NCLEX-PN 风格练习题(LPN/LVN):速成包

公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 34 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。

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1公式与方法

感染控制与患者安全

方法

  1. 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
  2. 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
  3. 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
  4. 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
  5. 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。

优先排序与委派

方法

  1. 问自己:如果什么都不做,什么会最快伤害患者。
  2. 应用 ABC(心脏骤停时为 C-A-B),然后是 Maslow 需求层次:生理需要先于安全,安全先于心理需要。
  3. 比较各选项:急性先于慢性,不稳定先于稳定,意外先于预期,全身性先于局部,并将每项发现与患者的基线对照。
  4. 除非是紧急情况,否则先评估再行动;然后选择其他步骤所依赖的那一步。
  5. 委派时核对五项正确:任务、情境、人员、指示和监督。评估、宣教和评价仍由注册护士负责。

实验室检查值与电解质

方法

  1. 把数值与本实验室自己的参考范围比较,再与患者的基线和趋势比较。
  2. 检查标本:溶血、延迟,或在静脉输液附近采血都可能得出错误结果。
  3. 把数值与其典型体征以及引起它的药物和疾病联系起来。
  4. 注意相互作用:低钾或低镁会增加地高辛中毒的风险;脱水会使锂浓度升高。
  5. 对患者采取行动:评估,血药浓度不安全时暂停用药,复述危急值并通知开医嘱的医生。

内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

方法

  1. 说出问题所在:泵衰竭、动脉阻塞、节律、血栓、气道狭窄、感染或设备问题。
  2. 先检查危险征象:低氧、低血压、胸痛、新出现的意识模糊、冰冷无脉搏的肢体。
  3. 让氧疗与患者相匹配:大多数人为 94–98%,有 CO₂ 潴留风险者为 88–92%。
  4. 把每种药物与其检测和风险联系起来:华法林与 INR,肝素与 aPTT 和血小板,利尿剂与血钾。
  5. 选择安全的第一步措施,然后升级处理并重新评估。

内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

方法

  1. 对每位新出现意识模糊、乏力或癫痫发作的患者都检查血糖。
  2. 把意识水平作为脑部问题最早的警示;瞳孔变化和库欣三联征出现得较晚。
  3. 对于糖尿病急症,要区分 DKA(酮体、酸中毒)和 HHS(渗透压很高、脱水);先补液。
  4. 对于钠和水,要判断是 ADH 过多(SIADH)还是缺乏(尿崩症),并缓慢纠正慢性变化。
  5. 对于肾脏问题,把原因分为肾前性、肾性或肾后性,并监测血钾和液体。

内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

方法

  1. 想一想可能隐藏着什么:内出血、无发热的感染、SpO₂ 正常背后的通气不足。
  2. 利用术后的时间来缩小并发症的范围:出血在数小时内,胸部问题在数天内,伤口和吻合口漏出现得更晚。
  3. 对于疼痛,要评估、用多模式镇痛治疗、重新评估,并且在每次使用阿片类药物时监测镇静程度。
  4. 对于癌症患者,把低谷期的任何疾病都当作中性粒细胞减少性脓毒症处理,并了解肿瘤急症。
  5. 对于烧伤,只计算浅二度/深二度和三度的面积,从烧伤的时刻开始计算 Parkland 时间,并根据尿量调整。

产科护理

方法

  1. 把产妇放在时间轴上定位:孕周、产程阶段或产后第几天,再判断此时什么是正常的。
  2. 找出处于危险中的对象:母亲、胎儿或新生儿,或者其中不止一个。
  3. 把发现与其原因联系起来:减速用 VEAL CHOP,出血用四个 T,产后用 BUBBLE-HE。
  4. 优先选择改善血流和氧合的措施(侧卧、停用缩宫素、宫底按摩),然后再升级处理。

儿科护理

方法

  1. 先记下患儿的年龄:它决定正常生命体征、发育里程碑和合适的疼痛量表。
  2. 评估气道、呼吸和循环,记住儿童代偿很久之后会迅速恶化。
  3. 让措施与发育阶段相匹配,并让家属参与。
  4. 检查答案对儿童是否安全:按体重计算,病毒感染不用阿司匹林,12 岁以下不用可待因。

精神科护理

方法

  1. 判断是否存在即时风险:自杀、暴力、药物急症或躯体疾病。
  2. 先保障安全:观察、移除危险物品、缓和局面、停用有害药物、寻求帮助。
  3. 选择治疗性回应:承认感受、陈述现实,避免虚假的安慰和“为什么”式提问。
  4. 尊重权利:采用限制最少的方案,知情同意,以及保密及其限度。

护理数学与单位换算

公制进位
1 kg = 1000 g, 1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg, 1 L = 1000 mL
体重和长度
1 kg = 2.2 lb, 1 lb = 16 oz, 1 in = 2.54 cm, 1 ft = 12 in
家用计量
1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL
温度
°C = (°F − 32)·5/9, °F = °C·9/5 + 32
24 小时制
PM 1–11 点:加 12; 12 AM = 00:xx; 12 PM = 12:xx
给药速率
mcg/min × 60/1000 = mg/h
实验室换算系数
葡萄糖 1 mmol/L = 18 mg/dL; 肌酐 1 mg/dL = 88.4 µmol/L; Hb 1 g/dL = 10 g/L

方法

  1. 写出已知量及其单位,以及你想要的单位。
  2. 选定等量关系:kg、g、mg 和 mcg 之间,或 L 和 mL 之间为 1000;1 kg = 2.2 lb;1 tsp = 5 mL,1 tbsp = 15 mL,1 fl oz = 30 mL,1 cup = 240 mL。
  3. 写成分数,使不需要的单位相互约去;对于速率,每个变化的单位用一个分数。
  4. 检查方向:单位越小,数字越大。
  5. 只对最终答案取整,精度按题目所述。

剂量计算

由浓度计算剂量
体积 = 剂量 / 浓度
按体重给药
剂量 = mg/kg × 体重
片剂
片数 = 剂量 / 每片规格
单位
1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg

方法

  1. 把医嘱剂量和药品规格换算为同一单位。
  2. 用“需要量除以现有量再乘以数量”:(D/H) × Q。
  3. 按体重给药时,先乘以以 kg 计的体重,再用日剂量除以给药次数。
  4. 先估算,再检查答案是否合理。

静脉输液速度

泵速
mL/h = volume (mL)/time (h)
滴速
drops/min = volume (mL) × drop factor / time (min)
输注时间
time (h) = volume (mL)/rate (mL/h)

方法

  1. 泵速 mL/h:体积除以以小时计的时间。
  2. 滴速 drops/min:体积 × 滴系数,再除以以分钟计的时间。
  3. 剩余时间:剩余体积除以速率。
  4. 按题目或设备的要求取整。

静脉输液与液体平衡

Holliday–Segar 每小时量
4 mL/kg(前 10 kg)+ 2 mL/kg(次 10 kg)+ 1 mL/kg(20 kg 以上每 kg)
Holliday–Segar 每日量
相同分段分别为 100 / 50 / 20 mL/kg
液体平衡
入量 − 出量
冰屑
按其体积的一半计算
尿量
mL/kg/h = mL / (kg × h)
输注时间
时间 (h) = 剩余体积 (mL) / 速率 (mL/h)
已输入体积
mL = 速率 × 时间

临床评估评分

格拉斯哥昏迷量表
GCS = E (1–4) + V (1–5) + M (1–6) = 3–15
Apgar
5 项体征 × 0–2 = 0–10; 7–10 令人放心, 4–6 中度异常, 0–3 低
Braden 量表
5 × (1–4) + 1 × (1–3) = 6–23; ≤ 18 有风险
Morse 跌倒评分
跌倒 25, 诊断 15, 辅助 15/30, 静脉输液 20, 步态 10/20, 精神状态 15
NEWS2 风险
0–4 低; 单项 3 分为中低; 5–6 中; ≥ 7 高
平均动脉压
MAP = (SBP + 2·DBP)/3 = DBP + PP/3
脉压和休克指数
PP = SBP − DBP, SI = HR/SBP
体质指数
BMI = kg/m² = 703·lb/in²

方法

  1. 找出题目使用的评分表及其范围(GCS 3–15,Apgar 0–10,Braden 6–23,Morse 0–125)。
  2. 分别为每个条目评分,将描述与其对应的等级匹配。
  3. 把各条目得分相加,并检查总分是否在范围内。
  4. 应用分界值:对于 NEWS2,还要查看是否有单项参数得 3 分。
  5. 对于导出的数值,使用 MAP = (SBP + 2·DBP)/3,PP = SBP − DBP,SI = HR/SBP,BMI = kg/m²。

2练习题

1.护理学基础中等

在实施护理的同时进行记录,主要原因是什么?

  1. A让班次过得更快
  2. B准确的记录有助于安全的连续护理,并且是法律文件
  3. C只要护理本身做得正确且安全,记录可有可无
  4. D记录只用于收费
2.护理学基础困难

During medicines reconciliation, the patient says they take an anticoagulant at home, but it has not been prescribed in hospital. What should the nurse do?

  1. AIgnore it, as the hospital doctor knows best
  2. BTell the patient to stop it for good
  3. CGive the patient's own supply without telling anyone
  4. DInform the prescriber so the omission can be reviewed
3.感染控制与患者安全中等

护士接到电话口头医嘱。最安全的做法是什么?

  1. A执行但不记录
  2. B写下来并向开医嘱者复述确认
  3. C请同事一起听,同样记住
  4. D记在脑子里,班末再写下来
4.感染控制与患者安全困难

A patient restrained because of violent behavior is now calm, oriented and following instructions. What should the nurse do?

  1. AKeep the restraints until the order expires
  2. BRemove one restraint each day to test the patient’s behavior
  3. CRemove the restraints, because the reason for them has ended
  4. DKeep the restraints until the next provider visit
5.优先排序与委派中等

A patient taking lithium has vomiting, diarrhea and a new coarse tremor. What should the nurse do?

  1. AHold the next dose and report for an urgent lithium level
  2. BEncourage the patient to cut down on salt and fluids
  3. CReassure the patient that a coarse tremor is expected at first
  4. DGive the dose with food to reduce the stomach upset
6.优先排序与委派困难

A trauma patient has an open leg fracture, absent breath sounds on one side, a trachea shifted to the other side and a falling blood pressure. Which problem is the priority?

  1. AThe risk of wound infection
  2. BThe pain from the fracture
  3. CThe open fracture of the leg
  4. DThe suspected tension pneumothorax
7.临床护理中等

Why can a very low serum albumin contribute to oedema?

  1. AIt raises the blood pressure in the capillaries and pushes fluid out
  2. BIt makes the kidneys retain potassium
  3. CIt increases the number of red cells
  4. DIt lowers the oncotic pressure that holds fluid in the blood vessels
8.临床护理困难

A patient with metastatic breast cancer is confused and constipated, with a corrected calcium of 3.3 mmol/L (about 13.2 mg/dL). What is usually the first treatment?

  1. AIV fluid rehydration, followed by a bisphosphonate
  2. BOral calcium supplements and vitamin D
  3. CStrict fluid restriction to protect the kidneys
  4. DA high-calcium diet
9.实验室检查值与电解质中等

A patient on warfarin has an INR of 7.8 and a nosebleed. Which medication would the nurse expect the provider to prescribe?

  1. AProtamine sulfate
  2. BVitamin K (phytonadione)
  3. CNaloxone hydrochloride
  4. DAcetylcysteine
10.实验室检查值与电解质困难

A woman with preeclampsia is receiving IV magnesium sulfate. Her urine output has fallen and her creatinine is rising. Why is this a concern?

  1. AMagnesium causes potassium loss, so the kidneys release more fluid
  2. BPoor kidney function makes the magnesium level fall quickly
  3. CMagnesium is excreted by the kidneys, so it can build up to toxic levels
  4. DMagnesium is broken down by the liver, so it will stop working soon
11.药理学中等

氟哌啶醇等典型抗精神病药主要通过阻断什么起作用?

  1. A5-羟色胺再摄取
  2. BGABA-A 受体
  3. C多巴胺 D2 受体
  4. D乙酰胆碱酯酶
12.药理学困难

A patient taking metoprolol is also started on verapamil. Which adverse effect is most likely?

  1. ARebound tachycardia and hypertension
  2. BHyperkalaemia and muscle weakness
  3. CSevere bradycardia and heart block
  4. DHypoglycaemia and weight gain
13.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸中等

Rheumatic heart disease most often follows which infection?

  1. AA fungal infection of the lungs
  2. BA viral infection of the upper airway
  3. CA group A streptococcal throat infection
  4. DStaphylococcal infection of the skin
14.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸困难

一名 82 岁的社区获得性肺炎患者新近出现意识混乱,呼吸频率 32 次/分,血压 88/52 mmHg,尿素 9 mmol/L。这提示什么?

  1. ACURB-65 评分为 3:仅需常规收入普通病房
  2. B老年人对感染的正常反应
  3. CCURB-65 评分为 1:适合在家口服抗生素
  4. DCURB-65 评分为 5:高风险,需要紧急高级医师评估
15.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏中等

A patient with atrial fibrillation has had an ischaemic stroke. Which long-term medicine type most reduces the risk of another stroke?

  1. AA proton pump inhibitor
  2. BA beta-agonist inhaler
  3. CAn oral anticoagulant
  4. DA loop diuretic
16.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏困难

全甲状腺切除术后,一名患者焦虑,出现喘鸣和颈部紧张性肿胀。护士首先应做什么?

  1. A让患者尽可能多说话,以测试声音
  2. B给予镇痛,一小时后再评估肿胀
  3. C在颈部放冰袋,让患者平躺
  4. D呼叫紧急援助:血肿可能压迫气道
17.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤中等

A patient takes co-codamol at home (a combination tablet sold under different names in different countries). Why should the nurse check this before giving regular paracetamol (acetaminophen)?

  1. AParacetamol and codeine cause a severe allergic reaction when combined
  2. BCo-codamol must be stopped a week before any paracetamol
  3. CCo-codamol stops paracetamol from working
  4. DIt already contains paracetamol, so overdose could occur
18.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤困难

A patient is booked for a urea breath test for H. pylori. Which medicine should usually be stopped 2 weeks before the test?

  1. AOmeprazole
  2. BParacetamol (acetaminophen)
  3. CAmlodipine
  4. DLevothyroxine
19.产科护理中等

A preterm baby on feeds develops a swollen abdomen, bloody stools and feeding intolerance. Which condition is suspected?

  1. AHirschsprung disease
  2. BNecrotising enterocolitis
  3. CCow's milk protein allergy
  4. DInfantile pyloric stenosis
20.产科护理困难

Which finding in a newborn at 6 hours requires the most urgent action?

  1. ACentral cyanosis, fast breathing and grunting
  2. BMild moulding of the head
  3. CAcrocyanosis of the hands and feet
  4. DSmall white milia on the nose and chin
21.儿科护理中等

A toddler refuses a liquid medicine. Which approach is appropriate?

  1. ATell the child it is a sweet so that he takes it happily
  2. BMix it with a small spoonful of food, if the pharmacist says this is safe
  3. CMix it into a full bottle of milk or juice for the whole day
  4. DHold the child's nose firmly until he has to open his mouth to breathe
22.儿科护理困难

A child with leukaemia and a very high white cell count starts chemotherapy. Which blood results suggest tumour lysis syndrome?

  1. AHigh potassium, high phosphate, high uric acid and low calcium
  2. BHigh sodium, high glucose, low albumin and low urea
  3. CLow potassium, low phosphate, low uric acid and high calcium
  4. DLow haemoglobin and low platelets with a normal potassium
23.精神科护理中等

Which measurement should be monitored regularly in a patient taking venlafaxine?

  1. APeak expiratory flow
  2. BBlood pressure
  3. CVisual acuity
  4. DSerum lithium level
24.精神科护理困难

A patient on daily methadone maintenance has had abdominal surgery. Which statement about his pain management is correct?

  1. AHis usual methadone should continue, and additional analgesia is usually needed for acute pain
  2. BHis usual methadone dose will fully control his post-operative pain, so no other analgesia should be given
  3. CHe should get no opioids at all, because of his history
  4. DHis methadone should be stopped while he is in hospital
25.护理数学与单位换算中等
80.3382 kg? kg取整到 0.1 kg

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一次体重换算得到 80.3382 kg。 本练习的规则是:体重取到最接近的十分之一千克。你记录的数值x是多少?

80.3382 kg
x = kg
26.护理数学与单位换算困难
½ tsp? mL4 tbsp? mL¾ 杯? mLΣ = ? mL

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一个班次中,患者摄入了½ tsp / 止咳糖浆, 4 tbsp / 液体营养补充剂, ¾ 杯 / 茶。按给出的等量关系,求以 mL 表示的口服总摄入量V。

1 tsp = 5 mL1 tbsp = 15 mL1 杯 = 8 fl oz = 240 mL
V = mL
27.剂量计算中等
1:10 000安瓿V = ? mL

一支肾上腺素预充式注射器标示为 1:10 000(0.1 mg/mL)。医嘱为心脏骤停时 1 mg 静脉注射(IV)。你应给多少体积 V?

1:10 0001 mg
V = mL
28.剂量计算困难
30 kg111 cmBSA = √(h·w/3600)60 mg/m²D = ? mg

一名患者身高 111 cm,体重 30 kg。医嘱为 60 mg/m²。用 Mosteller 公式 BSA = √(身高 (cm) × 体重 (kg)/3600) 求剂量 D,以 mg 表示。

111 cm30 kg60 mg/m²
D = mg
29.静脉输液速度中等
20 gtt/mL60 mL/h? gtt/min

医嘱要求以 60 mL/h 输液,但没有输液泵。改用滴系数为 20 gtt/mL 的输液器重力滴注。求滴速 R,以每分钟滴数表示。

60 mL/h20 gtt/mL
R = gtt/min
30.静脉输液速度困难
400 mg100 mL25 mL/h? mg/h

一袋液体在 100 mL 中含药 400 mg,以 25 mL/h 的速度输注。患者每小时获得多少毫克 D?

400 mg/100 mL25 mL/h
D = mg/h
31.静脉输液与液体平衡中等
入量出量12 小时班次茶150 mL牛奶240 mL冰屑200 mL静脉输液100 mL/h × 12 h静脉抗生素2 × 50 mL尿液275 mL尿液375 mL伤口引流150 mL

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 记录显示了一名患者在一个 12 小时班次中的出入量。静脉输液在整个班次中按所示速率输注。求液体平衡 B = 入量 − 出量,以 mL 计(答案为负表示净丢失)。 冰屑按其体积的一半计。

茶: 150 mL牛奶: 240 mL冰屑: 200 mL静脉输液: 100 mL/h × 12 h静脉抗生素: 2 × 50 mL尿液: 275 mL尿液: 375 mL伤口引流: 150 mL
B = mL
32.静脉输液与液体平衡困难
500 mL→ 50 mL/h开始 15:30t总数​ = ? h100 mL/h × 2 h

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一份 500 mL 的输液于 15:30 开始以 100 mL/h 输注。2 小时后速率改为 50 mL/h,之后不再改变。从开始算起多少小时 t 后袋子会输完? 保留一位小数。

500 mL100 mL/h · 2 h50 mL/h
t = h
33.临床评估评分中等
9155SBPDBPmmHgHR 66/min · SI = ?

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一位患者的脉搏为 66 次/分,血压为 91/55 mmHg。求休克指数SI = HR/SBP。取到两位小数。

HR 66/minBP 91/55 mmHg
SI =
34.临床评估评分困难
令人放心中度异常低

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 出生后 5 分钟,一名练习用新生儿的表现为:躯干粉红,手脚青紫,心率 70 次/分,刺激时哭叫、咳嗽或打喷嚏,四肢略有屈曲,呼吸良好,哭声响亮。 为 Apgar 评分并点击该评分的解读。

  1. 1令人放心
  2. 2中度异常
  3. 3低

3溶液

1.护理学基础

答案: B · 准确的记录有助于安全的连续护理,并且是法律文件

为什么是这个答案

及时记录能向团队传达患者状况,支持决策,并作为所提供护理的法律证据。

答案

B · 准确的记录有助于安全的连续护理,并且是法律文件
2.护理学基础

答案: D · Inform the prescriber so the omission can be reviewed

为什么是这个答案

Unexplained differences between home and hospital medicines are reported to the prescriber. Missed anticoagulants can cause clots, and some omissions are deliberate, for example before surgery.

答案

D · Inform the prescriber so the omission can be reviewed
3.感染控制与患者安全

答案: B · 写下来并向开医嘱者复述确认

为什么是这个答案

写下医嘱并复述,可确认听到的内容无误。根据规定,口头医嘱仅限于紧急情况,之后须由开医嘱者签字。

答案

B · 写下来并向开医嘱者复述确认
4.感染控制与患者安全

答案: C · Remove the restraints, because the reason for them has ended

为什么是这个答案

Restraints are used only as long as needed to keep people safe. Once the patient no longer presents a danger, the restraints are removed, even if the order has not yet expired.

答案

C · Remove the restraints, because the reason for them has ended
5.优先排序与委派

答案: A · Hold the next dose and report for an urgent lithium level

为什么是这个答案

Vomiting, diarrhea and a coarse tremor suggest lithium toxicity. The nurse holds the dose and reports so a serum level can be checked; low salt or fluid intake raises lithium levels further.

答案

A · Hold the next dose and report for an urgent lithium level
6.优先排序与委派

答案: D · The suspected tension pneumothorax

为什么是这个答案

A shifted trachea, absent breath sounds and hypotension suggest tension pneumothorax, which threatens breathing and circulation within minutes. The fracture is important, but it comes after the immediate life threat.

答案

D · The suspected tension pneumothorax
7.临床护理

答案: D · It lowers the oncotic pressure that holds fluid in the blood vessels

为什么是这个答案

Albumin creates oncotic pressure, drawing fluid into the capillaries. When it is low, as in liver disease, nephrotic syndrome or malnutrition, fluid leaks into the tissues.

答案

D · It lowers the oncotic pressure that holds fluid in the blood vessels
8.临床护理

答案: A · IV fluid rehydration, followed by a bisphosphonate

为什么是这个答案

Hypercalcaemia of malignancy causes dehydration, so IV fluids are given first, followed by a bisphosphonate to reduce bone resorption. Calcium, renal function and fluid balance are monitored.

答案

A · IV fluid rehydration, followed by a bisphosphonate
9.实验室检查值与电解质

答案: B · Vitamin K (phytonadione)

为什么是这个答案

Warfarin blocks vitamin K–dependent clotting factors, and vitamin K restores their production over hours. For serious bleeding, a prothrombin complex concentrate may also be given to replace factors at once. The warfarin is held.核对依据: Label: WARFARIN SODIUM tablet · DailyMed (NLM/FDA) (2012)

答案

B · Vitamin K (phytonadione)
10.实验室检查值与电解质

答案: C · Magnesium is excreted by the kidneys, so it can build up to toxic levels

为什么是这个答案

Magnesium is cleared by the kidneys, so falling urine output and rising creatinine raise the risk of toxicity. The nurse checks deep tendon reflexes, respiratory rate and level of consciousness, reports the findings and keeps calcium gluconate available as the antidote.核对依据: Magnesium Toxicity (StatPearls) · StatPearls (NCBI Bookshelf) (2026)

答案

C · Magnesium is excreted by the kidneys, so it can build up to toxic levels
11.药理学

答案: C · 多巴胺 D2 受体

为什么是这个答案

氟哌啶醇阻断中脑边缘通路中的 D2 受体,减轻阳性症状。阻断其他通路中的 D2 受体会引起锥体外系反应和催乳素升高。

答案

C · 多巴胺 D2 受体
12.药理学

答案: C · Severe bradycardia and heart block

为什么是这个答案

Beta blockers and non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers (verapamil, diltiazem) both slow heart rate and AV conduction. Together they can cause severe bradycardia, heart block and heart failure.

答案

C · Severe bradycardia and heart block
13.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

答案: C · A group A streptococcal throat infection

为什么是这个答案

Rheumatic fever is an autoimmune reaction weeks after group A streptococcal pharyngitis. It can permanently damage heart valves, most often the mitral valve. Prompt antibiotic treatment of strep throat prevents it.

答案

C · A group A streptococcal throat infection
14.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

答案: D · CURB-65 评分为 5:高风险,需要紧急高级医师评估

为什么是这个答案

该患者得分为 5 分(满分 5 分):意识混乱、尿素 >7 mmol/L、呼吸频率 ≥30 次/分、低血压和年龄 ≥65 岁。这提示重症肺炎,死亡率高,患者同时符合可能脓毒症的标准。需要迅速上报、静脉抗生素、补液,并评估是否需要重症监护。

答案

D · CURB-65 评分为 5:高风险,需要紧急高级医师评估
15.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

答案: C · An oral anticoagulant

为什么是这个答案

In AF the main cause of stroke is a clot from the left atrium. Oral anticoagulants such as a DOAC or warfarin prevent this far better than antiplatelets. The start date after a stroke depends on its size and bleeding risk.

答案

C · An oral anticoagulant
16.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

答案: D · 呼叫紧急援助:血肿可能压迫气道

为什么是这个答案

伴有喘鸣的迅速增大的颈部血肿是气道急症。应呼叫紧急援助;在许多病房,会在床边拆除夹子或缝线以松解血肿(遵循当地急救程序),然后再进行确定性的气道管理和手术。

答案

D · 呼叫紧急援助:血肿可能压迫气道
17.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

答案: D · It already contains paracetamol, so overdose could occur

为什么是这个答案

Co-codamol combines codeine and paracetamol. Giving extra paracetamol can exceed the maximum daily dose and cause liver damage, so all sources of paracetamol are counted.

答案

D · It already contains paracetamol, so overdose could occur
18.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

答案: A · Omeprazole

为什么是这个答案

PPIs suppress H. pylori and can give false-negative breath or stool tests, so they are usually stopped 2 weeks before. Antibiotics are usually stopped 4 weeks before testing.

答案

A · Omeprazole
19.产科护理

答案: B · Necrotising enterocolitis

为什么是这个答案

Necrotising enterocolitis mainly affects preterm babies. Signs include abdominal distension, bilious aspirates, bloody stools and instability. Feeds are stopped and the baby is urgently reviewed. Breast milk lowers the risk.

答案

B · Necrotising enterocolitis
20.产科护理

答案: A · Central cyanosis, fast breathing and grunting

为什么是这个答案

Central cyanosis, tachypnoea and grunting indicate respiratory distress and need immediate assessment, oxygen and evaluation for causes such as infection, heart disease or lung problems.

答案

A · Central cyanosis, fast breathing and grunting
21.儿科护理

答案: B · Mix it with a small spoonful of food, if the pharmacist says this is safe

为什么是这个答案

Mixing with a small amount of food that will be eaten completely, when the medicine allows it, helps the child take the full dose. Large volumes may not be finished, calling medicine sweets is unsafe and forcing risks aspiration.

答案

B · Mix it with a small spoonful of food, if the pharmacist says this is safe
22.儿科护理

答案: A · High potassium, high phosphate, high uric acid and low calcium

为什么是这个答案

Rapid breakdown of tumour cells releases potassium, phosphate and nucleic acids (forming uric acid); phosphate binds calcium, lowering it. This can cause arrhythmias and kidney failure, so hydration, allopurinol or rasburicase and close monitoring are used.

答案

A · High potassium, high phosphate, high uric acid and low calcium
23.精神科护理

答案: B · Blood pressure

为什么是这个答案

Venlafaxine is an SNRI. By increasing noradrenaline, it can raise blood pressure, particularly at higher doses, so blood pressure is checked regularly.

答案

B · Blood pressure
24.精神科护理

答案: A · His usual methadone should continue, and additional analgesia is usually needed for acute pain

为什么是这个答案

Maintenance methadone prevents withdrawal but does not treat acute pain. Patients with opioid tolerance often need more analgesia than usual. Withholding pain relief is unsafe and unethical.

答案

A · His usual methadone should continue, and additional analgesia is usually needed for acute pain
25.护理数学与单位换算

答案: x = 80.3 kg

取整:看舍入位后面的那个数字:5 或更大则进位,4 或更小则保持原数字不变。只对最终答案取整,绝不对中间步骤取整。典型的考试规则:1 mL 或以上的体积取到十分位,低于 1 mL 的体积取到百分位,滴速取整到整滴,体重取到一位小数;务必遵循题目所规定的规则。

十分位位上的数字

80.3382 → 3

只看下一位数字

80.3382 → 3
3 小于或等于 4,所以 3 不变。
后面的数字(82)不考虑:只取整一次,不要逐位取整。

取整

x = 80.3 kg

答案

x = 80.3 kg
26.护理数学与单位换算

答案: V = 242.5 mL

家用计量和体重:护理考试使用取整的等量关系:1 茶匙(tsp)= 5 mL,1 汤匙(tbsp)= 15 mL = 3 tsp,1 液量盎司(fl oz)= 30 mL = 2 tbsp,1 杯 = 8 fl oz = 240 mL。体重方面,1 kg = 2.2 lb,1 lb = 16 oz;长度方面,1 英寸 = 2.54 cm。设置换算时,要让你不需要的单位相互约去。

每一项的 mL 数

½ tsp = 0.5·5 = 2.5 mL
4 tbsp = 4·15 = 60 mL
¾ 杯 = 0.75·240 = 180 mL

相加

V = 2.5 + 60 + 180 = 242.5 mL

答案

V = 242.5 mL
27.剂量计算

答案: V = 10 mL

Solution strengths: a percentage strength is grams per 100 mL, so 1% = 1 g/100 mL = 10 mg/mL. A ratio strength 1:1000 means 1 g in 1000 mL = 1 mg/mL; 1:10 000 is 0.1 mg/mL. For a dilution the amount of drug stays the same: C₁·V₁ = C₂·V₂.

浓度

1:10 000 = 1 g/10000 mL = 0.1 mg/mL

体积

V = 1/0.1 = 10 mL

答案

V = 10 mL

美国的标签现在标示 mg/mL(1 mg/mL = 1:1000;0.1 mg/mL = 1:10 000)。切勿静脉推注 1 mg/mL 的肾上腺素。

28.剂量计算

答案: D = 57.71 mg

Body-surface-area dosing: many cytotoxic and some paediatric doses are prescribed per square metre of body surface area: dose (mg) = dose per m² × BSA (m²). The Mosteller formula estimates BSA = √(height (cm) × weight (kg)/3600).

体表面积

BSA = √(111·30/3600) = √0.925 = 0.9618 m²

剂量

D = 60·0.9618 = 57.71 mg

答案

D = 57.71 mg
29.静脉输液速度

答案: R = 20 gtt/min

Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.

每分钟毫升数

60/60 = 1 mL/min

滴速

R = 1·20 = 20 gtt/min

答案

R = 20 gtt/min
30.静脉输液速度

答案: D = 100 mg/h

输注速率:输液泵按 mL/h = 体积/时间(小时)设定。重力滴注按每分钟滴数计:gtt/min = 体积 (mL) × 滴系数 (gtt/mL)/时间 (min)。 滴系数印在输液器包装上:普通输液器为 10、15 或 20 gtt/mL(输血器在美国常为 10 gtt/mL,在英国为 15),微量输液器为 60 gtt/mL。务必使用题目或包装给出的滴系数。

浓度

400/100 = 4 mg/mL

给药速率

D = 4·25 = 100 mg/h

答案

D = 100 mg/h
31.静脉输液与液体平衡

答案: B = 990 mL

出入量:入量计入所有进入体内的液体(口服液体、静脉输液、静脉用药及冲管液、管饲);冰屑按其体积的一半计。出量计入尿液、引流液、呕吐物和其他丢失。平衡 = 总入量 − 总出量;平衡为负表示净丢失。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。

总入量

口服: 150 + 240 = 390 mL
冰屑: 200/2 = 100 mL
静脉输液: 100·12 = 1200 mL
静脉抗生素: 2·50 = 100 mL
总入量 = 1790 mL

总出量

275 + 375 + 150 = 800 mL

平衡

B = 1790 − 800 = 990 mL

答案

B = 990 mL

为正:摄入的液体多于排出的液体。

32.静脉输液与液体平衡

答案: t = 8 h

输液时间:时间 (h) = 待输体积 (mL)/速率 (mL/h);使用袋中剩余的体积,而不是袋的容量。已输入体积 = 速率 × 时间。把小数小时换算为小时和分钟时,用小数部分 × 60(0.5 h = 30 min,而不是 50 min)。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。

第一部分

100·2 = 200 mL
500 − 200 = 300 mL 剩余

第二部分

300/50 = 6 h

总时间

t = 2 + 6 = 8 h

答案

t = 8 h

约为 8 h 00 min,所以袋子大约在 23:30 输完。

33.临床评估评分

答案: SI = 0.73

血压数值:脉压 PP = SBP − DBP。平均动脉压 MAP ≈ (SBP + 2·DBP)/3 = DBP + PP/3,这是基于正常心率下心脏每搏约有三分之二时间处于舒张期的估算(心率快时准确性下降);MAP 至少约 65 mmHg 是常用的器官灌注目标。休克指数 SI = 心率/SBP,正常约为 0.5–0.7;高于约 1 是休克的警示信号。

休克指数

SI = 66/91 = 0.7253 ≈ 0.73

答案

SI = 0.73

高于通常的 0.5–0.7。

34.临床评估评分

答案: 令人放心

Apgar 评分:五项体征,每项评 0、1 或 2 分,在出生后 1 分钟和 5 分钟检查。外观(肤色):青紫或苍白 0 分,躯干粉红、四肢青紫 1 分,全身粉红 2 分。脉搏:无 0 分,低于 100 次/分 1 分,100 次/分或以上 2 分。反射(反射应激性):无 0 分,做鬼脸 1 分,哭叫、咳嗽或打喷嚏 2 分。肌张力(活动):松软 0 分,略有屈曲 1 分,活动活跃 2 分。呼吸:无 0 分,缓慢或不规则、哭声微弱 1 分,良好、哭声响亮 2 分。总分 7–10 为令人放心,4–6 为中度异常,0–3 为低。

为每项体征评分

外观: 躯干粉红,手脚青紫 → 1
脉搏: 70/min → 1
反射: 刺激时哭叫、咳嗽或打喷嚏 → 2
活动: 四肢略有屈曲 → 1
呼吸: 呼吸良好,哭声响亮 → 2

相加

APGAR = 1 + 1 + 2 + 1 + 2 = 7

解读

7 → 令人放心

答案

令人放心

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