感染控制与患者安全
方法
- 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
- 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
- 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
- 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
- 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 40 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
When opening a sterile pack on a table, which flap is opened first?
Eight hours after surgery a patient has not passed urine and has lower abdominal discomfort with a swelling above the pubic bone. What should the nurse do?
A patient with a fentanyl skin patch wants to use a heating pad on the area. What should the nurse teach?
While preparing a chemotherapy infusion, the drug splashes onto a nurse’s forearm. What should the nurse do first?
A young adult has just started an SSRI antidepressant for major depression. What should the nurse monitor most closely in the first weeks?
一名上消化道出血的患者心率 128 次/分,血压 84/50 mmHg。以下都有医嘱。护士首先开始哪一项?
急性缺血性卒中的静脉溶栓一般在什么时间窗内进行?
Why might a patient with diabetes who takes a beta-blocker not notice hypoglycaemia early?
垂体手术后,一名患者每小时排出约 400 mL 淡色尿,比重 1.002,钠已升至 149 mEq/L。最可能的是哪种情况?
一名长期肺部疾病的患者血清碳酸氢盐 32 mEq/L,动脉血 PaCO₂ 一直偏高,pH 7.36。哪种情况最符合?
Besides lithium levels, which blood tests are monitored in long-term lithium treatment?
A patient receives high-dose IV aciclovir for herpes encephalitis. Which nursing action reduces the main risk to the kidneys?
一名室上性心动过速患者将接受静脉腺苷。护士应提醒患者注意什么?
A patient with stable severe COPD has a blood gas showing pH 7.37, a raised PaCO₂ and a raised bicarbonate. How should this be interpreted?
Why is levodopa combined with carbidopa (or benserazide)?
一名服用丙戊酸盐的癫痫女性说她正计划怀孕。哪种回应最恰当?
为什么在计算补液复苏的烧伤面积时,不计入浅表烧伤(仅发红,如晒伤)?
Which preoperative task can a registered nurse usually delegate to a healthcare assistant (nursing assistant)?
Why is it important to do newborn bloodspot screening at the recommended time rather than in the first hours?
A woman in her first antenatal visit discloses that her partner hits her. What is the most appropriate nursing action?
A child has tinea capitis (ringworm of the scalp). Which treatment is usually needed?
A 4-year-old chokes on a sweet but is coughing forcefully and can speak. What should the nurse do?
An 80-year-old man often talks about his life and his achievements. According to Erikson, which task is he working on?
A depressed patient says, "I don't enjoy anything any more, so there's no point in doing anything." Which intervention best reflects behavioural activation?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一位患者的体温为 37.9 °C。用 °F = °C × 9/5 + 32 把它换算为华氏度T。取到一位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一张处方写着口服混悬液½ tsp,每天三次,共 7 天。混悬液每瓶 150 mL。按1 tsp = 5 mL,必须提供多少整瓶N才能完成疗程?
一名体重 12 kg 的儿童按 20 mg/kg 处方用药。原液浓度为 50 mg/mL。请抽取剂量:应给多少体积 V?
一名体重 24 kg 的儿童,医嘱为口服混悬液每次 15 mg/kg,该混悬液每 1 mL 含 40 mg。你应给多少体积 V?
滴注以 25 gtt/min 的速度通过滴系数为 20 gtt/mL 的输液器。患者在 12 小时内接受多少毫升 V?
一袋液体在 50 mL 中含药 200 mg,以 15 mL/h 的速度输注。患者每小时获得多少毫克 D?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一袋中含肝素 25 000 单位,容量 500 mL。医嘱为 16 units/kg/h,患者体重 75 kg。输液泵速率 R 应设为多少 mL/h? 保留一位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一份含dobutamine 500 mg、容量 250 mL 的输液以 9 mL/h 输注。患者体重 93 kg。患者接受的剂量 D 是多少 mcg/kg/min? 保留一位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 记录显示了一名患者在一个 12 小时班次中的出入量。静脉输液在整个班次中按所示速率输注。求液体平衡 B = 入量 − 出量,以 mL 计(答案为负表示净丢失)。 冰屑按其体积的一半计。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一袋 500 mL 的液体用输液泵以 150 mL/h 输注。到 07:30 时已输入 200 mL。还要多少小时 t 袋子才会输完? 保留一位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 对这些观察结果使用 NEWS2 图表(SpO₂ 量表 1):呼吸频率 9 次/分,SpO₂ 89%吸室内空气,血压 112/68 mmHg,脉搏 120 次/分,无反应,体温 37.9 °C。NEWS2 总分是多少?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 用 Morse 跌倒评分评估一位练习患者:过去 3 个月内的跌倒史: 否; 次要诊断: 否; 行走辅助: 拐杖、手杖或助行器; 静脉输液或封管: 是; 步态: 正常、卧床休息或轮椅; 精神状态: 了解自身局限。使用分界值 0–24 低,25–44 中度,45 或以上高,点击跌倒风险等级。
某练习血气显示 PaCO₂ 56 mmHg (7.5 kPa)。利用规则:在慢性呼吸性酸中毒中,PaCO₂ 每比 40 高出 10 mmHg,HCO₃⁻ 升高 3.5 mmol/L,以HCO₃⁻ 24 mmol/L 为起点,求预期HCO₃⁻。
在海平面,某练习血气取自吸入 21% 氧气时,显示 PaO₂ 71 mmHg (9.5 kPa),PaCO₂ 41 mmHg (5.5 kPa)。用 PAO₂ = FiO₂·(760 − 47) − PaCO₂/0.8 求A–a 梯度。
解读这条 II 导联心律条带。这是什么节律?点击你的答案。
这条 II 导联心电图显示二度房室传导阻滞 I 型(文氏现象)。共有多少个每组的 P 波数,包括未下传的那一个(n:(n − 1) 阻滞中的 n)?
答案: A · The flap furthest away from you
Opening the far flap first means the nurse never reaches across the exposed sterile contents. The side flaps follow, and the nearest flap is opened last.
答案: A · Check the bladder volume with a scanner and report the findings
These signs suggest postoperative urinary retention. A bladder scan confirms the volume, and the doctor is told so it can be relieved, often by catheterisation.
答案: B · Avoid heat on or near the patch, because it increases how fast the drug is absorbed
Heat from heating pads, electric blankets, hot tubs or fever increases fentanyl absorption and can cause an overdose. Patients are taught to avoid heat over the patch.
答案: D · Remove contaminated PPE and wash the skin with soap and water at once
Skin exposure to hazardous drugs is washed immediately with soap and water after removing contaminated gloves or gown. The exposure is then reported and treated according to policy.
答案: C · Thoughts of suicide or self-harm
In the early weeks of antidepressant treatment, especially in young people, suicidal thoughts may increase. Patients and families are taught to report them at once.
答案: C · 通过大口径套管静脉输液或输血
心动过速和低血压显示低血容量性休克,因此首先恢复循环血容量,按医嘱使用液体或血制品并密切监测。抑酸和内镜检查在复苏进行之后,口服铁剂属于后期恢复。
答案: A · 症状出现后 4.5 小时内
在影像检查排除出血后,阿替普酶溶栓一般在发病 4.5 小时内进行。因此,了解患者最后一次被看到状况良好的时间至关重要。
答案: D · Beta-blockers can mask warning signs such as tremor and a fast heart rate
Tremor, palpitations and anxiety in hypoglycaemia are driven by the sympathetic system, which beta-blockers blunt. Sweating is often still present, and patients need to monitor glucose closely.
答案: D · 尿崩症
垂体附近的手术可使抗利尿激素的释放停止。没有它,肾脏会排出大量比重低的稀释尿,钠升高。SIADH 则相反:尿液浓缩、钠低。护士应密切测量出入量并及早报告。核对依据: Diabetes insipidus · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025); Urine specific gravity test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025); Sodium blood test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答案: A · COPD 伴慢性 CO₂ 潴留和代谢性代偿
在慢性 CO₂ 潴留(如重度 COPD)中,肾脏在数日内保留碳酸氢盐,使 pH 回到接近正常,往往位于范围的低端。DKA 和腹泻使碳酸氢盐降低,阿司匹林过量引起呼吸急促,使 PaCO₂ 降低。核对依据: Respiratory Acidosis · StatPearls (NCBI Bookshelf)
答案: A · Kidney function and thyroid function
Lithium can impair kidney function and cause hypothyroidism. Kidney function, thyroid function and calcium are checked regularly, along with lithium levels.
答案: A · Keep the patient well hydrated and give the infusion slowly
Aciclovir can crystallise in the tubules and cause acute kidney injury. Good hydration, slow infusion and monitoring of kidney function reduce this risk.
答案: B · 短暂的面部潮红或胸闷,以及几秒钟的停顿感
腺苷以快速静脉推注给药,随后用生理盐水冲管,并持续心电监护。它短暂阻断房室结传导,常引起几秒钟的心搏停止、面部潮红、胸部不适、呼吸困难或濒死感。这些作用只持续几秒。
答案: B · Chronic respiratory acidosis with metabolic compensation
In chronic CO₂ retention, the kidneys retain bicarbonate over days, bringing the pH back towards normal. A normal pH with high PaCO₂ and high bicarbonate is compensated chronic respiratory acidosis. These patients usually have target saturations of 88–92%.
答案: C · To stop levodopa being converted to dopamine outside the brain
Carbidopa blocks the enzyme that converts levodopa to dopamine in the periphery. More levodopa reaches the brain, so a lower dose works, and side effects such as nausea and low blood pressure are reduced.
答案: D · 建议不要突然停药,并尽快进行专科评估
丙戊酸盐具有高度致畸性(神经管缺陷和神经发育问题),在可能怀孕者中的使用受到严格限制。然而,突然停用抗癫痫药物有发生癫痫持续状态的风险。需要紧急的专科评估以规划更安全的替代方案,并补充叶酸。
答案: B · 皮肤屏障完整,丢失的液体很少
浅表(表皮)烧伤引起疼痛和发红,但不会像部分层和全层烧伤那样引起毛细血管渗漏和液体丢失。把它们计入会高估烧伤面积,导致补液过多。
答案: B · Recording baseline vital signs
Trained assistants can record routine observations and report them. Assessment, teaching and interpreting results need registered nurse knowledge and judgement.
答案: A · Some results, such as PKU, need milk feeds first
Phenylalanine builds up only after the baby has had milk feeds, so very early samples can miss PKU. Programmes specify timing, and early samples may need repeating.
答案: D · Talk with her alone, assess her safety and offer support
Intimate partner violence often begins or worsens in pregnancy. The nurse should talk to her alone, assess safety, document carefully and offer support and local resources, without confronting the partner.
答案: C · An oral antifungal medicine
Topical creams cannot reach the fungus in the hair shafts and follicles, so tinea capitis needs an oral antifungal for several weeks, sometimes with an antifungal shampoo to reduce spread.
答案: A · Encourage her to keep coughing and stay with her, watching closely
A child who can cough effectively and speak has a partly open airway. Back blows or thrusts are not started, and blind finger sweeps can push the object further in. If the cough becomes ineffective, back blows and abdominal thrusts are given.
答案: C · Integrity versus despair
In later life, the task is to look back and find meaning in one's life. Reminiscence supports a sense of integrity; failure leads to regret and despair.
答案: C · Plan small, scheduled activities with him and review how he felt afterwards
Behavioural activation is based on the idea that activity improves mood, not the other way round. Scheduling achievable, meaningful activities and reviewing the effect breaks the cycle of withdrawal and low mood.
答案: T = 100.2 °F
温度:°C = (°F − 32) × 5/9,°F = °C × 9/5 + 32。从 °F 换算时先减 32 再乘,从 °C 换算时先乘再加 32。快速核对:37 °C 为 98.6 °F,每 1 °C 相当于 1.8 °F。
答案: N = 1
量纲分析:先写出已知量,再乘以写成分数形式的换算系数(例如 60 min/1 h 或 1 mg/1000 mcg),使每个不需要的单位在分子和分母各出现一次并相互约去。只剩下所求单位时再计算。使用题目给出的等量关系,只对最终答案取整。
答案: V = 4.8 mL
抽取剂量:体积 = (处方剂量/药物浓度) × 药物体积。先换算成相同的单位,再检查该体积是否适合注射器,并落在它的某一个刻度上。
在这支 10 mL 的注射器上,每条小刻度线代表 0.2 mL。
答案: V = 9 mL
剂量计算:给药量等于医嘱剂量除以现有药物的规格,再乘以该规格对应的量:给药量 = (医嘱剂量/储备规格) × 储备体积。始终统一单位(先把 g 换成 mg,mg 换成 mcg),并检查答案是否合理。
答案: V = 900 mL
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
答案: D = 60 mg/h
输注速率:输液泵按 mL/h = 体积/时间(小时)设定。重力滴注按每分钟滴数计:gtt/min = 体积 (mL) × 滴系数 (gtt/mL)/时间 (min)。 滴系数印在输液器包装上:普通输液器为 10、15 或 20 gtt/mL(输血器在美国常为 10 gtt/mL,在英国为 15),微量输液器为 60 gtt/mL。务必使用题目或包装给出的滴系数。
答案: R = 24 mL/h
肝素和胰岛素输注:浓度 = 袋中单位数/袋容量 (units/mL)。泵速 (mL/h) = 每小时单位数/浓度,每小时单位数 = mL/h × 浓度。按体重给药时,先求 units/h = units/kg/h × 体重。推注体积 = 所需单位数/药瓶规格。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
答案: D = 3.2 mcg/kg/min
滴定输注:先求以 mcg/mL 计的浓度(mg × 1000/mL)。按体重给药时,mcg/min = mcg/kg/min × 体重。然后 mL/h = mcg/min × 60/浓度。反推时,mcg/kg/min = mL/h × 浓度/(60 × 体重)。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
答案: B = 890 mL
出入量:入量计入所有进入体内的液体(口服液体、静脉输液、静脉用药及冲管液、管饲);冰屑按其体积的一半计。出量计入尿液、引流液、呕吐物和其他丢失。平衡 = 总入量 − 总出量;平衡为负表示净丢失。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
为正:摄入的液体多于排出的液体。
答案: t = 2 h
输液时间:时间 (h) = 待输体积 (mL)/速率 (mL/h);使用袋中剩余的体积,而不是袋的容量。已输入体积 = 速率 × 时间。把小数小时换算为小时和分钟时,用小数部分 × 60(0.5 h = 30 min,而不是 50 min)。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
约为 2 h 00 min,所以袋子大约在 09:30 输完。
答案: NEWS2 = 9
NEWS2(国家早期预警评分 2,英国皇家内科医师学会 2017):按图表为七个参数分别评分(呼吸频率、量表 1 的 SpO₂、吸空气还是吸氧、收缩压、脉搏、按 ACVPU 量表评定的意识状态和体温),然后把分数相加。临床风险:0–4 为低;任何单项参数得 3 分为中低;5–6 为中;7 或以上为高。总分 5 或以上需要紧急响应。
答案: 中度风险
Morse 跌倒评分:六个条目。跌倒史:否 0 分,是 25 分。次要诊断:否 0 分,是 15 分。行走辅助:无、卧床休息或护士协助 0 分;拐杖、手杖或助行器 15 分;扶着家具 30 分。静脉输液或封管:否 0 分,是 20 分。步态:正常、卧床休息或轮椅 0 分;虚弱 10 分;受损 20 分。精神状态:了解自身局限 0 分;高估或忘记自身局限 15 分。总分为 0 至 125。各医院的风险分界值不同;常用的一套是 0–24 低风险,25–44 中度风险,45 及以上为高风险。
答案: HCO₃⁻ = 29.6 mmol/L
预期代偿:代谢性酸中毒时,温特公式预测 PaCO₂ = 1.5·HCO₃⁻ + 8 ± 2 mmHg;实测值高于该范围提示合并呼吸性酸中毒,低于该范围提示合并呼吸性碱中毒。阴离子间隙 AG = Na⁺ − (Cl⁻ + HCO₃⁻),正常约为 8–12 mmol/L,用于区分高阴离子间隙与正常阴离子间隙代谢性酸中毒;低白蛋白会掩盖升高的间隙(白蛋白低于 4.0 的部分,每 g/dL 加 2.5)。Δ 比值 (AG − 12)/(24 − HCO₃⁻) 约在 0.8 到 2 之间符合单纯高间隙酸中毒(有些教材用 1 代替 0.8),低于此范围提示合并正常间隙酸中毒,高于 2 提示合并代谢性碱中毒。
答案: A–a 梯度 = 27.48 mmHg
衍生数值:计算所得的血清渗透压为 2·Na⁺ + 葡萄糖 + 尿素,各值均以 mmol/L 计(葡萄糖和 BUN 以 mg/dL 计时为 2·Na⁺ + 葡萄糖/18 + BUN/2.8);正常约为 275–295 mOsm/kg。P/F 比值是 PaO₂ 除以以小数表示的 FiO₂。海平面的肺泡氧分压为 PAO₂ = FiO₂·(760 − 47) − PaCO₂/0.8 mmHg,A–a 梯度为 PAO₂ − PaO₂。
答案: 交界性心律
节律标准(II 导联):窦性心律每个 QRS 之前都有直立的 P 波,PR 恒定为 0.12–0.20 s,QRS 狭窄:60–100 次/分为正常窦性心律,低于 60 为窦性心动过缓,高于 100 为窦性心动过速。心房颤动:无 P 波,基线呈颤动,R–R 绝对不规则。心房扑动:约 250–350 次/分的锯齿状扑动波,伴固定的传导比例,如 2:1 或 4:1。一度房室传导阻滞:窦性心律,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。交界性心律:窄 QRS,40–60 次/分,P 波缺失或倒置(PR 低于 0.12 s,或 P 波在 QRS 之后)。室性早搏(PVC)是提前出现的宽大(0.12 s 或以上)、形态怪异的 QRS,没有 P 波,T 波方向相反,通常有完全性代偿间歇;二联律是指每隔一个搏动就有一个室性早搏。
答案: 每组的 P 波数 = 4
房室传导阻滞:逐个标出 P 波,检查哪些 P 波后面跟着 QRS。一度:每个 P 波都下传,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。二度 I 型(Mobitz I,文氏现象):PR 逐搏延长,直到一个 P 波未下传,然后周期重新开始(成组搏动)。二度 II 型(Mobitz II):下传搏动的 PR 保持恒定,P 波突然不下传;QRS 常增宽。三度(完全性)阻滞:P 波和 QRS 波群各自规则但互相独立,PR 随机变化,心房率快于逸搏率(交界性逸搏 40–60 次/分,QRS 窄;室性逸搏 20–40 次/分,QRS 宽)。2:1 阻滞仅凭一份条带无法判断是 I 型还是 II 型。
4:3 文氏阻滞。
本内容为独立练习材料。ExamProblems 与该考试的主办机构没有隶属关系,也未获其认可,考试名称仅用于描述内容。 NCLEX®, NCLEX-RN® and NCLEX-PN® 是 the National Council of State Boards of Nursing, Inc. (NCSBN) 的商标,该机构与 ExamProblems 无关,不为其背书,也不保证其准确性。
ExamProblems · examproblems.com/courses/nclex-rn-practice-questions