感染控制与患者安全
方法
- 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
- 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
- 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
- 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
- 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 34 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
A patient says, "I've never seen this tablet before," as the nurse offers it. What should the nurse do?
Why can a patient with a high fever be in negative fluid balance even when measured intake equals measured output?
Which drugs are used as antidotes for nerve agent poisoning?
A nurse finds a patient lying on the floor next to the bed. What should the nurse do first?
Which action by a nursing assistant needs the nurse to step in?
A patient is deteriorating quickly. The nurse has called the provider twice, but the provider has not come. What is the best action?
Which blood result often rises in an upper GI bleed because blood is digested in the gut?
A nurse teaches a patient with asthma about a new inhaled steroid "preventer". Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
一名患者今天的空腹血糖为 98 mg/dL(5.4 mmol/L),但 HbA1c 为 8.9%(74 mmol/mol)。最好的解释是什么?
手术当晚,一名患者的血红蛋白从 12.5 g/dL 降至 8.1 g/dL(125 降至 81 g/L),心率 118 次/分。最可能的问题是什么?
During an oxytocin infusion, contractions become very frequent and the fetal heart rate shows late decelerations. What is the nurse's first action?
A patient has received a sodium nitroprusside infusion for several days. He becomes confused and develops a metabolic acidosis. What should be suspected?
Which foot care advice is correct for a patient with peripheral arterial disease?
Two days after coronary artery bypass surgery, a patient feels palpitations. The pulse is irregularly irregular at 140/min and BP is 112/70 mmHg. Which rhythm is most likely?
A patient has just started levetiracetam. Which side effect should the nurse teach them to report?
一名腹膜透析患者发现引流出的液体比灌入的少。他们已四天没有排便,流出液清亮。最可能的原因是什么?
一名回肠膀胱术(尿路造口)患者担心尿中有黏液。正确的解释是什么?
Which preoperative task can a registered nurse usually delegate to a healthcare assistant (nursing assistant)?
A woman at 18 weeks asks about safe exercise. Which advice is correct?
A woman has cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in pregnancy. Which outcome in the baby is a major concern?
A 16-year-old starts an SSRI antidepressant. What is especially important to monitor in the first weeks?
一位家长因担心副作用而拒绝给婴儿接种推荐的疫苗。最佳的初始护理方法是什么?
A 78-year-old woman who started citalopram two weeks ago is newly confused and drowsy. Which laboratory result would best explain this?
A 76-year-old with no history of mental illness suddenly develops paranoid ideas and hallucinations. What is the most appropriate first step?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一位患者身高 4 ft 0 in。按 1 ft = 12 in 和 1 in = 2.54 cm,求以厘米表示的身高h,取到最接近的整厘米。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一个班次中,患者摄入了2 tsp / 止咳糖浆, 3 tbsp / 液体营养补充剂, 1½ 杯 / 茶。按给出的等量关系,求以 mL 表示的口服总摄入量V。
某患者体重 60 kg。医嘱剂量为每天 2 mg/kg,分 3 次等量给药。每次给多少毫克 D?
一名体重 12 kg 的儿童,医嘱为口服混悬液每次 15 mg/kg,该混悬液每 5 mL 含 100 mg。你应给多少体积 V?
医嘱要求以 80 mL/h 输液,但没有输液泵。改用滴系数为 60 gtt/mL 的输液器重力滴注。求滴速 R,以每分钟滴数表示。
一组输液以 25 滴/分的速度经 15 滴/mL 的输液器滴注。袋中还剩 600 mL。还需多少小时 t 才会滴完?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 记录显示了一名患者在一个 8 小时班次中的出入量。静脉输液在整个班次中按所示速率输注。求液体平衡 B = 入量 − 出量,以 mL 计(答案为负表示净丢失)。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一份 1000 mL 的输液于 18:00 开始以 150 mL/h 输注。3 小时后速率改为 200 mL/h,之后不再改变。从开始算起多少小时 t 后袋子会输完? 保留一位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 用 Braden 量表评估一位练习患者:感觉知觉: 无损害; 潮湿程度: 持续潮湿; 活动: 偶尔步行; 活动能力: 完全不能活动; 营养: 可能不足; 摩擦力和剪切力: 有问题。求 Braden 总分B。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一名成人体重 57 kg,身高 159 cm。计算 BMI 并点击 WHO 体重分类。
答案: C · Stop and recheck the prescription before giving it
A patient questioning a medicine may be a sign of an error. The nurse holds the dose, checks the prescription and the drug and explains before giving it.
答案: D · Fever increases unmeasured fluid loss through sweating and breathing
Insensible losses through the skin and lungs are not measured and rise with fever and fast breathing. A balanced chart can therefore hide a real fluid deficit.
答案: C · Atropine and pralidoxime
Nerve agents inhibit acetylcholinesterase, causing excess acetylcholine. Atropine blocks muscarinic effects such as secretions and bradycardia, and pralidoxime helps to reactivate the enzyme.
答案: D · Assess the patient for injury before moving them
The first step is to stay with the patient and assess them, including consciousness, vital signs and signs of fracture or head injury, before deciding how to move them. Notifying the provider, documenting and reporting come afterwards.
答案: A · Taking an oral temperature just after the patient drank cold water
A cold drink lowers mouth temperature for a short time, so the reading will be falsely low. The nurse should ask the assistant to wait before measuring. The other actions are correct.
答案: B · Activate the rapid response team
Nurses can call the rapid response team directly when a patient is deteriorating. The nurse also informs the charge nurse and follows the chain of command about the provider’s lack of response.
答案: B · Urea (blood urea nitrogen)
Blood proteins digested in the upper GI tract are absorbed and converted to urea, so urea rises out of proportion to creatinine. Urea is part of the Glasgow-Blatchford bleeding score.
答案: B · "I will only use it when I'm wheezy."
Inhaled corticosteroids must be used regularly to reduce airway inflammation and prevent attacks. The short-acting reliever is used for symptoms.
答案: B · 过去 2–3 个月血糖控制不佳
HbA1c 显示约 2–3 个月内的平均血糖。一次正常的空腹值不能说明长期控制情况。HbA1c 8.9% 远高于低于 7% 等常见目标。核对依据: Hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c) Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答案: A · 出血
下降超过 4 g/dL 并伴心率快,提示持续失血。护士应评估伤口和引流管,监测生命体征并紧急上报。静脉液体造成一定程度的稀释很常见,但不会这么多,也不会伴有心动过速。核对依据: Hemoglobin Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)
答案: B · Stop the oxytocin infusion
Excessive contractions reduce placental blood flow and cause fetal distress. The oxytocin is stopped first, then the woman is turned on her side, IV fluids and oxygen are given as per protocol and the provider is informed.
答案: A · Cyanide toxicity from nitroprusside breakdown
Nitroprusside releases cyanide, which is normally converted to thiocyanate. With high doses, long infusions or poor organ function, cyanide and thiocyanate can accumulate; the infusion is also protected from light.
答案: A · Check the feet daily and wear well-fitting shoes
Reduced blood flow slows healing, so minor injuries can become ulcers or gangrene. Patients inspect their feet daily, keep them clean and moisturised, wear well-fitting footwear and see a podiatrist for nails and corns. Direct heat can burn ischaemic skin.
答案: A · Atrial fibrillation
New atrial fibrillation affects a large proportion of patients in the first days after cardiac surgery, often due to inflammation, electrolyte shifts and stress. Management includes a 12-lead ECG, checking potassium and magnesium, rate or rhythm control and considering anticoagulation.
答案: A · Changes in mood, such as irritability, low mood or anger
Levetiracetam is widely used and has few drug interactions, but it can cause mood changes, irritability, depression and, rarely, suicidal thoughts. Patients and families should report these. Gum overgrowth is linked to phenytoin.
答案: D · 便秘阻碍了流出
流出不畅常由便秘、导管扭曲或导管移位引起。改变体位、检查夹子和管路以及治疗便秘通常有帮助;应上报。如果持续存在,需做影像学检查导管位置。流出液清亮使腹膜炎的可能性降低。
答案: B · 这是正常的,因为该通道由小肠制成
回肠通道使用一段回肠,它会继续产生黏液。鼓励患者多饮水以保持尿流通畅。然而,浑浊、有异味的尿伴发热则提示感染。
答案: A · Recording baseline vital signs
Trained assistants can record routine observations and report them. Assessment, teaching and interpreting results need registered nurse knowledge and judgement.
答案: B · Moderate exercise like walking or swimming is encouraged
Moderate exercise is safe and beneficial for most pregnant women. Contact sports, activities with a high fall risk and scuba diving are avoided, as is lying flat on the back for long periods later in pregnancy.
答案: A · Hearing loss and developmental delay
Congenital CMV is a leading cause of non-genetic sensorineural hearing loss and can cause microcephaly and developmental delay. Hand hygiene after contact with young children's saliva and urine reduces the risk.
答案: B · Worsening mood or new suicidal thoughts
Antidepressants may be linked to increased suicidal thinking in some young people, especially early in treatment or after dose changes. Close follow-up, safety planning and involving the family are advised.
答案: C · 倾听其顾虑,提供清晰的循证信息,并记录讨论内容
了解家长的具体顾虑并提供平衡、准确的信息是最有效的方法。疫苗接种需要知情同意;应记录决定和讨论过程,并可在以后重新讨论这个话题。
答案: C · A low serum sodium
SSRIs can cause hyponatraemia through SIADH, especially in older adults. Confusion, falls and drowsiness after starting an SSRI should prompt a sodium check.
答案: D · Look for medical causes, such as delirium, medicines, infection or a neurocognitive disorder
New psychosis in an older adult needs a full medical work-up. Delirium, medicine effects, infections, metabolic problems, dementia and brain lesions are common causes.
答案: h = 122 cm
家用计量和体重:护理考试使用取整的等量关系:1 茶匙(tsp)= 5 mL,1 汤匙(tbsp)= 15 mL = 3 tsp,1 液量盎司(fl oz)= 30 mL = 2 tbsp,1 杯 = 8 fl oz = 240 mL。体重方面,1 kg = 2.2 lb,1 lb = 16 oz;长度方面,1 英寸 = 2.54 cm。设置换算时,要让你不需要的单位相互约去。
答案: V = 415 mL
家用计量和体重:护理考试使用取整的等量关系:1 茶匙(tsp)= 5 mL,1 汤匙(tbsp)= 15 mL = 3 tsp,1 液量盎司(fl oz)= 30 mL = 2 tbsp,1 杯 = 8 fl oz = 240 mL。体重方面,1 kg = 2.2 lb,1 lb = 16 oz;长度方面,1 英寸 = 2.54 cm。设置换算时,要让你不需要的单位相互约去。
答案: D = 40 mg
剂量计算:给药量等于医嘱剂量除以现有药物的规格,再乘以该规格对应的量:给药量 = (医嘱剂量/储备规格) × 储备体积。始终统一单位(先把 g 换成 mg,mg 换成 mcg),并检查答案是否合理。
答案: V = 9 mL
剂量计算:给药量等于医嘱剂量除以现有药物的规格,再乘以该规格对应的量:给药量 = (医嘱剂量/储备规格) × 储备体积。始终统一单位(先把 g 换成 mg,mg 换成 mcg),并检查答案是否合理。
答案: R = 80 gtt/min
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
使用微滴输液器(60 gtt/mL)时,gtt/min 等于 mL/h。
答案: t = 6 h
输注速率:输液泵按 mL/h = 体积/时间(小时)设定。重力滴注按每分钟滴数计:gtt/min = 体积 (mL) × 滴系数 (gtt/mL)/时间 (min)。 滴系数印在输液器包装上:普通输液器为 10、15 或 20 gtt/mL(输血器在美国常为 10 gtt/mL,在英国为 15),微量输液器为 60 gtt/mL。务必使用题目或包装给出的滴系数。
答案: B = −85 mL
出入量:入量计入所有进入体内的液体(口服液体、静脉输液、静脉用药及冲管液、管饲);冰屑按其体积的一半计。出量计入尿液、引流液、呕吐物和其他丢失。平衡 = 总入量 − 总出量;平衡为负表示净丢失。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
为负:患者丢失的液体多于摄入的液体。
答案: t = 5.8 h
输液时间:时间 (h) = 待输体积 (mL)/速率 (mL/h);使用袋中剩余的体积,而不是袋的容量。已输入体积 = 速率 × 时间。把小数小时换算为小时和分钟时,用小数部分 × 60(0.5 h = 30 min,而不是 50 min)。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
约为 5 h 45 min,所以袋子大约在 23:45 输完。
答案: B = 12
Braden 量表:评估压力性损伤风险的六个分项。感觉知觉、潮湿程度、活动、活动能力和营养各评 1 至 4 分,从最差水平(1)到无问题(4);摩擦力和剪切力评 1 至 3 分。总分为 6 至 23,总分越低风险越高。常用分级:19–23 无风险,15–18 轻度风险,13–14 中度风险,10–12 高风险,9 分及以下为极高风险。
答案: 健康体重
体质指数:BMI = 体重(kg)/身高(m)²,身高要先换算为米。使用磅和英寸时,BMI = 703 × 体重(lb)/身高(in)²。WHO 成人分类:低于 18.5 为体重过轻,18.5–24.9 为健康体重,25.0–29.9 为超重,30.0–34.9 为肥胖 I 级,35.0–39.9 为肥胖 II 级,40 及以上为肥胖 III 级。
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