感染控制与患者安全
方法
- 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
- 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
- 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
- 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
- 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 34 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
At what angle is an intramuscular injection given?
A patient with new swallowing difficulty is prescribed a modified-release tablet. What should the nurse do?
Which information must be documented when a patient is restrained?
一份手写医嘱写着“10U regular insulin subcut now”。护士最佳的做法是什么?
护士发现一名患者躺在床边的地板上。首要行动是什么?
A patient with COPD on 2 L/min oxygen becomes drowsy and hard to wake. The SpO₂ is 93%. What is the priority?
A patient has a continuous stream of bubbles in the water seal chamber of their chest drain. What does this most likely indicate?
Why must a unit of red cells be transfused within the set time limit (commonly four hours) after it leaves controlled cold storage?
How should a patient collect a clean-catch midstream urine sample?
一份 aPTT 结果极高,但护士得知样本是从输注肝素的那只手臂采集的。最好的措施是什么?
阿昔洛韦主要用于治疗由什么引起的感染?
A woman with chronic hypertension who takes lisinopril is now pregnant. What is the key concern?
A patient's blood pressure is 120/60 mmHg. What is the approximate mean arterial pressure?
一名心房颤动患者心率 165 次/分,血压 78/45 mmHg,胸痛并出现新的意识混乱。护士应预期哪种治疗?
长期服用苯妥英的患者应被告知哪种副作用?
A patient on levothyroxine has palpitations, weight loss and poor sleep. TSH is suppressed, and free T4 is high. What is the most likely explanation?
Which nursing intervention best reduces preoperative anxiety?
一名肝性脑病患者夜间烦躁。有人建议用苯二氮䓬类药物助眠。护士应怎么做?
一名子痫前期的女性主诉剧烈头痛并看到闪光。这提示什么?
After a severe postpartum haemorrhage, a woman cannot breastfeed because her milk does not come in, and she feels very tired. Which condition should be suspected?
Which nursing action is correct for a newborn receiving phototherapy?
The parents of a 9-year-old who wets the bed most nights have been punishing him. What is the best advice?
A patient intoxicated with phencyclidine (PCP) is agitated and has nystagmus and high blood pressure. Which nursing approach is best?
A woman with PTSD after a sexual assault by a man becomes distressed when a male nurse is assigned to her. What is the most appropriate response?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一位患者的体温为 38.2 °C。用 °F = °C × 9/5 + 32 把它换算为华氏度T。取到一位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一个班次中,患者摄入了1½ 杯 / 茶, 1½ tbsp / 液体营养补充剂, 2 tsp / 止咳糖浆, 3 fl oz / 果汁。按给出的等量关系,求以 mL 表示的口服总摄入量V。
某患者体重 60 kg,医嘱为单次给药 2 mg/kg。求剂量 D(mg)。
处方为 9100 单位的药物,药液规格为 10000 单位/mL。请用 1 mL 注射器抽取剂量:应给多少体积 V?
滴注以 75 gtt/min 的速度通过滴系数为 60 gtt/mL 的输液器。患者在 8 小时内接受多少毫升 V?
一袋液体在 50 mL 中含药 100 mg,以 25 mL/h 的速度输注。患者每小时获得多少毫克 D?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 记录显示了一名患者在一个 8 小时班次中的出入量。静脉输液在整个班次中按所示速率输注。求总入量 I,以 mL 计。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一份 500 mL 的输液于 07:30 开始以 80 mL/h 输注。4 小时后速率改为 50 mL/h,之后不再改变。从开始算起多少小时 t 后袋子会输完? 保留一位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 用 Morse 跌倒评分评估一位练习患者:过去 3 个月内的跌倒史: 是; 次要诊断: 是; 行走辅助: 无、卧床休息或由护士协助; 静脉输液或封管: 否; 步态: 受损; 精神状态: 了解自身局限。求 Morse 总分MFS。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 对这些观察结果使用 NEWS2 图表(SpO₂ 量表 1):呼吸频率 18 次/分,SpO₂ 99%正在补充吸氧,血压 84/50 mmHg,脉搏 120 次/分,清醒,体温 37.7 °C。患者属于哪个临床风险组?点击它。
答案: D · 90 degrees
Intramuscular injections are given at 90 degrees so the needle passes through the skin and fat into the muscle. Intradermal injections use about 10–15 degrees.
答案: B · Contact the prescriber or pharmacist for a suitable alternative
Crushing a modified-release tablet can release the full dose at once and cause toxicity. The prescriber or pharmacist can suggest a liquid, a patch or another drug, and any omitted dose is documented.
答案: D · The reason, alternatives tried, type of restraint, times and regular assessments
Restraint documentation includes the behavior that made it necessary, less restrictive measures tried, the order, the type used, the times applied and released, and ongoing checks of circulation, skin, needs and mental state.
答案: C · 澄清医嘱,因为“U”可能被误读
“10U”可能被读成 100 或 104 单位,可能造成致命的过量。护士应澄清医嘱,并要求把“units”完整写出。对胰岛素绝不能靠猜测。
答案: A · 在移动患者之前,评估其反应性和损伤情况
护士首先检查反应性、呼吸和头部外伤或髋部骨折等损伤。然后才在帮助下安全地移动患者。通知医疗人员,之后再完成报告。
答案: D · Assess breathing and escalate for a blood gas, as carbon dioxide may be rising
In COPD, drowsiness can be a sign of carbon dioxide retention (hypercapnia), even when the saturation is acceptable. The nurse assesses breathing, escalates and avoids extra oxygen or sedatives that could worsen it.
答案: D · An air leak, from the lung or from the drainage system
Bubbling with breathing in a drain for pneumothorax shows air is leaving the pleural space. Continuous bubbling can also mean a leak in the connections, so the system is checked and the finding reported.
答案: C · Bacteria can grow in the blood at room temperature
Red cells are stored cold to limit bacterial growth. Once out of controlled storage, the transfusion must be completed within the time limit to reduce the risk of bacterial contamination and transfusion-transmitted infection.
答案: B · Clean the area, start voiding into the toilet, then catch the middle part
Cleaning the urethral area and discarding the first part of the stream reduce contamination from skin and urethral bacteria. The inside of the sterile container must not be touched, and the sample should reach the laboratory promptly.核对依据: Clean catch urine sample · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)
答案: B · 在调整剂量之前,要求从对侧手臂重新采样
从输液手臂抽取的血液含有来自输液的肝素,因此 aPTT 假性偏高。来自另一只手臂的样本才能给出真实的结果。根据错误的结果改变剂量可能导致血栓形成。核对依据: Partial Thromboplastin Time (PTT) Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2026)
答案: D · 单纯疱疹病毒和水痘-带状疱疹病毒等疱疹病毒
阿昔洛韦在受感染细胞中被病毒胸苷激酶磷酸化,随后阻断病毒 DNA 聚合酶。它用于唇疱疹、生殖器疱疹、水痘和带状疱疹。
答案: D · ACE inhibitors harm fetal kidneys, so a safer drug is used
ACE inhibitors and ARBs cause fetal kidney damage, oligohydramnios and other problems, especially later in pregnancy. Drugs such as labetalol, nifedipine or methyldopa are used instead.
答案: C · 80 mmHg
MAP ≈ diastolic + (systolic − diastolic) ÷ 3 = 60 + 60 ÷ 3 = 80 mmHg. The heart spends longer in diastole, so MAP is closer to the diastolic value. A MAP of at least about 65 mmHg is a common target for organ perfusion.
答案: A · 紧急同步电复律
伴有不良特征(休克、心肌缺血、晕厥或心力衰竭)的快速性心律失常,需要在镇静或麻醉下紧急同步直流电复律。电击与 R 波同步,以避免触发室颤。非同步除颤用于无脉搏的心律,阿托品用于心动过缓。
答案: D · 牙龈增生,因此良好的口腔卫生很重要
苯妥英常引起牙龈增生,还可引起多毛、面部特征粗糙,高浓度时出现共济失调、眼球震颤和嗜睡。良好的牙齿护理可减少牙龈问题。该药治疗窗窄,因此要监测血药浓度。
答案: B · The dose is too high
A suppressed TSH with raised free T4 and hyperthyroid symptoms in a patient on levothyroxine suggests over-replacement. The prescriber usually lowers the dose. Long-term over-replacement increases the risk of atrial fibrillation and bone loss.
答案: D · Explaining what will happen and answering questions
Clear information about what to expect, including pain control and recovery, reduces anxiety and can improve recovery. False reassurance does not address the patient's concerns.
答案: B · 提出质疑,因为镇静药可使脑病加重
苯二氮䓬类和阿片类药物在肝衰竭时会蓄积,可诱发或加重脑病。应寻找感染、便秘、消化道出血、脱水和电解质变化等诱因。用于酒精戒断的苯二氮䓬类是例外,需谨慎使用。
答案: A · 伴有严重表现的子痫前期,有发生子痫的风险
新出现的剧烈头痛和视觉障碍是重度子痫前期的脑部征象,可能先于抽搐出现。需要紧急上报。
答案: A · Sheehan syndrome
Sheehan syndrome is pituitary necrosis from severe blood loss and hypotension. Low prolactin causes lactation failure, and other hormone deficiencies cause fatigue, low blood pressure and absent periods.
答案: B · Cover the eyes, expose as much skin as possible and monitor temperature and hydration
Phototherapy works on bilirubin in the skin, so maximal skin should be exposed while the eyes are shielded. Babies can lose extra fluid and become too warm or cold, so temperature, hydration and feeding are monitored; lotions can cause burns.
答案: B · Stop punishing him, praise dry nights and consider a bedwetting alarm
Nocturnal enuresis is common and not deliberate; punishment worsens it. Support, reward systems for agreed behaviours, enuresis alarms and sometimes desmopressin are effective, along with normal daytime drinking and regular toileting.
答案: B · Provide a quiet, low-stimulation environment and keep staff and patient safe
PCP can cause agitation, violence, psychosis, nystagmus and hypertension. Reducing stimulation and keeping enough staff present for safety are key; "talking down" is less effective than with other hallucinogens.
答案: A · Assign a female nurse where possible and explain her care plan to her
Trauma-informed care respects the patient's need for safety and control. Where possible, adjusting staffing reduces re-traumatisation and helps build trust.
答案: T = 100.8 °F
温度:°C = (°F − 32) × 5/9,°F = °C × 9/5 + 32。从 °F 换算时先减 32 再乘,从 °C 换算时先乘再加 32。快速核对:37 °C 为 98.6 °F,每 1 °C 相当于 1.8 °F。
答案: V = 482.5 mL
家用计量和体重:护理考试使用取整的等量关系:1 茶匙(tsp)= 5 mL,1 汤匙(tbsp)= 15 mL = 3 tsp,1 液量盎司(fl oz)= 30 mL = 2 tbsp,1 杯 = 8 fl oz = 240 mL。体重方面,1 kg = 2.2 lb,1 lb = 16 oz;长度方面,1 英寸 = 2.54 cm。设置换算时,要让你不需要的单位相互约去。
答案: D = 120 mg
剂量计算:给药量等于医嘱剂量除以现有药物的规格,再乘以该规格对应的量:给药量 = (医嘱剂量/储备规格) × 储备体积。始终统一单位(先把 g 换成 mg,mg 换成 mcg),并检查答案是否合理。
答案: V = 0.91 mL
抽取剂量:体积 = (处方剂量/药物浓度) × 药物体积。先换算成相同的单位,再检查该体积是否适合注射器,并落在它的某一个刻度上。
在这支 1 mL 的注射器上,每条小刻度线代表 0.01 mL。
答案: V = 600 mL
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
答案: D = 50 mg/h
输注速率:输液泵按 mL/h = 体积/时间(小时)设定。重力滴注按每分钟滴数计:gtt/min = 体积 (mL) × 滴系数 (gtt/mL)/时间 (min)。 滴系数印在输液器包装上:普通输液器为 10、15 或 20 gtt/mL(输血器在美国常为 10 gtt/mL,在英国为 15),微量输液器为 60 gtt/mL。务必使用题目或包装给出的滴系数。
答案: I = 900 mL
出入量:入量计入所有进入体内的液体(口服液体、静脉输液、静脉用药及冲管液、管饲);冰屑按其体积的一半计。出量计入尿液、引流液、呕吐物和其他丢失。平衡 = 总入量 − 总出量;平衡为负表示净丢失。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
答案: t = 7.6 h
输液时间:时间 (h) = 待输体积 (mL)/速率 (mL/h);使用袋中剩余的体积,而不是袋的容量。已输入体积 = 速率 × 时间。把小数小时换算为小时和分钟时,用小数部分 × 60(0.5 h = 30 min,而不是 50 min)。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
约为 7 h 36 min,所以袋子大约在 15:06 输完。
答案: MFS = 60
Morse 跌倒评分:六个条目。跌倒史:否 0 分,是 25 分。次要诊断:否 0 分,是 15 分。行走辅助:无、卧床休息或护士协助 0 分;拐杖、手杖或助行器 15 分;扶着家具 30 分。静脉输液或封管:否 0 分,是 20 分。步态:正常、卧床休息或轮椅 0 分;虚弱 10 分;受损 20 分。精神状态:了解自身局限 0 分;高估或忘记自身局限 15 分。总分为 0 至 125。各医院的风险分界值不同;常用的一套是 0–24 低风险,25–44 中度风险,45 及以上为高风险。
答案: 高
NEWS2(国家早期预警评分 2,英国皇家内科医师学会 2017):按图表为七个参数分别评分(呼吸频率、量表 1 的 SpO₂、吸空气还是吸氧、收缩压、脉搏、按 ACVPU 量表评定的意识状态和体温),然后把分数相加。临床风险:0–4 为低;任何单项参数得 3 分为中低;5–6 为中;7 或以上为高。总分 5 或以上需要紧急响应。
总分 5 或以上需要紧急的临床响应。
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