优先排序与委派
方法
- 问自己:如果什么都不做,什么会最快伤害患者。
- 应用 ABC(心脏骤停时为 C-A-B),然后是 Maslow 需求层次:生理需要先于安全,安全先于心理需要。
- 比较各选项:急性先于慢性,不稳定先于稳定,意外先于预期,全身性先于局部,并将每项发现与患者的基线对照。
- 除非是紧急情况,否则先评估再行动;然后选择其他步骤所依赖的那一步。
- 委派时核对五项正确:任务、情境、人员、指示和监督。评估、宣教和评价仍由注册护士负责。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 14 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
A patient wants to leave the hospital against medical advice. What should the nurse do?
一个团队包括一名 RN、一名 LPN/LVN 和一名护理助理。哪种分工最恰当?
A patient has a weak left leg. Which instruction about using a cane is correct?
一名重度痴呆患者夜间独自下床,已经跌倒两次。哪种方案最恰当?
Why must vitamin B12 deficiency be ruled out before treating macrocytic anemia with folic acid alone?
A patient on warfarin with an INR of 3.6 fell and hit their head an hour ago. They now report a worsening headache and drowsiness. What is the priority?
In suspected sepsis, what should ideally be collected before the first dose of antibiotics, as long as it does not delay treatment?
A patient with known cirrhosis suddenly vomits large amounts of bright red blood and becomes tachycardic. What is the most likely cause?
A patient on theophylline develops nausea, vomiting, a fast heart rate and restlessness. What should the nurse suspect?
During drainage of a large pleural effusion, a patient starts coughing and feels tight in the chest. What should the nurse do?
关于高渗高血糖状态(HHS),下列哪项说法正确?
凌晨 03:00 一名患者的血糖为 3.6 mmol/L,但早餐前血糖偏高。该患者晚上使用长效胰岛素。护士应怎么做?
为什么肝硬化患者的出血风险增加?
一名回肠造口患者 6 小时没有排出物,伴绞痛、腹胀、恶心和造口肿胀。护士应怀疑什么?
答案: C · Inform the provider, explain the risks and document the discussion
A competent adult has the right to leave. The nurse informs the provider, makes sure the patient understands the risks and documents it; holding the patient against their will may be false imprisonment.
答案: C · RN:新入院患者;LPN/LVN:稳定患者的用药;助理:卫生护理
RN 负责评估和复杂护理,LPN/LVN 护理稳定患者并给予常规药物,助理负责常规的卫生护理和测量。其他选项把任务分配到了超出该人员工作范围的人。
答案: D · Hold the cane in the right hand, on the stronger side
The cane is held on the strong side and moved forward with the weak leg, so it shares the weight that the weak leg cannot take. It is kept close to the body for stability.
答案: D · 低位床、床报警器、定时如厕巡视、夜灯和防滑袜
综合措施最能减少跌倒:低位床、报警器、定时巡视和如厕、良好的照明以及防滑鞋。四侧床栏、常规使用镇静剂和约束都会增加受伤风险。
答案: A · Folic acid can fix the anemia while B12-related nerve damage continues
Folic acid can improve the blood picture in B12 deficiency but does not prevent nerve damage. Giving folate alone can therefore mask the deficiency while neurological damage progresses. Both levels are checked before treatment.
答案: B · Report urgently for imaging and possible reversal
A head injury in an anticoagulated patient, with worsening headache and drowsiness, suggests intracranial bleeding. The provider is told at once, neurological checks are done often, urgent imaging is arranged, and warfarin reversal (vitamin K and a prothrombin complex concentrate) may be prescribed.
答案: B · Blood cultures
Blood cultures taken before antibiotics are more likely to grow the organism, which allows targeted treatment later. Antibiotics should still be given promptly and must not be delayed.
答案: C · Bleeding from ruptured oesophageal varices
Portal hypertension in cirrhosis causes oesophageal varices, which can bleed massively. This needs resuscitation, urgent endoscopy and specific drug treatment.
答案: A · Theophylline toxicity
Theophylline has a narrow therapeutic window. Toxicity causes nausea, vomiting, tachycardia, arrhythmias, agitation and seizures. Levels are monitored, and many drugs and smoking status change its clearance. The nurse should hold the dose and report.
答案: C · Stop or clamp the drainage and inform the doctor
Rapid removal of a large effusion can cause re-expansion pulmonary oedema. Coughing, chest tightness or pain are warning signs. Drainage is stopped and the doctor is informed, and the volume is usually drained in a controlled way.
答案: C · 主要影响老年 2 型糖尿病患者,数天内发展
HHS 在数天内发展,常由感染诱发,表现为极度高血糖、极高渗透压和严重脱水,常伴意识混乱。体内的胰岛素足以防止明显的酮症。死亡率高于 DKA,血栓形成的风险也很高。
答案: C · 处理低血糖,并报告这一规律,以便复核晚间剂量
夜间低血糖必须处理。夜间低血糖后早晨血糖偏高,可能是反跳(Somogyi 效应)或其他原因;无论哪种情况,晚间胰岛素方案都需要复核。夜间额外给胰岛素会使低血糖加重。
答案: D · 凝血因子减少、血小板低,以及门静脉高压引起的曲张静脉
凝血因子合成减少使 INR 升高。门静脉高压引起脾大伴血小板滞留,以及可能出血的曲张静脉。患者还可能有血栓倾向增加,所以这种平衡很复杂。
答案: C · 造口堵塞,常由食物引起,需要评估
无排出物伴绞痛、腹胀、恶心或呕吐以及造口肿胀,提示梗阻,常由含纤维的食物引起。患者需要评估;可给予液体并寻求专科建议。未经医疗建议不得使用泻药。
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