控制与患者安全

答案: A · 上报并改进系统,例如把药瓶分开存放

为什么是这个答案

公正文化认识到人为失误往往源于系统设计。把外观相似的药物分开存放、使用标签和 Tall Man 大写标注可防止再次发生。只责怪个人而不处理隐患,危险依然存在。

答案

A · 上报并改进系统,例如把药瓶分开存放
5.优先排序与委派

答案: A · Check the blood glucose and ketones and contact the provider

为什么是这个答案

Vomiting in type 1 diabetes can lead quickly to diabetic ketoacidosis. Glucose and ketones are checked and the provider is contacted; insulin is usually not stopped completely during illness.

答案

A · Check the blood glucose and ketones and contact the provider
6.优先排序与委派

答案: A · Diabetes insipidus

为什么是这个答案

Damage to the pituitary or hypothalamus can stop the release of antidiuretic hormone, causing diabetes insipidus. The patient loses water, so urine is dilute and sodium rises; SIADH causes the opposite.

答案

A · Diabetes insipidus
7.临床护理

答案: B · Gas used during the operation irritating the diaphragm

为什么是这个答案

Carbon dioxide used to inflate the abdomen can irritate the diaphragm, causing referred shoulder-tip pain. It usually settles within a few days with mobilisation and analgesia.

答案

B · Gas used during the operation irritating the diaphragm
8.临床护理

答案: C · 可能引起致命性心律失常

为什么是这个答案

浓钾推注可使心脏停搏。钾必须稀释后以控制的速度给药,通常使用输液泵。

答案

C · 可能引起致命性心律失常
9.实验室检查值与电解质

答案: A · It binds potassium in the gut so it leaves in the stool

为什么是这个答案

Potassium binders exchange potassium in the gut for another ion, so potassium is removed from the body in the stool. They act over hours, so they are not used alone for emergencies; calcium protects the heart, and insulin with glucose shifts potassium into cells quickly.核对依据: High potassium level · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)

答案

A · It binds potassium in the gut so it leaves in the stool
10.实验室检查值与电解质

答案: B · "I'll take my iron tablet with a big glass of milk"

为什么是这个答案

Calcium in milk, as well as antacids and tea, reduces iron absorption, so iron should not be taken with them. Vitamin C improves absorption, dark stools are expected, and iron overdose is a serious poisoning risk in young children.核对依据: Iron deficiency anemia - Medical Encyclopedia · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025); Iron in diet - Medical Encyclopedia · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)

答案

B · "I'll take my iron tablet with a big glass of milk"
11.药理学

答案: A · More drug reaches the lungs and less stays in the mouth

为什么是这个答案

A spacer holds the aerosol so it can be inhaled slowly, without precise coordination. This improves lung delivery and reduces mouth side effects such as thrush from inhaled steroids.

答案

A · More drug reaches the lungs and less stays in the mouth
12.药理学

答案: D · 使稳态浓度加倍,但不改变达到稳态的时间

为什么是这个答案

一级动力学中,稳态浓度与给药速率成正比,但仍需约 4–5 个半衰期才能达到。

答案

D · 使稳态浓度加倍,但不改变达到稳态的时间
13.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

答案: D · A sudden high potassium level can cause cardiac arrest

为什么是这个答案

Rapid or concentrated IV potassium can cause cardiac arrest. It is given diluted, by infusion, at controlled rates (often with a pump and ECG monitoring for higher rates). Concentrated ampoules are tightly controlled in hospitals because of fatal errors.

答案

D · A sudden high potassium level can cause cardiac arrest
14.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

答案: D · A flail chest from ribs broken in more than one place

为什么是这个答案

A flail segment occurs when adjacent ribs are fractured in two or more places, so the segment moves paradoxically. It is often associated with lung contusion and respiratory failure. Management includes oxygen, strong analgesia and sometimes ventilation or surgical fixation.

答案

D · A flail chest from ribs broken in more than one place
15.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

答案: B · Ask them to raise the eyebrows, shut the eyes tightly and smile

为什么是这个答案

The facial nerve moves the muscles of the face. Asking the patient to raise the eyebrows, close the eyes, puff the cheeks and smile shows any weakness. Facial sensation is carried by the trigeminal nerve.

答案

B · Ask them to raise the eyebrows, shut the eyes tightly and smile
16.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

答案: D · 预先给氧,每次吸引时间要短,并限制吸引次数

为什么是这个答案

吸痰通过咳嗽、低氧和高碳酸血症升高颅内压。仅在需要时进行,并预先给氧,每次不超过约 10–15 秒,次数要少,头部保持抬高并居中。有些病房可使用镇静或利多卡因。

答案

D · 预先给氧,每次吸引时间要短,并限制吸引次数
17.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

答案: D · Check the feet every day and never walk barefoot

为什么是这个答案

Peripheral neuropathy and poor circulation mean injuries can go unnoticed. Daily inspection, well-fitting footwear, checking water temperature and regular podiatry help prevent ulcers.

答案

D · Check the feet every day and never walk barefoot
18.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

答案: D · Escalate urgently and start the sepsis pathway

为什么是这个答案

These findings suggest sepsis with poor perfusion. Urgent medical review and a sepsis bundle, including blood cultures, antibiotics within an hour, lactate, fluids and urine output monitoring, improve survival.

答案

D · Escalate urgently and start the sepsis pathway
19.产科护理

答案: C · 伴有严重表现的子痫前期,有发生子痫的风险

为什么是这个答案

新出现的剧烈头痛和视觉障碍是重度子痫前期的脑部征象,可能先于抽搐出现。需要紧急上报。

答案

C · 伴有严重表现的子痫前期,有发生子痫的风险
20.产科护理

答案: D · Minimal handling with the head in midline

为什么是这个答案

Preterm babies have fragile germinal matrix vessels. Minimal handling, midline head position, slight elevation of the head and avoiding rapid fluid or pressure changes help prevent bleeding into the ventricles.

答案

D · Minimal handling with the head in midline
21.儿科护理

答案: A · 每次用药后漱口,并使用储雾罐

为什么是这个答案

吸入性糖皮质激素是控制药物,需每天使用。漱口可降低口腔念珠菌感染和声音嘶哑的风险,储雾罐可改善药物向肺部的输送。发作时使用短效缓解药物。

答案

A · 每次用药后漱口,并使用储雾罐
22.儿科护理

答案: B · Eczema herpeticum, which needs urgent antiviral treatment

为什么是这个答案

Eczema herpeticum is a widespread herpes simplex infection of eczematous skin. It can spread quickly and cause serious illness, including eye involvement, so the child needs urgent medical review and antiviral treatment.

答案

B · Eczema herpeticum, which needs urgent antiviral treatment
23.精神科护理

答案: C · 约 0.6 至 1.2 mmol/L(目标范围因指南而异)

为什么是这个答案

许多教材对维持治疗引用 0.6–1.2 mmol/L(mEq/L),有些指南推荐较低的目标,如 0.6–0.8。高于约 1.5 的水平与中毒相关。请遵循当地实验室和开医嘱者的规定。

答案

C · 约 0.6 至 1.2 mmol/L(目标范围因指南而异)
24.精神科护理

答案: B · Discuss with the prescriber whether he can take it in the morning instead

为什么是这个答案

Fluoxetine can be activating and cause insomnia. Taking it in the morning, with the prescriber's agreement, often helps. Stopping suddenly or using alcohol is unsafe.

答案

B · Discuss with the prescriber whether he can take it in the morning instead
25.护理数学与单位换算

答案: 15:05

24 小时制:下午 1 点起,小时数加 12(下午 3:45 = 15:45)。午夜到凌晨 12:59 为 00:00–00:59,中午 12:00–12:59 仍为 12:00–12:59。反过来换算时,13–23 点减 12 并标为下午;00 点变为凌晨 12 点。跨午夜计算时间要分两段:先算到 24:00(00:00),再从 00:00 算起。

换算小时

3 PM → 3 + 12 = 15

答案

15:05

答案

15:05
26.护理数学与单位换算

答案: V = 260 mL

家用计量和体重:护理考试使用取整的等量关系:1 茶匙(tsp)= 5 mL,1 汤匙(tbsp)= 15 mL = 3 tsp,1 液量盎司(fl oz)= 30 mL = 2 tbsp,1 杯 = 8 fl oz = 240 mL。体重方面,1 kg = 2.2 lb,1 lb = 16 oz;长度方面,1 英寸 = 2.54 cm。设置换算时,要让你不需要的单位相互约去。

每一项的 mL 数

1 杯 = 1·240 = 240 mL
1 tsp = 1·5 = 5 mL
1 tbsp = 1·15 = 15 mL

相加

V = 240 + 5 + 15 = 260 mL

答案

V = 260 mL
27.剂量计算

答案: V = 4.2 mL

抽取剂量:体积 = (处方剂量/药物浓度) × 药物体积。先换算成相同的单位,再检查该体积是否适合注射器,并落在它的某一个刻度上。

按体重计算剂量

D = 7.5·28 = 210 mg

体积

V = 210/50 = 4.2 mL

在注射器上

在这支 10 mL 的注射器上,每条小刻度线代表 0.2 mL。

答案

V = 4.2 mL
28.剂量计算

答案: V₁ = 5 mL

Solution strengths: a percentage strength is grams per 100 mL, so 1% = 1 g/100 mL = 10 mg/mL. A ratio strength 1:1000 means 1 g in 1000 mL = 1 mg/mL; 1:10 000 is 0.1 mg/mL. For a dilution the amount of drug stays the same: C₁·V₁ = C₂·V₂.

储备液的容量

V₁ = 1·250/50 = 5 mL

答案

V₁ = 5 mL
29.静脉输液速度

答案: R = 25 gtt/min

Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.

每分钟毫升数

75/60 = 1.25 mL/min

滴速

R = 1.25·20 = 25 gtt/min

答案

R = 25 gtt/min
30.静脉输液速度

答案: D = 30 mg/h

输注速率:输液泵按 mL/h = 体积/时间(小时)设定。重力滴注按每分钟滴数计:gtt/min = 体积 (mL) × 滴系数 (gtt/mL)/时间 (min)。 滴系数印在输液器包装上:普通输液器为 10、15 或 20 gtt/mL(输血器在美国常为 10 gtt/mL,在英国为 15),微量输液器为 60 gtt/mL。务必使用题目或包装给出的滴系数。

浓度

500/250 = 2 mg/mL

给药速率

D = 2·15 = 30 mg/h

答案

D = 30 mg/h
31.静脉输液与液体平衡

答案: I = 1850 mL

出入量:入量计入所有进入体内的液体(口服液体、静脉输液、静脉用药及冲管液、管饲);冰屑按其体积的一半计。出量计入尿液、引流液、呕吐物和其他丢失。平衡 = 总入量 − 总出量;平衡为负表示净丢失。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。

计算入量

口服: 150 + 100 = 250 mL
静脉输液: 125·12 = 1500 mL
静脉抗生素: 1·100 = 100 mL
I = 1850 mL

答案

I = 1850 mL
32.静脉输液与液体平衡

答案: V = 350 mL

输液时间:时间 (h) = 待输体积 (mL)/速率 (mL/h);使用袋中剩余的体积,而不是袋的容量。已输入体积 = 速率 × 时间。把小数小时换算为小时和分钟时,用小数部分 × 60(0.5 h = 30 min,而不是 50 min)。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。

经过的时间

12:00 → 13:30 = 1.5 h

已输入体积

100·1.5 = 150 mL

剩余体积

V = 500 − 150 = 350 mL

答案

V = 350 mL
33.临床评估评分

答案: SI = 1.08

血压数值:脉压 PP = SBP − DBP。平均动脉压 MAP ≈ (SBP + 2·DBP)/3 = DBP + PP/3,这是基于正常心率下心脏每搏约有三分之二时间处于舒张期的估算(心率快时准确性下降);MAP 至少约 65 mmHg 是常用的器官灌注目标。休克指数 SI = 心率/SBP,正常约为 0.5–0.7;高于约 1 是休克的警示信号。

休克指数

SI = 83/77 = 1.078 ≈ 1.08

答案

SI = 1.08

1 或更高:在这个练习病例中是休克的警示信号。

34.临床评估评分

答案: 中低

NEWS2(国家早期预警评分 2,英国皇家内科医师学会 2017):按图表为七个参数分别评分(呼吸频率、量表 1 的 SpO₂、吸空气还是吸氧、收缩压、脉搏、按 ACVPU 量表评定的意识状态和体温),然后把分数相加。临床风险:0–4 为低;任何单项参数得 3 分为中低;5–6 为中;7 或以上为高。总分 5 或以上需要紧急响应。

为每个参数评分

RR 14/min → 0
SpO₂ 99% → 0
吸空气 → 0
SBP 222 mmHg → 3
HR 70/min → 0
清醒 (A) → 0
T 37.3 °C → 0

总分和红色分值

NEWS2 = 0 + 0 + 0 + 3 + 0 + 0 + 0 = 3
至少有一个参数得 3 分。

风险组

中低

答案

中低

即使总分低,单项得 3 分也需要紧急会诊。

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