NCLEX-PN 风格练习题(LPN/LVN):速成包

公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 34 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。

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1公式与方法

感染控制与患者安全

方法

  1. 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
  2. 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
  3. 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
  4. 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
  5. 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。

优先排序与委派

方法

  1. 问自己:如果什么都不做,什么会最快伤害患者。
  2. 应用 ABC(心脏骤停时为 C-A-B),然后是 Maslow 需求层次:生理需要先于安全,安全先于心理需要。
  3. 比较各选项:急性先于慢性,不稳定先于稳定,意外先于预期,全身性先于局部,并将每项发现与患者的基线对照。
  4. 除非是紧急情况,否则先评估再行动;然后选择其他步骤所依赖的那一步。
  5. 委派时核对五项正确:任务、情境、人员、指示和监督。评估、宣教和评价仍由注册护士负责。

实验室检查值与电解质

方法

  1. 把数值与本实验室自己的参考范围比较,再与患者的基线和趋势比较。
  2. 检查标本:溶血、延迟,或在静脉输液附近采血都可能得出错误结果。
  3. 把数值与其典型体征以及引起它的药物和疾病联系起来。
  4. 注意相互作用:低钾或低镁会增加地高辛中毒的风险;脱水会使锂浓度升高。
  5. 对患者采取行动:评估,血药浓度不安全时暂停用药,复述危急值并通知开医嘱的医生。

内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

方法

  1. 说出问题所在:泵衰竭、动脉阻塞、节律、血栓、气道狭窄、感染或设备问题。
  2. 先检查危险征象:低氧、低血压、胸痛、新出现的意识模糊、冰冷无脉搏的肢体。
  3. 让氧疗与患者相匹配:大多数人为 94–98%,有 CO₂ 潴留风险者为 88–92%。
  4. 把每种药物与其检测和风险联系起来:华法林与 INR,肝素与 aPTT 和血小板,利尿剂与血钾。
  5. 选择安全的第一步措施,然后升级处理并重新评估。

内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

方法

  1. 对每位新出现意识模糊、乏力或癫痫发作的患者都检查血糖。
  2. 把意识水平作为脑部问题最早的警示;瞳孔变化和库欣三联征出现得较晚。
  3. 对于糖尿病急症,要区分 DKA(酮体、酸中毒)和 HHS(渗透压很高、脱水);先补液。
  4. 对于钠和水,要判断是 ADH 过多(SIADH)还是缺乏(尿崩症),并缓慢纠正慢性变化。
  5. 对于肾脏问题,把原因分为肾前性、肾性或肾后性,并监测血钾和液体。

内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

方法

  1. 想一想可能隐藏着什么:内出血、无发热的感染、SpO₂ 正常背后的通气不足。
  2. 利用术后的时间来缩小并发症的范围:出血在数小时内,胸部问题在数天内,伤口和吻合口漏出现得更晚。
  3. 对于疼痛,要评估、用多模式镇痛治疗、重新评估,并且在每次使用阿片类药物时监测镇静程度。
  4. 对于癌症患者,把低谷期的任何疾病都当作中性粒细胞减少性脓毒症处理,并了解肿瘤急症。
  5. 对于烧伤,只计算浅二度/深二度和三度的面积,从烧伤的时刻开始计算 Parkland 时间,并根据尿量调整。

产科护理

方法

  1. 把产妇放在时间轴上定位:孕周、产程阶段或产后第几天,再判断此时什么是正常的。
  2. 找出处于危险中的对象:母亲、胎儿或新生儿,或者其中不止一个。
  3. 把发现与其原因联系起来:减速用 VEAL CHOP,出血用四个 T,产后用 BUBBLE-HE。
  4. 优先选择改善血流和氧合的措施(侧卧、停用缩宫素、宫底按摩),然后再升级处理。

儿科护理

方法

  1. 先记下患儿的年龄:它决定正常生命体征、发育里程碑和合适的疼痛量表。
  2. 评估气道、呼吸和循环,记住儿童代偿很久之后会迅速恶化。
  3. 让措施与发育阶段相匹配,并让家属参与。
  4. 检查答案对儿童是否安全:按体重计算,病毒感染不用阿司匹林,12 岁以下不用可待因。

精神科护理

方法

  1. 判断是否存在即时风险:自杀、暴力、药物急症或躯体疾病。
  2. 先保障安全:观察、移除危险物品、缓和局面、停用有害药物、寻求帮助。
  3. 选择治疗性回应:承认感受、陈述现实,避免虚假的安慰和“为什么”式提问。
  4. 尊重权利:采用限制最少的方案,知情同意,以及保密及其限度。

护理数学与单位换算

公制进位
1 kg = 1000 g, 1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg, 1 L = 1000 mL
体重和长度
1 kg = 2.2 lb, 1 lb = 16 oz, 1 in = 2.54 cm, 1 ft = 12 in
家用计量
1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL
温度
°C = (°F − 32)·5/9, °F = °C·9/5 + 32
24 小时制
PM 1–11 点:加 12; 12 AM = 00:xx; 12 PM = 12:xx
给药速率
mcg/min × 60/1000 = mg/h
实验室换算系数
葡萄糖 1 mmol/L = 18 mg/dL; 肌酐 1 mg/dL = 88.4 µmol/L; Hb 1 g/dL = 10 g/L

方法

  1. 写出已知量及其单位,以及你想要的单位。
  2. 选定等量关系:kg、g、mg 和 mcg 之间,或 L 和 mL 之间为 1000;1 kg = 2.2 lb;1 tsp = 5 mL,1 tbsp = 15 mL,1 fl oz = 30 mL,1 cup = 240 mL。
  3. 写成分数,使不需要的单位相互约去;对于速率,每个变化的单位用一个分数。
  4. 检查方向:单位越小,数字越大。
  5. 只对最终答案取整,精度按题目所述。

剂量计算

由浓度计算剂量
体积 = 剂量 / 浓度
按体重给药
剂量 = mg/kg × 体重
片剂
片数 = 剂量 / 每片规格
单位
1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg

方法

  1. 把医嘱剂量和药品规格换算为同一单位。
  2. 用“需要量除以现有量再乘以数量”:(D/H) × Q。
  3. 按体重给药时,先乘以以 kg 计的体重,再用日剂量除以给药次数。
  4. 先估算,再检查答案是否合理。

静脉输液速度

泵速
mL/h = volume (mL)/time (h)
滴速
drops/min = volume (mL) × drop factor / time (min)
输注时间
time (h) = volume (mL)/rate (mL/h)

方法

  1. 泵速 mL/h:体积除以以小时计的时间。
  2. 滴速 drops/min:体积 × 滴系数,再除以以分钟计的时间。
  3. 剩余时间:剩余体积除以速率。
  4. 按题目或设备的要求取整。

静脉输液与液体平衡

Holliday–Segar 每小时量
4 mL/kg(前 10 kg)+ 2 mL/kg(次 10 kg)+ 1 mL/kg(20 kg 以上每 kg)
Holliday–Segar 每日量
相同分段分别为 100 / 50 / 20 mL/kg
液体平衡
入量 − 出量
冰屑
按其体积的一半计算
尿量
mL/kg/h = mL / (kg × h)
输注时间
时间 (h) = 剩余体积 (mL) / 速率 (mL/h)
已输入体积
mL = 速率 × 时间

临床评估评分

格拉斯哥昏迷量表
GCS = E (1–4) + V (1–5) + M (1–6) = 3–15
Apgar
5 项体征 × 0–2 = 0–10; 7–10 令人放心, 4–6 中度异常, 0–3 低
Braden 量表
5 × (1–4) + 1 × (1–3) = 6–23; ≤ 18 有风险
Morse 跌倒评分
跌倒 25, 诊断 15, 辅助 15/30, 静脉输液 20, 步态 10/20, 精神状态 15
NEWS2 风险
0–4 低; 单项 3 分为中低; 5–6 中; ≥ 7 高
平均动脉压
MAP = (SBP + 2·DBP)/3 = DBP + PP/3
脉压和休克指数
PP = SBP − DBP, SI = HR/SBP
体质指数
BMI = kg/m² = 703·lb/in²

方法

  1. 找出题目使用的评分表及其范围(GCS 3–15,Apgar 0–10,Braden 6–23,Morse 0–125)。
  2. 分别为每个条目评分,将描述与其对应的等级匹配。
  3. 把各条目得分相加,并检查总分是否在范围内。
  4. 应用分界值:对于 NEWS2,还要查看是否有单项参数得 3 分。
  5. 对于导出的数值,使用 MAP = (SBP + 2·DBP)/3,PP = SBP − DBP,SI = HR/SBP,BMI = kg/m²。

2练习题

1.护理学基础中等

Why are patients with a new ileostomy at risk of dehydration?

  1. AThe output is liquid and contains a lot of water and salt
  2. BThey are not allowed to drink for several weeks after surgery
  3. CThe stoma absorbs water from the body
  4. DThe colon removes too much water from the stool
2.护理学基础困难

Under the Mental Capacity Act 2005 (England and Wales), a patient with capacity makes a decision staff think is unwise. What follows?

  1. AAn unwise decision on its own proves that the person lacks capacity
  2. BAn unwise decision alone does not mean the person lacks capacity
  3. CThe family must be asked to make the decision instead
  4. DStaff may override any decision they think is unwise
3.感染控制与患者安全中等

During a surgical hand scrub, how are the hands held?

  1. ABelow the elbows, so water runs off the fingertips into the sink
  2. BAt the level of the waist, close to the body
  3. CPointing downward into the sink at all times
  4. DAbove the elbows, so water runs from the fingertips toward the elbows
4.感染控制与患者安全困难

A nurse teaches parents about firearm safety at home. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?

  1. A“We keep all the ammunition locked away separately from the gun.”
  2. B“We store the gun unloaded in a locked safe in the bedroom.”
  3. C“We keep the gun loaded in the nightstand, and the children know not to touch it.”
  4. D“We will ask other parents about guns before play dates.”
5.优先排序与委派中等

When making patient assignments, what should the charge nurse consider first?

  1. ALetting staff choose the patients they prefer
  2. BGiving the newest staff the most complex patients
  3. CMatching each patient’s needs to staff competence
  4. DGiving each nurse patients in rooms next to each other
6.优先排序与委派困难

在 START 分诊中,一名成人没有呼吸。调整气道体位后,伤员仍不呼吸。正确的类别是什么?

  1. A红色,因为没有呼吸是最紧急的发现
  2. B黑色(死亡或期待观察)
  3. C红色,并立即开始心肺复苏
  4. D黄色,稍后再回来
7.临床护理中等

A patient with pneumonia is breathless and coughing up thick sputum. Which nursing measure helps most with breathing?

  1. ASitting the patient upright and supporting them to clear secretions
  2. BRestricting all oral fluids
  3. CDiscouraging coughing to save energy
  4. DLying the patient flat so that they can rest and conserve energy
8.临床护理困难

A nurse teaches a patient with hypertension about their medicines. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?

  1. A"I'll stop my tablets once my readings are normal."
  2. B"I'll get up slowly from sitting."
  3. C"I'll have my blood pressure checked regularly."
  4. D"I'll keep taking my tablets even if I feel well."
9.实验室检查值与电解质中等

万古霉素谷浓度高于目标范围。主要担忧是哪种不良反应?

  1. A肾损害(肾毒性)
  2. B便秘和腹胀
  3. C血小板计数升高(血小板增多症)
  4. D低血糖
10.实验室检查值与电解质困难

A woman with preeclampsia is receiving IV magnesium sulfate. Her urine output has fallen and her creatinine is rising. Why is this a concern?

  1. AMagnesium is broken down by the liver, so it will stop working soon
  2. BPoor kidney function makes the magnesium level fall quickly
  3. CMagnesium causes potassium loss, so the kidneys release more fluid
  4. DMagnesium is excreted by the kidneys, so it can build up to toxic levels
11.药理学中等

A patient is starting lamotrigine. Which adverse effect should the patient report at once?

  1. AMild headache on the first day
  2. BA brief change in taste
  3. CAny new skin rash
  4. DSlight tiredness in the afternoon
12.药理学困难

有些受体即使没有激动剂也表现出活性。在这类受体上,反向激动剂与中性拮抗剂有何不同?

  1. A它使活性降到基础水平以下
  2. B单独给药时没有作用
  3. C它使活性升高到基础水平以上
  4. D它永久破坏受体
13.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸中等

What is the purpose of a mucolytic such as carbocisteine in chronic productive cough?

  1. ATo make sputum thinner and easier to cough up
  2. BTo stop the patient coughing completely, day and night
  3. CTo widen the airways within minutes
  4. DTo kill bacteria in the airways
14.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸困难

The monitor of a patient with a permanent pacemaker shows pacing spikes, but none of them is followed by a QRS complex. What does this mean?

  1. AFailure to capture
  2. BNormal pacemaker function
  3. CFailure to sense
  4. DAtrial fibrillation
15.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏中等

甲状腺切除术后,为什么常在床边备有拆线或拆夹器?

  1. A必须在术后第一天晚上拆线
  2. B用于在引流管不通时调整引流管
  3. C用于从颈静脉抽血
  4. D颈部血肿可压迫气道,可能需要松解
16.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏困难

A patient on a variable rate IV insulin infusion is nil by mouth. Why is a glucose-containing IV fluid usually given alongside it?

  1. ATo speed up the action of the insulin in the muscles
  2. BTo prevent hypoglycaemia while insulin is running
  3. CTo stop the insulin sticking to the IV tubing
  4. DTo replace the potassium lost from the cells
17.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤中等

Dysphagia that started with solids and now includes liquids, with weight loss, most suggests which cause?

  1. ANormal ageing of the swallowing muscles
  2. BSimple anxiety about swallowing tablets
  3. CA narrowing such as an oesophageal tumour
  4. DA dry mouth from drinking too little water
18.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤困难

拔除硬膜外导管数小时后,一名使用抗凝药的患者出现背痛和逐渐加重的腿部无力。应怀疑什么?

  1. A硬膜外阻滞在一天内的正常消退
  2. B硬膜外血肿,需要紧急评估和 MRI
  3. C尿路感染引起的背痛
  4. D骶部压疮引起的牵涉性腿痛
19.产科护理中等

Why is mild anaemia common in the second trimester even in healthy women?

  1. AThe fetus breaks down maternal red blood cells
  2. BThe bone marrow stops producing red cells during pregnancy
  3. CPlasma volume rises more than red cell mass
  4. DIron is lost in the urine because kidney filtration rises
20.产科护理困难

A woman 5 hours after birth had a large blood loss and now has a heart rate of 128/min, blood pressure of 88/50 mmHg and cold hands. Which action is most important?

  1. AGive her a hot drink and recheck in an hour
  2. BAsk her to walk to improve circulation
  3. CEncourage her to breastfeed to contract the uterus
  4. DCall for urgent help and start fluid resuscitation
21.儿科护理中等

A 3-day-old has a red, swollen eyelid with a heavy discharge of pus. What should the nurse do?

  1. AApply an over-the-counter steroid eye ointment
  2. BClean the eye with breast milk and review in a week
  3. CArrange prompt medical review, as infection from the birth canal is possible
  4. DReassure the parents that sticky eyes are always harmless in the first weeks of life
22.儿科护理困难

A healthy breastfed baby has lost 7% of her birth weight on day 3. What is the best interpretation?

  1. AThis is severe dehydration and needs immediate IV fluids
  2. BThis weight loss is only normal in formula-fed babies
  3. CThis shows breastfeeding has failed, so formula should replace breast milk from now on
  4. DThis is within the usual range; observe a feed and follow the weight
23.精神科护理中等

A patient says, "I'm going to be a famous singer, and I'll buy this whole hospital." Which response best uses the technique of voicing doubt?

  1. A"That's wonderful. When will you start?"
  2. B"Why do you want to buy the hospital?"
  3. C"That sounds hard to believe."
  4. D"You know that isn't true at all."
24.精神科护理困难

一名锂盐治疗稳定的患者告诉护士,她因背痛开始每天服用布洛芬。护士应怎么做?

  1. A建议她将锂盐剂量加倍
  2. B通知开医嘱者,因为布洛芬可使血锂升高到中毒水平
  3. C告诉她没关系,因为布洛芬无需处方即可购买,是安全的
  4. D告诉她为消肿同时服用利尿剂
25.护理数学与单位换算中等
6 lb 8 oz? kg1 lb = 16 oz1 kg = 2.2 lb

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一名新生儿体重 6 lb 8 oz。按 1 lb = 16 oz 和 1 kg = 2.2 lb,求以千克表示的体重m。取到两位小数。

6 lb 8 oz1 lb = 16 oz1 kg = 2.2 lb
m = kg
26.护理数学与单位换算困难
00:0020:5501:10t = ?

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一次输注从 20:55 开始,到次日早晨 01:10 结束(24 小时制)。它运行了多少分钟t?

20:5501:10
t = min
27.剂量计算中等
500 mg+ 1.8 mLV = ? mL

一个药瓶中含有 500 mg 的粉末。标签上写着:加入 1.8 mL 注射用水,得到总容量 2 mL。医嘱为 100 mg。你应给予复溶后溶液的多少容量 V?

500 mg+ 1.8 mL → 2 mL100 mg
V = mL
28.剂量计算困难
00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.911 mL

处方为 4650 单位的药物,药液规格为 5000 单位/mL。请用 1 mL 注射器抽取剂量:应给多少体积 V?

4650 units5000 units/mL
V = mL
29.静脉输液速度中等
250 mL15 gtt/mL3 h? gtt/min

用滴系数为 15 滴/mL 的输液器在 3 小时内输入 250 mL。求滴速 R(滴/分)。 取整到最接近的整数。

250 mL3 h15 gtt/mL
R = gtt/min
30.静脉输液速度困难
760 mL剩余? mL/h5 h 剩余

医嘱要求在 8 小时内输入 1000 mL。3 小时后你发现袋中还剩 760 mL,而输液仍须按时完成。 原来的泵速必须提高百分之多少 Δ?

1000 mL / 8 h经过 3 h: 760 mL
Δ = %
31.静脉输液与液体平衡中等
入量出量12 小时班次果冻120 mL汤200 mL冰屑120 mL静脉输液100 mL/h × 12 h静脉抗生素2 × 100 mL尿液325 mL尿液425 mL伤口引流100 mL

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 记录显示了一名患者在一个 12 小时班次中的出入量。静脉输液在整个班次中按所示速率输注。求液体平衡 B = 入量 − 出量,以 mL 计(答案为负表示净丢失)。 冰屑按其体积的一半计。

果冻: 120 mL汤: 200 mL冰屑: 120 mL静脉输液: 100 mL/h × 12 h静脉抗生素: 2 × 100 mL尿液: 325 mL尿液: 425 mL伤口引流: 100 mL
B = mL
32.静脉输液与液体平衡困难
500 mL50 mL 已输入120 mL/h11:00t = ? h

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一袋 500 mL 的液体用输液泵以 120 mL/h 输注。到 11:00 时已输入 50 mL。还要多少小时 t 袋子才会输完? 保留一位小数。

500 mL50 mL 已输入120 mL/h
t = h
33.临床评估评分中等
S? / 4+M? / 4+A? / 4+Mob? / 4+N? / 4+F? / 3Σ?

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 用 Braden 量表评估一位练习患者:感觉知觉: 完全受限; 潮湿程度: 持续潮湿; 活动: 偶尔步行; 活动能力: 非常受限; 营养: 非常差; 摩擦力和剪切力: 潜在问题。求 Braden 总分B。

6–23
B =
34.临床评估评分困难
体重过轻健康体重超重肥胖 I 级肥胖 II 级肥胖 III 级

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一名成人体重 146 kg,身高 175 cm。计算 BMI 并点击 WHO 体重分类。

146 kg175 cm
  1. 1体重过轻
  2. 2健康体重
  3. 3超重
  4. 4肥胖 I 级
  5. 5肥胖 II 级
  6. 6肥胖 III 级

3溶液

1.护理学基础

答案: A · The output is liquid and contains a lot of water and salt

为什么是这个答案

The colon normally reabsorbs water and salt. An ileostomy bypasses it, so high output can quickly cause dehydration and low sodium; output is monitored and fluids encouraged.

答案

A · The output is liquid and contains a lot of water and salt
2.护理学基础

答案: B · An unwise decision alone does not mean the person lacks capacity

为什么是这个答案

One of the Act's principles is that a person is not treated as lacking capacity just because they make an unwise decision. Staff can explain risks, but the decision is the patient's.

答案

B · An unwise decision alone does not mean the person lacks capacity
3.感染控制与患者安全

答案: D · Above the elbows, so water runs from the fingertips toward the elbows

为什么是这个答案

After a surgical scrub, the hands are the cleanest area, so they are held above the elbows to let water drain away from them toward the less clean elbows.

答案

D · Above the elbows, so water runs from the fingertips toward the elbows
4.感染控制与患者安全

答案: C · “We keep the gun loaded in the nightstand, and the children know not to touch it.”

为什么是这个答案

Firearms in homes with children should be stored unloaded and locked, with ammunition stored separately and locked. Telling children not to touch a gun does not reliably prevent injuries.

答案

C · “We keep the gun loaded in the nightstand, and the children know not to touch it.”
5.优先排序与委派

答案: C · Matching each patient’s needs to staff competence

为什么是这个答案

Assignments are based mainly on patient acuity and needs and on each staff member’s skills and scope. Geography and continuity of care help, but they come after safety.

答案

C · Matching each patient’s needs to staff competence
6.优先排序与委派

答案: B · 黑色(死亡或期待观察)

为什么是这个答案

在 START 中,调整气道体位后仍不呼吸的伤员被标为黑色。为一个人进行心肺复苏会使救援人员远离许多可能存活的其他人。如果调整体位后恢复呼吸,则该伤员为红色。

答案

B · 黑色(死亡或期待观察)
7.临床护理

答案: A · Sitting the patient upright and supporting them to clear secretions

为什么是这个答案

An upright position improves lung expansion, and adequate fluids, deep breathing and coughing help clear sputum. Oxygen is given to target saturations if needed.

答案

A · Sitting the patient upright and supporting them to clear secretions
8.临床护理

答案: A · "I'll stop my tablets once my readings are normal."

为什么是这个答案

Hypertension usually needs long-term treatment; stopping because readings are normal often makes blood pressure rise again. Patients should discuss any changes with their prescriber.

答案

A · "I'll stop my tablets once my readings are normal."
9.实验室检查值与电解质

答案: A · 肾损害(肾毒性)

为什么是这个答案

万古霉素水平高与急性肾损伤以及较少见的听力损害有关。护士应在下一次给药前报告结果,并检查肌酐和尿量。

答案

A · 肾损害(肾毒性)
10.实验室检查值与电解质

答案: D · Magnesium is excreted by the kidneys, so it can build up to toxic levels

为什么是这个答案

Magnesium is cleared by the kidneys, so falling urine output and rising creatinine raise the risk of toxicity. The nurse checks deep tendon reflexes, respiratory rate and level of consciousness, reports the findings and keeps calcium gluconate available as the antidote.核对依据: Magnesium Toxicity (StatPearls) · StatPearls (NCBI Bookshelf) (2026)

答案

D · Magnesium is excreted by the kidneys, so it can build up to toxic levels
11.药理学

答案: C · Any new skin rash

为什么是这个答案

Lamotrigine can cause serious skin reactions such as Stevens–Johnson syndrome. The dose is increased slowly, especially with valproate, and any rash must be assessed promptly.

答案

C · Any new skin rash
12.药理学

答案: A · 它使活性降到基础水平以下

为什么是这个答案

中性拮抗剂只是阻断激动剂,基础活性不变。反向激动剂稳定受体的非活性状态,因此组成性活性降到基础水平以下。

答案

A · 它使活性降到基础水平以下
13.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

答案: A · To make sputum thinner and easier to cough up

为什么是这个答案

Mucolytics reduce sputum viscosity, which can make expectoration easier and may reduce exacerbations in some people with COPD. They are not bronchodilators or antibiotics. Cough suppressants are generally avoided in productive cough.

答案

A · To make sputum thinner and easier to cough up
14.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

答案: A · Failure to capture

为什么是这个答案

Failure to capture means the pacing stimulus does not depolarise the myocardium, so no QRS follows the spike. Causes include lead displacement, a raised threshold or battery problems. It can cause bradycardia or asystole, so the patient is assessed and the team informed urgently.

答案

A · Failure to capture
15.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

答案: D · 颈部血肿可压迫气道,可能需要松解

为什么是这个答案

甲状腺手术后颈部血肿可迅速压迫气道。许多病房在床边备有拆夹器或拆线器及气道设备,以便在紧急情况下打开伤口。护士应观察有无肿胀、喘鸣和呼吸困难。

答案

D · 颈部血肿可压迫气道,可能需要松解
16.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

答案: B · To prevent hypoglycaemia while insulin is running

为什么是这个答案

Without food, an insulin infusion can push glucose too low. A substrate fluid containing glucose is run with the insulin, and glucose is checked hourly so the rate can be adjusted.

答案

B · To prevent hypoglycaemia while insulin is running
17.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

答案: C · A narrowing such as an oesophageal tumour

为什么是这个答案

Progressive dysphagia, solids first then liquids, with weight loss, is typical of a mechanical obstruction such as oesophageal cancer or a stricture. It needs an urgent referral for endoscopy.

答案

C · A narrowing such as an oesophageal tumour
18.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

答案: B · 硬膜外血肿,需要紧急评估和 MRI

为什么是这个答案

使用硬膜外镇痛期间或拔管后,出现运动无力加重、麻木、背痛或膀胱功能障碍,尤其是使用抗凝药时,可能提示硬膜外血肿或脓肿。这是急症:需要紧急麻醉评估和 MRI,必要时手术减压,以防永久性瘫痪。

答案

B · 硬膜外血肿,需要紧急评估和 MRI
19.产科护理

答案: C · Plasma volume rises more than red cell mass

为什么是这个答案

Plasma volume increases more than red cell mass, so haemoglobin concentration falls (physiological or dilutional anaemia). Iron deficiency can add to this and should still be checked.

答案

C · Plasma volume rises more than red cell mass
20.产科护理

答案: D · Call for urgent help and start fluid resuscitation

为什么是这个答案

Tachycardia, hypotension and cool peripheries indicate hypovolaemic shock. Help is called, IV access secured, fluids and blood given as prescribed, and the cause of bleeding treated.

答案

D · Call for urgent help and start fluid resuscitation
21.儿科护理

答案: C · Arrange prompt medical review, as infection from the birth canal is possible

为什么是这个答案

Neonatal conjunctivitis with heavy pus and swelling may be caused by gonococcus or chlamydia acquired during birth. Gonococcal infection can damage the cornea rapidly, so swabs and prompt treatment are needed, and the parents are tested and treated too.

答案

C · Arrange prompt medical review, as infection from the birth canal is possible
22.儿科护理

答案: D · This is within the usual range; observe a feed and follow the weight

为什么是这个答案

Newborns commonly lose up to about 7–10% of birth weight in the first days and usually regain it by about 2 weeks. At this level, observing a feed, checking latch and nappy output and rechecking weight are appropriate.

答案

D · This is within the usual range; observe a feed and follow the weight
23.精神科护理

答案: C · "That sounds hard to believe."

为什么是这个答案

Voicing doubt lets the patient know the nurse does not share the belief, without a confrontation. Arguing tends to make delusional beliefs firmer, while agreeing reinforces them.

答案

C · "That sounds hard to believe."
24.精神科护理

答案: B · 通知开医嘱者,因为布洛芬可使血锂升高到中毒水平

为什么是这个答案

非甾体抗炎药会减少锂的排泄,因此血锂水平可能升至中毒范围。开医嘱者应复核疼痛治疗和锂盐监测。

答案

B · 通知开医嘱者,因为布洛芬可使血锂升高到中毒水平
25.护理数学与单位换算

答案: m = 2.95 kg

家用计量和体重:护理考试使用取整的等量关系:1 茶匙(tsp)= 5 mL,1 汤匙(tbsp)= 15 mL = 3 tsp,1 液量盎司(fl oz)= 30 mL = 2 tbsp,1 杯 = 8 fl oz = 240 mL。体重方面,1 kg = 2.2 lb,1 lb = 16 oz;长度方面,1 英寸 = 2.54 cm。设置换算时,要让你不需要的单位相互约去。

盎司换算为磅

8 oz/16 = 0.5 lb
6 + 0.5 = 6.5 lb

磅换算为千克

m = 6.5/2.2 = 2.955 ≈ 2.95 kg

答案

m = 2.95 kg
26.护理数学与单位换算

答案: t = 255 min

24 小时制:下午 1 点起,小时数加 12(下午 3:45 = 15:45)。午夜到凌晨 12:59 为 00:00–00:59,中午 12:00–12:59 仍为 12:00–12:59。反过来换算时,13–23 点减 12 并标为下午;00 点变为凌晨 12 点。跨午夜计算时间要分两段:先算到 24:00(00:00),再从 00:00 算起。

午夜之前

20:55 → 24:00 = 185 min

午夜之后

00:00 → 01:10 = 70 min

合计

t = 185 + 70 = 255 min

答案

t = 255 min
27.剂量计算

答案: V = 0.4 mL

Dose calculation: the amount to give equals what is prescribed divided by what you have, times the quantity it comes in: amount = (desired dose/stock strength) × stock volume. Always keep the units the same (convert g to mg, mg to mcg first) and check that the answer is sensible.

混合后的浓度

500 mg/2 mL = 250 mg/mL

体积

V = 100/250 = 0.4 mL

答案

V = 0.4 mL
28.剂量计算

答案: V = 0.93 mL

抽取剂量:体积 = (处方剂量/药物浓度) × 药物体积。先换算成相同的单位,再检查该体积是否适合注射器,并落在它的某一个刻度上。

体积

V = 4650/5000 = 0.93 mL

在注射器上

在这支 1 mL 的注射器上,每条小刻度线代表 0.01 mL。

答案

V = 0.93 mL
29.静脉输液速度

答案: R = 21 gtt/min

输注速率:输液泵按 mL/h = 体积/时间(小时)设定。重力滴注按每分钟滴数计:gtt/min = 体积 (mL) × 滴系数 (gtt/mL)/时间 (min)。 滴系数印在输液器包装上:普通输液器为 10、15 或 20 gtt/mL(输血器在美国常为 10 gtt/mL,在英国为 15),微量输液器为 60 gtt/mL。务必使用题目或包装给出的滴系数。

以分钟计的时间

3·60 = 180 min

滴速

R = 250·15/180 = 20.83 ≈ 21 gtt/min

答案

R = 21 gtt/min

床旁取最接近的整滴:21 滴/分。

30.静脉输液速度

答案: Δ = 21.6 %

Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.

原速率

1000/8 = 125 mL/h

新速率

R = 760/5 = 152 mL/h

变化百分比

Δ = (152 − 125)/125·100% = 21.6%

答案

Δ = 21.6%

许多医院允许在不重开医嘱的情况下进行不超过 25% 的此类调整;请查阅本院规定。

31.静脉输液与液体平衡

答案: B = 930 mL

出入量:入量计入所有进入体内的液体(口服液体、静脉输液、静脉用药及冲管液、管饲);冰屑按其体积的一半计。出量计入尿液、引流液、呕吐物和其他丢失。平衡 = 总入量 − 总出量;平衡为负表示净丢失。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。

总入量

口服: 120 + 200 = 320 mL
冰屑: 120/2 = 60 mL
静脉输液: 100·12 = 1200 mL
静脉抗生素: 2·100 = 200 mL
总入量 = 1780 mL

总出量

325 + 425 + 100 = 850 mL

平衡

B = 1780 − 850 = 930 mL

答案

B = 930 mL

为正:摄入的液体多于排出的液体。

32.静脉输液与液体平衡

答案: t = 3.8 h

输液时间:时间 (h) = 待输体积 (mL)/速率 (mL/h);使用袋中剩余的体积,而不是袋的容量。已输入体积 = 速率 × 时间。把小数小时换算为小时和分钟时,用小数部分 × 60(0.5 h = 30 min,而不是 50 min)。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。

剩余体积

500 − 50 = 450 mL

时间

t = 450/120 = 3.75 ≈ 3.8 h

答案

t = 3.8 h

约为 3 h 45 min,所以袋子大约在 14:45 输完。

33.临床评估评分

答案: B = 10

Braden 量表:评估压力性损伤风险的六个分项。感觉知觉、潮湿程度、活动、活动能力和营养各评 1 至 4 分,从最差水平(1)到无问题(4);摩擦力和剪切力评 1 至 3 分。总分为 6 至 23,总分越低风险越高。常用分级:19–23 无风险,15–18 轻度风险,13–14 中度风险,10–12 高风险,9 分及以下为极高风险。

为每个分项评分

感觉知觉: 完全受限 → 1
潮湿程度: 持续潮湿 → 1
活动: 偶尔步行 → 3
活动能力: 非常受限 → 2
营养: 非常差 → 1
摩擦力和剪切力: 潜在问题 → 2

相加

Braden 总分 = 1 + 1 + 3 + 2 + 1 + 2 = 10

答案

B = 10
34.临床评估评分

答案: 肥胖 III 级

体质指数:BMI = 体重(kg)/身高(m)²,身高要先换算为米。使用磅和英寸时,BMI = 703 × 体重(lb)/身高(in)²。WHO 成人分类:低于 18.5 为体重过轻,18.5–24.9 为健康体重,25.0–29.9 为超重,30.0–34.9 为肥胖 I 级,35.0–39.9 为肥胖 II 级,40 及以上为肥胖 III 级。

BMI

BMI = 146/1.75² = 47.67

分类

肥胖 III 级

答案

肥胖 III 级

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