NCLEX-PN 风格练习题(LPN/LVN):速成包

公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 34 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。

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1公式与方法

感染控制与患者安全

方法

  1. 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
  2. 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
  3. 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
  4. 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
  5. 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。

优先排序与委派

方法

  1. 问自己:如果什么都不做,什么会最快伤害患者。
  2. 应用 ABC(心脏骤停时为 C-A-B),然后是 Maslow 需求层次:生理需要先于安全,安全先于心理需要。
  3. 比较各选项:急性先于慢性,不稳定先于稳定,意外先于预期,全身性先于局部,并将每项发现与患者的基线对照。
  4. 除非是紧急情况,否则先评估再行动;然后选择其他步骤所依赖的那一步。
  5. 委派时核对五项正确:任务、情境、人员、指示和监督。评估、宣教和评价仍由注册护士负责。

实验室检查值与电解质

方法

  1. 把数值与本实验室自己的参考范围比较,再与患者的基线和趋势比较。
  2. 检查标本:溶血、延迟,或在静脉输液附近采血都可能得出错误结果。
  3. 把数值与其典型体征以及引起它的药物和疾病联系起来。
  4. 注意相互作用:低钾或低镁会增加地高辛中毒的风险;脱水会使锂浓度升高。
  5. 对患者采取行动:评估,血药浓度不安全时暂停用药,复述危急值并通知开医嘱的医生。

内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

方法

  1. 说出问题所在:泵衰竭、动脉阻塞、节律、血栓、气道狭窄、感染或设备问题。
  2. 先检查危险征象:低氧、低血压、胸痛、新出现的意识模糊、冰冷无脉搏的肢体。
  3. 让氧疗与患者相匹配:大多数人为 94–98%,有 CO₂ 潴留风险者为 88–92%。
  4. 把每种药物与其检测和风险联系起来:华法林与 INR,肝素与 aPTT 和血小板,利尿剂与血钾。
  5. 选择安全的第一步措施,然后升级处理并重新评估。

内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

方法

  1. 对每位新出现意识模糊、乏力或癫痫发作的患者都检查血糖。
  2. 把意识水平作为脑部问题最早的警示;瞳孔变化和库欣三联征出现得较晚。
  3. 对于糖尿病急症,要区分 DKA(酮体、酸中毒)和 HHS(渗透压很高、脱水);先补液。
  4. 对于钠和水,要判断是 ADH 过多(SIADH)还是缺乏(尿崩症),并缓慢纠正慢性变化。
  5. 对于肾脏问题,把原因分为肾前性、肾性或肾后性,并监测血钾和液体。

内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

方法

  1. 想一想可能隐藏着什么:内出血、无发热的感染、SpO₂ 正常背后的通气不足。
  2. 利用术后的时间来缩小并发症的范围:出血在数小时内,胸部问题在数天内,伤口和吻合口漏出现得更晚。
  3. 对于疼痛,要评估、用多模式镇痛治疗、重新评估,并且在每次使用阿片类药物时监测镇静程度。
  4. 对于癌症患者,把低谷期的任何疾病都当作中性粒细胞减少性脓毒症处理,并了解肿瘤急症。
  5. 对于烧伤,只计算浅二度/深二度和三度的面积,从烧伤的时刻开始计算 Parkland 时间,并根据尿量调整。

产科护理

方法

  1. 把产妇放在时间轴上定位:孕周、产程阶段或产后第几天,再判断此时什么是正常的。
  2. 找出处于危险中的对象:母亲、胎儿或新生儿,或者其中不止一个。
  3. 把发现与其原因联系起来:减速用 VEAL CHOP,出血用四个 T,产后用 BUBBLE-HE。
  4. 优先选择改善血流和氧合的措施(侧卧、停用缩宫素、宫底按摩),然后再升级处理。

儿科护理

方法

  1. 先记下患儿的年龄:它决定正常生命体征、发育里程碑和合适的疼痛量表。
  2. 评估气道、呼吸和循环,记住儿童代偿很久之后会迅速恶化。
  3. 让措施与发育阶段相匹配,并让家属参与。
  4. 检查答案对儿童是否安全:按体重计算,病毒感染不用阿司匹林,12 岁以下不用可待因。

精神科护理

方法

  1. 判断是否存在即时风险:自杀、暴力、药物急症或躯体疾病。
  2. 先保障安全:观察、移除危险物品、缓和局面、停用有害药物、寻求帮助。
  3. 选择治疗性回应:承认感受、陈述现实,避免虚假的安慰和“为什么”式提问。
  4. 尊重权利:采用限制最少的方案,知情同意,以及保密及其限度。

护理数学与单位换算

公制进位
1 kg = 1000 g, 1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg, 1 L = 1000 mL
体重和长度
1 kg = 2.2 lb, 1 lb = 16 oz, 1 in = 2.54 cm, 1 ft = 12 in
家用计量
1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL
温度
°C = (°F − 32)·5/9, °F = °C·9/5 + 32
24 小时制
PM 1–11 点:加 12; 12 AM = 00:xx; 12 PM = 12:xx
给药速率
mcg/min × 60/1000 = mg/h
实验室换算系数
葡萄糖 1 mmol/L = 18 mg/dL; 肌酐 1 mg/dL = 88.4 µmol/L; Hb 1 g/dL = 10 g/L

方法

  1. 写出已知量及其单位,以及你想要的单位。
  2. 选定等量关系:kg、g、mg 和 mcg 之间,或 L 和 mL 之间为 1000;1 kg = 2.2 lb;1 tsp = 5 mL,1 tbsp = 15 mL,1 fl oz = 30 mL,1 cup = 240 mL。
  3. 写成分数,使不需要的单位相互约去;对于速率,每个变化的单位用一个分数。
  4. 检查方向:单位越小,数字越大。
  5. 只对最终答案取整,精度按题目所述。

剂量计算

由浓度计算剂量
体积 = 剂量 / 浓度
按体重给药
剂量 = mg/kg × 体重
片剂
片数 = 剂量 / 每片规格
单位
1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg

方法

  1. 把医嘱剂量和药品规格换算为同一单位。
  2. 用“需要量除以现有量再乘以数量”:(D/H) × Q。
  3. 按体重给药时,先乘以以 kg 计的体重,再用日剂量除以给药次数。
  4. 先估算,再检查答案是否合理。

静脉输液速度

泵速
mL/h = volume (mL)/time (h)
滴速
drops/min = volume (mL) × drop factor / time (min)
输注时间
time (h) = volume (mL)/rate (mL/h)

方法

  1. 泵速 mL/h:体积除以以小时计的时间。
  2. 滴速 drops/min:体积 × 滴系数,再除以以分钟计的时间。
  3. 剩余时间:剩余体积除以速率。
  4. 按题目或设备的要求取整。

静脉输液与液体平衡

Holliday–Segar 每小时量
4 mL/kg(前 10 kg)+ 2 mL/kg(次 10 kg)+ 1 mL/kg(20 kg 以上每 kg)
Holliday–Segar 每日量
相同分段分别为 100 / 50 / 20 mL/kg
液体平衡
入量 − 出量
冰屑
按其体积的一半计算
尿量
mL/kg/h = mL / (kg × h)
输注时间
时间 (h) = 剩余体积 (mL) / 速率 (mL/h)
已输入体积
mL = 速率 × 时间

临床评估评分

格拉斯哥昏迷量表
GCS = E (1–4) + V (1–5) + M (1–6) = 3–15
Apgar
5 项体征 × 0–2 = 0–10; 7–10 令人放心, 4–6 中度异常, 0–3 低
Braden 量表
5 × (1–4) + 1 × (1–3) = 6–23; ≤ 18 有风险
Morse 跌倒评分
跌倒 25, 诊断 15, 辅助 15/30, 静脉输液 20, 步态 10/20, 精神状态 15
NEWS2 风险
0–4 低; 单项 3 分为中低; 5–6 中; ≥ 7 高
平均动脉压
MAP = (SBP + 2·DBP)/3 = DBP + PP/3
脉压和休克指数
PP = SBP − DBP, SI = HR/SBP
体质指数
BMI = kg/m² = 703·lb/in²

方法

  1. 找出题目使用的评分表及其范围(GCS 3–15,Apgar 0–10,Braden 6–23,Morse 0–125)。
  2. 分别为每个条目评分,将描述与其对应的等级匹配。
  3. 把各条目得分相加,并检查总分是否在范围内。
  4. 应用分界值:对于 NEWS2,还要查看是否有单项参数得 3 分。
  5. 对于导出的数值,使用 MAP = (SBP + 2·DBP)/3,PP = SBP − DBP,SI = HR/SBP,BMI = kg/m²。

2练习题

1.护理学基础中等

A patient says, "I've never seen this tablet before," as the nurse offers it. What should the nurse do?

  1. AReassure the patient that the tablet is correct and give it
  2. BLeave the tablet on the table for the patient to take later
  3. CStop and recheck the prescription before giving it
  4. DGive half the tablet until the doctor visits
2.护理学基础困难

Why can a patient with a high fever be in negative fluid balance even when measured intake equals measured output?

  1. AFever causes the body to make extra water from fat
  2. BFever makes the kidneys produce extra urine that cannot be measured
  3. CFever has no effect on the body's water balance
  4. DFever increases unmeasured fluid loss through sweating and breathing
3.感染控制与患者安全中等

Which drugs are used as antidotes for nerve agent poisoning?

  1. ANaloxone and flumazenil
  2. BVitamin K and protamine
  3. CAtropine and pralidoxime
  4. DAcetylcysteine and charcoal
4.感染控制与患者安全困难

A nurse finds a patient lying on the floor next to the bed. What should the nurse do first?

  1. ATelephone the family to tell them about the fall
  2. BComplete an incident report while the details are fresh
  3. CLift the patient back into bed with a colleague
  4. DAssess the patient for injury before moving them
5.优先排序与委派中等

Which action by a nursing assistant needs the nurse to step in?

  1. ATaking an oral temperature just after the patient drank cold water
  2. BPutting the call light within the patient’s reach
  3. CCleaning hands before entering the room
  4. DLowering the bed to its lowest position and locking the wheels after care
6.优先排序与委派困难

A patient is deteriorating quickly. The nurse has called the provider twice, but the provider has not come. What is the best action?

  1. AWait another hour and call the provider again
  2. BActivate the rapid response team
  3. CAsk the patient’s family to call the provider
  4. DDocument the concern and continue routine care
7.临床护理中等

Which blood result often rises in an upper GI bleed because blood is digested in the gut?

  1. ACalcium
  2. BUrea (blood urea nitrogen)
  3. CSodium
  4. DGlucose
8.临床护理困难

A nurse teaches a patient with asthma about a new inhaled steroid "preventer". Which statement shows a need for further teaching?

  1. A"I'll keep my reliever inhaler with me."
  2. B"I will only use it when I'm wheezy."
  3. C"I will rinse my mouth after using it."
  4. D"I will use it every day even when I feel well."
9.实验室检查值与电解质中等

一名患者今天的空腹血糖为 98 mg/dL(5.4 mmol/L),但 HbA1c 为 8.9%(74 mmol/mol)。最好的解释是什么?

  1. A患者没有糖尿病
  2. B过去 2–3 个月血糖控制不佳
  3. CHbA1c 只反映过去 24 小时
  4. D今天的良好结果表明糖尿病控制良好
10.实验室检查值与电解质困难

手术当晚,一名患者的血红蛋白从 12.5 g/dL 降至 8.1 g/dL(125 降至 81 g/L),心率 118 次/分。最可能的问题是什么?

  1. A出血
  2. B病情好转
  3. C脱水
  4. D手术后的正常稀释,无需处理
11.药理学中等

During an oxytocin infusion, contractions become very frequent and the fetal heart rate shows late decelerations. What is the nurse's first action?

  1. APosition the woman flat on her back
  2. BStop the oxytocin infusion
  3. CIncrease the infusion to finish labour quickly
  4. DGive a second oxytocin bolus
12.药理学困难

A patient has received a sodium nitroprusside infusion for several days. He becomes confused and develops a metabolic acidosis. What should be suspected?

  1. ACyanide toxicity from nitroprusside breakdown
  2. BHyperkalaemia from the infusion
  3. CAn allergic reaction to the plastic of the infusion bag
  4. DHypoglycaemia from nitroprusside
13.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸中等

Which foot care advice is correct for a patient with peripheral arterial disease?

  1. ACheck the feet daily and wear well-fitting shoes
  2. BWalk barefoot at home to strengthen the feet
  3. CUse a hot water bottle on the feet at night
  4. DCut corns with a razor blade to prevent pressure
14.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸困难

Two days after coronary artery bypass surgery, a patient feels palpitations. The pulse is irregularly irregular at 140/min and BP is 112/70 mmHg. Which rhythm is most likely?

  1. AAtrial fibrillation
  2. BComplete heart block
  3. CVentricular fibrillation
  4. DSinus tachycardia
15.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏中等

A patient has just started levetiracetam. Which side effect should the nurse teach them to report?

  1. AChanges in mood, such as irritability, low mood or anger
  2. BSwelling and overgrowth of the gums around the teeth
  3. COrange discoloration of the urine
  4. DA persistent dry cough at night
16.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏困难

一名腹膜透析患者发现引流出的液体比灌入的少。他们已四天没有排便,流出液清亮。最可能的原因是什么?

  1. A细菌性腹膜炎
  2. B透析液温度过低
  3. C正常吸收,无需处理
  4. D便秘阻碍了流出
17.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤中等

一名回肠膀胱术(尿路造口)患者担心尿中有黏液。正确的解释是什么?

  1. A这是肾结石的征象,今天必须上报
  2. B这是正常的,因为该通道由小肠制成
  3. C这意味着造口失效,需要手术
  4. D这表明正在发生肠梗阻
18.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤困难

Which preoperative task can a registered nurse usually delegate to a healthcare assistant (nursing assistant)?

  1. ARecording baseline vital signs
  2. BAssessing the patient's understanding of the surgery
  3. CTeaching the patient how to use a PCA pump
  4. DDeciding whether abnormal results need reporting
19.产科护理中等

A woman at 18 weeks asks about safe exercise. Which advice is correct?

  1. AContact sports and scuba diving are safe if she did them before
  2. BModerate exercise like walking or swimming is encouraged
  3. CExercise lying flat on her back is best after 20 weeks
  4. DExercise should be stopped completely during pregnancy
20.产科护理困难

A woman has cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in pregnancy. Which outcome in the baby is a major concern?

  1. AHearing loss and developmental delay
  2. BPhenylketonuria
  3. COpen neural tube defects such as spina bifida
  4. DClubfoot only
21.儿科护理中等

A 16-year-old starts an SSRI antidepressant. What is especially important to monitor in the first weeks?

  1. AWeight gain of more than 10 kg in the first month
  2. BWorsening mood or new suicidal thoughts
  3. CA sudden rise in blood glucose
  4. DA drop in the platelet count
22.儿科护理困难

一位家长因担心副作用而拒绝给婴儿接种推荐的疫苗。最佳的初始护理方法是什么?

  1. A趁家长分心时给孩子接种
  2. B在以后的就诊中回避这个话题
  3. C倾听其顾虑,提供清晰的循证信息,并记录讨论内容
  4. D告诉家长,除非接种疫苗,否则孩子不能再在这家诊所接受治疗
23.精神科护理中等

A 78-year-old woman who started citalopram two weeks ago is newly confused and drowsy. Which laboratory result would best explain this?

  1. AA high serum potassium
  2. BA low serum cholesterol
  3. CA low serum sodium
  4. DA high haemoglobin
24.精神科护理困难

A 76-year-old with no history of mental illness suddenly develops paranoid ideas and hallucinations. What is the most appropriate first step?

  1. AAdmit him to a secure psychiatric ward straight away, without any physical examination or blood tests
  2. BDiagnose late-onset schizophrenia and start an antipsychotic immediately
  3. CAssume it is normal ageing and take no action
  4. DLook for medical causes, such as delirium, medicines, infection or a neurocognitive disorder
25.护理数学与单位换算中等
4 ft 0 in1 ft = 12 in1 in = 2.54 cmh = ? cm

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一位患者身高 4 ft 0 in。按 1 ft = 12 in 和 1 in = 2.54 cm,求以厘米表示的身高h,取到最接近的整厘米。

4 ft 0 in1 ft = 12 in1 in = 2.54 cm
h = cm
26.护理数学与单位换算困难
2 tsp? mL3 tbsp? mL1½ 杯? mLΣ = ? mL

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一个班次中,患者摄入了2 tsp / 止咳糖浆, 3 tbsp / 液体营养补充剂, 1½ 杯 / 茶。按给出的等量关系,求以 mL 表示的口服总摄入量V。

1 tsp = 5 mL1 tbsp = 15 mL1 杯 = 8 fl oz = 240 mL
V = mL
27.剂量计算中等
60 kg2 mg/kg/天3× 每天D = ? mg

某患者体重 60 kg。医嘱剂量为每天 2 mg/kg,分 3 次等量给药。每次给多少毫克 D?

60 kg2 mg/kg/天3× 每天
D = mg
28.剂量计算困难
100 mg/5 mLV = ? mL

一名体重 12 kg 的儿童,医嘱为口服混悬液每次 15 mg/kg,该混悬液每 5 mL 含 100 mg。你应给多少体积 V?

12 kg15 mg/kg100 mg/5 mL
V = mL
29.静脉输液速度中等
60 gtt/mL80 mL/h? gtt/min

医嘱要求以 80 mL/h 输液,但没有输液泵。改用滴系数为 60 gtt/mL 的输液器重力滴注。求滴速 R,以每分钟滴数表示。

80 mL/h60 gtt/mL
R = gtt/min
30.静脉输液速度困难
600 mL15 gtt/mL25 gtt/mint = ? h

一组输液以 25 滴/分的速度经 15 滴/mL 的输液器滴注。袋中还剩 600 mL。还需多少小时 t 才会滴完?

25 gtt/min15 gtt/mL600 mL
t = h
31.静脉输液与液体平衡中等
入量出量8 小时班次汤180 mL茶150 mL水150 mL静脉输液75 mL/h × 8 h静脉抗生素1 × 100 mL尿液450 mL尿液475 mL尿液200 mL伤口引流140 mL

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 记录显示了一名患者在一个 8 小时班次中的出入量。静脉输液在整个班次中按所示速率输注。求液体平衡 B = 入量 − 出量,以 mL 计(答案为负表示净丢失)。

汤: 180 mL茶: 150 mL水: 150 mL静脉输液: 75 mL/h × 8 h静脉抗生素: 1 × 100 mL尿液: 450 mL尿液: 475 mL尿液: 200 mL伤口引流: 140 mL
B = mL
32.静脉输液与液体平衡困难
1000 mL→ 200 mL/h开始 18:00t总数​ = ? h150 mL/h × 3 h

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一份 1000 mL 的输液于 18:00 开始以 150 mL/h 输注。3 小时后速率改为 200 mL/h,之后不再改变。从开始算起多少小时 t 后袋子会输完? 保留一位小数。

1000 mL150 mL/h · 3 h200 mL/h
t = h
33.临床评估评分中等
S? / 4+M? / 4+A? / 4+Mob? / 4+N? / 4+F? / 3Σ?

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 用 Braden 量表评估一位练习患者:感觉知觉: 无损害; 潮湿程度: 持续潮湿; 活动: 偶尔步行; 活动能力: 完全不能活动; 营养: 可能不足; 摩擦力和剪切力: 有问题。求 Braden 总分B。

6–23
B =
34.临床评估评分困难
体重过轻健康体重超重肥胖 I 级肥胖 II 级肥胖 III 级

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一名成人体重 57 kg,身高 159 cm。计算 BMI 并点击 WHO 体重分类。

57 kg159 cm
  1. 1体重过轻
  2. 2健康体重
  3. 3超重
  4. 4肥胖 I 级
  5. 5肥胖 II 级
  6. 6肥胖 III 级

3溶液

1.护理学基础

答案: C · Stop and recheck the prescription before giving it

为什么是这个答案

A patient questioning a medicine may be a sign of an error. The nurse holds the dose, checks the prescription and the drug and explains before giving it.

答案

C · Stop and recheck the prescription before giving it
2.护理学基础

答案: D · Fever increases unmeasured fluid loss through sweating and breathing

为什么是这个答案

Insensible losses through the skin and lungs are not measured and rise with fever and fast breathing. A balanced chart can therefore hide a real fluid deficit.

答案

D · Fever increases unmeasured fluid loss through sweating and breathing
3.感染控制与患者安全

答案: C · Atropine and pralidoxime

为什么是这个答案

Nerve agents inhibit acetylcholinesterase, causing excess acetylcholine. Atropine blocks muscarinic effects such as secretions and bradycardia, and pralidoxime helps to reactivate the enzyme.

答案

C · Atropine and pralidoxime
4.感染控制与患者安全

答案: D · Assess the patient for injury before moving them

为什么是这个答案

The first step is to stay with the patient and assess them, including consciousness, vital signs and signs of fracture or head injury, before deciding how to move them. Notifying the provider, documenting and reporting come afterwards.

答案

D · Assess the patient for injury before moving them
5.优先排序与委派

答案: A · Taking an oral temperature just after the patient drank cold water

为什么是这个答案

A cold drink lowers mouth temperature for a short time, so the reading will be falsely low. The nurse should ask the assistant to wait before measuring. The other actions are correct.

答案

A · Taking an oral temperature just after the patient drank cold water
6.优先排序与委派

答案: B · Activate the rapid response team

为什么是这个答案

Nurses can call the rapid response team directly when a patient is deteriorating. The nurse also informs the charge nurse and follows the chain of command about the provider’s lack of response.

答案

B · Activate the rapid response team
7.临床护理

答案: B · Urea (blood urea nitrogen)

为什么是这个答案

Blood proteins digested in the upper GI tract are absorbed and converted to urea, so urea rises out of proportion to creatinine. Urea is part of the Glasgow-Blatchford bleeding score.

答案

B · Urea (blood urea nitrogen)
8.临床护理

答案: B · "I will only use it when I'm wheezy."

为什么是这个答案

Inhaled corticosteroids must be used regularly to reduce airway inflammation and prevent attacks. The short-acting reliever is used for symptoms.

答案

B · "I will only use it when I'm wheezy."
9.实验室检查值与电解质

答案: B · 过去 2–3 个月血糖控制不佳

为什么是这个答案

HbA1c 显示约 2–3 个月内的平均血糖。一次正常的空腹值不能说明长期控制情况。HbA1c 8.9% 远高于低于 7% 等常见目标。核对依据: Hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c) Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)

答案

B · 过去 2–3 个月血糖控制不佳
10.实验室检查值与电解质

答案: A · 出血

为什么是这个答案

下降超过 4 g/dL 并伴心率快,提示持续失血。护士应评估伤口和引流管,监测生命体征并紧急上报。静脉液体造成一定程度的稀释很常见,但不会这么多,也不会伴有心动过速。核对依据: Hemoglobin Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)

答案

A · 出血
11.药理学

答案: B · Stop the oxytocin infusion

为什么是这个答案

Excessive contractions reduce placental blood flow and cause fetal distress. The oxytocin is stopped first, then the woman is turned on her side, IV fluids and oxygen are given as per protocol and the provider is informed.

答案

B · Stop the oxytocin infusion
12.药理学

答案: A · Cyanide toxicity from nitroprusside breakdown

为什么是这个答案

Nitroprusside releases cyanide, which is normally converted to thiocyanate. With high doses, long infusions or poor organ function, cyanide and thiocyanate can accumulate; the infusion is also protected from light.

答案

A · Cyanide toxicity from nitroprusside breakdown
13.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

答案: A · Check the feet daily and wear well-fitting shoes

为什么是这个答案

Reduced blood flow slows healing, so minor injuries can become ulcers or gangrene. Patients inspect their feet daily, keep them clean and moisturised, wear well-fitting footwear and see a podiatrist for nails and corns. Direct heat can burn ischaemic skin.

答案

A · Check the feet daily and wear well-fitting shoes
14.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

答案: A · Atrial fibrillation

为什么是这个答案

New atrial fibrillation affects a large proportion of patients in the first days after cardiac surgery, often due to inflammation, electrolyte shifts and stress. Management includes a 12-lead ECG, checking potassium and magnesium, rate or rhythm control and considering anticoagulation.

答案

A · Atrial fibrillation
15.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

答案: A · Changes in mood, such as irritability, low mood or anger

为什么是这个答案

Levetiracetam is widely used and has few drug interactions, but it can cause mood changes, irritability, depression and, rarely, suicidal thoughts. Patients and families should report these. Gum overgrowth is linked to phenytoin.

答案

A · Changes in mood, such as irritability, low mood or anger
16.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

答案: D · 便秘阻碍了流出

为什么是这个答案

流出不畅常由便秘、导管扭曲或导管移位引起。改变体位、检查夹子和管路以及治疗便秘通常有帮助;应上报。如果持续存在,需做影像学检查导管位置。流出液清亮使腹膜炎的可能性降低。

答案

D · 便秘阻碍了流出
17.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

答案: B · 这是正常的,因为该通道由小肠制成

为什么是这个答案

回肠通道使用一段回肠,它会继续产生黏液。鼓励患者多饮水以保持尿流通畅。然而,浑浊、有异味的尿伴发热则提示感染。

答案

B · 这是正常的,因为该通道由小肠制成
18.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

答案: A · Recording baseline vital signs

为什么是这个答案

Trained assistants can record routine observations and report them. Assessment, teaching and interpreting results need registered nurse knowledge and judgement.

答案

A · Recording baseline vital signs
19.产科护理

答案: B · Moderate exercise like walking or swimming is encouraged

为什么是这个答案

Moderate exercise is safe and beneficial for most pregnant women. Contact sports, activities with a high fall risk and scuba diving are avoided, as is lying flat on the back for long periods later in pregnancy.

答案

B · Moderate exercise like walking or swimming is encouraged
20.产科护理

答案: A · Hearing loss and developmental delay

为什么是这个答案

Congenital CMV is a leading cause of non-genetic sensorineural hearing loss and can cause microcephaly and developmental delay. Hand hygiene after contact with young children's saliva and urine reduces the risk.

答案

A · Hearing loss and developmental delay
21.儿科护理

答案: B · Worsening mood or new suicidal thoughts

为什么是这个答案

Antidepressants may be linked to increased suicidal thinking in some young people, especially early in treatment or after dose changes. Close follow-up, safety planning and involving the family are advised.

答案

B · Worsening mood or new suicidal thoughts
22.儿科护理

答案: C · 倾听其顾虑,提供清晰的循证信息,并记录讨论内容

为什么是这个答案

了解家长的具体顾虑并提供平衡、准确的信息是最有效的方法。疫苗接种需要知情同意;应记录决定和讨论过程,并可在以后重新讨论这个话题。

答案

C · 倾听其顾虑,提供清晰的循证信息,并记录讨论内容
23.精神科护理

答案: C · A low serum sodium

为什么是这个答案

SSRIs can cause hyponatraemia through SIADH, especially in older adults. Confusion, falls and drowsiness after starting an SSRI should prompt a sodium check.

答案

C · A low serum sodium
24.精神科护理

答案: D · Look for medical causes, such as delirium, medicines, infection or a neurocognitive disorder

为什么是这个答案

New psychosis in an older adult needs a full medical work-up. Delirium, medicine effects, infections, metabolic problems, dementia and brain lesions are common causes.

答案

D · Look for medical causes, such as delirium, medicines, infection or a neurocognitive disorder
25.护理数学与单位换算

答案: h = 122 cm

家用计量和体重:护理考试使用取整的等量关系:1 茶匙(tsp)= 5 mL,1 汤匙(tbsp)= 15 mL = 3 tsp,1 液量盎司(fl oz)= 30 mL = 2 tbsp,1 杯 = 8 fl oz = 240 mL。体重方面,1 kg = 2.2 lb,1 lb = 16 oz;长度方面,1 英寸 = 2.54 cm。设置换算时,要让你不需要的单位相互约去。

以英寸表示的身高

4·12 + 0 = 48 in

英寸换算为厘米

h = 48·2.54 = 121.9 ≈ 122 cm

答案

h = 122 cm
26.护理数学与单位换算

答案: V = 415 mL

家用计量和体重:护理考试使用取整的等量关系:1 茶匙(tsp)= 5 mL,1 汤匙(tbsp)= 15 mL = 3 tsp,1 液量盎司(fl oz)= 30 mL = 2 tbsp,1 杯 = 8 fl oz = 240 mL。体重方面,1 kg = 2.2 lb,1 lb = 16 oz;长度方面,1 英寸 = 2.54 cm。设置换算时,要让你不需要的单位相互约去。

每一项的 mL 数

2 tsp = 2·5 = 10 mL
3 tbsp = 3·15 = 45 mL
1½ 杯 = 1.5·240 = 360 mL

相加

V = 10 + 45 + 360 = 415 mL

答案

V = 415 mL
27.剂量计算

答案: D = 40 mg

剂量计算:给药量等于医嘱剂量除以现有药物的规格,再乘以该规格对应的量:给药量 = (医嘱剂量/储备规格) × 储备体积。始终统一单位(先把 g 换成 mg,mg 换成 mcg),并检查答案是否合理。

每日总量

2·60 = 120 mg

每次剂量

D = 120/3 = 40 mg

答案

D = 40 mg
28.剂量计算

答案: V = 9 mL

剂量计算:给药量等于医嘱剂量除以现有药物的规格,再乘以该规格对应的量:给药量 = (医嘱剂量/储备规格) × 储备体积。始终统一单位(先把 g 换成 mg,mg 换成 mcg),并检查答案是否合理。

按体重计算剂量

15·12 = 180 mg

体积

V = (180/100)·5 = 9 mL

答案

V = 9 mL
29.静脉输液速度

答案: R = 80 gtt/min

Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.

每分钟毫升数

80/60 = 1.333 mL/min

滴速

R = 1.333·60 = 80 gtt/min

答案

R = 80 gtt/min

使用微滴输液器(60 gtt/mL)时,gtt/min 等于 mL/h。

30.静脉输液速度

答案: t = 6 h

输注速率:输液泵按 mL/h = 体积/时间(小时)设定。重力滴注按每分钟滴数计:gtt/min = 体积 (mL) × 滴系数 (gtt/mL)/时间 (min)。 滴系数印在输液器包装上:普通输液器为 10、15 或 20 gtt/mL(输血器在美国常为 10 gtt/mL,在英国为 15),微量输液器为 60 gtt/mL。务必使用题目或包装给出的滴系数。

速度(mL/h)

25·60/15 = 100 mL/h

剩余时间

t = 600/100 = 6 h

答案

t = 6 h
31.静脉输液与液体平衡

答案: B = −85 mL

出入量:入量计入所有进入体内的液体(口服液体、静脉输液、静脉用药及冲管液、管饲);冰屑按其体积的一半计。出量计入尿液、引流液、呕吐物和其他丢失。平衡 = 总入量 − 总出量;平衡为负表示净丢失。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。

总入量

口服: 180 + 150 + 150 = 480 mL
静脉输液: 75·8 = 600 mL
静脉抗生素: 1·100 = 100 mL
总入量 = 1180 mL

总出量

450 + 475 + 200 + 140 = 1265 mL

平衡

B = 1180 − 1265 = −85 mL

答案

B = −85 mL

为负:患者丢失的液体多于摄入的液体。

32.静脉输液与液体平衡

答案: t = 5.8 h

输液时间:时间 (h) = 待输体积 (mL)/速率 (mL/h);使用袋中剩余的体积,而不是袋的容量。已输入体积 = 速率 × 时间。把小数小时换算为小时和分钟时,用小数部分 × 60(0.5 h = 30 min,而不是 50 min)。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。

第一部分

150·3 = 450 mL
1000 − 450 = 550 mL 剩余

第二部分

550/200 = 2.75 h

总时间

t = 3 + 2.75 = 5.75 ≈ 5.8 h

答案

t = 5.8 h

约为 5 h 45 min,所以袋子大约在 23:45 输完。

33.临床评估评分

答案: B = 12

Braden 量表:评估压力性损伤风险的六个分项。感觉知觉、潮湿程度、活动、活动能力和营养各评 1 至 4 分,从最差水平(1)到无问题(4);摩擦力和剪切力评 1 至 3 分。总分为 6 至 23,总分越低风险越高。常用分级:19–23 无风险,15–18 轻度风险,13–14 中度风险,10–12 高风险,9 分及以下为极高风险。

为每个分项评分

感觉知觉: 无损害 → 4
潮湿程度: 持续潮湿 → 1
活动: 偶尔步行 → 3
活动能力: 完全不能活动 → 1
营养: 可能不足 → 2
摩擦力和剪切力: 有问题 → 1

相加

Braden 总分 = 4 + 1 + 3 + 1 + 2 + 1 = 12

答案

B = 12
34.临床评估评分

答案: 健康体重

体质指数:BMI = 体重(kg)/身高(m)²,身高要先换算为米。使用磅和英寸时,BMI = 703 × 体重(lb)/身高(in)²。WHO 成人分类:低于 18.5 为体重过轻,18.5–24.9 为健康体重,25.0–29.9 为超重,30.0–34.9 为肥胖 I 级,35.0–39.9 为肥胖 II 级,40 及以上为肥胖 III 级。

BMI

BMI = 57/1.59² = 22.55

分类

健康体重

答案

健康体重

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