NCLEX 风格的优先排序与委派:速成包

公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 14 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。

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1公式与方法

优先排序与委派

方法

  1. 问自己:如果什么都不做,什么会最快伤害患者。
  2. 应用 ABC(心脏骤停时为 C-A-B),然后是 Maslow 需求层次:生理需要先于安全,安全先于心理需要。
  3. 比较各选项:急性先于慢性,不稳定先于稳定,意外先于预期,全身性先于局部,并将每项发现与患者的基线对照。
  4. 除非是紧急情况,否则先评估再行动;然后选择其他步骤所依赖的那一步。
  5. 委派时核对五项正确:任务、情境、人员、指示和监督。评估、宣教和评价仍由注册护士负责。

感染控制与患者安全

方法

  1. 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
  2. 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
  3. 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
  4. 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
  5. 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。

实验室检查值与电解质

方法

  1. 把数值与本实验室自己的参考范围比较,再与患者的基线和趋势比较。
  2. 检查标本:溶血、延迟,或在静脉输液附近采血都可能得出错误结果。
  3. 把数值与其典型体征以及引起它的药物和疾病联系起来。
  4. 注意相互作用:低钾或低镁会增加地高辛中毒的风险;脱水会使锂浓度升高。
  5. 对患者采取行动:评估,血药浓度不安全时暂停用药,复述危急值并通知开医嘱的医生。

内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

方法

  1. 说出问题所在:泵衰竭、动脉阻塞、节律、血栓、气道狭窄、感染或设备问题。
  2. 先检查危险征象:低氧、低血压、胸痛、新出现的意识模糊、冰冷无脉搏的肢体。
  3. 让氧疗与患者相匹配:大多数人为 94–98%,有 CO₂ 潴留风险者为 88–92%。
  4. 把每种药物与其检测和风险联系起来:华法林与 INR,肝素与 aPTT 和血小板,利尿剂与血钾。
  5. 选择安全的第一步措施,然后升级处理并重新评估。

内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

方法

  1. 对每位新出现意识模糊、乏力或癫痫发作的患者都检查血糖。
  2. 把意识水平作为脑部问题最早的警示;瞳孔变化和库欣三联征出现得较晚。
  3. 对于糖尿病急症,要区分 DKA(酮体、酸中毒)和 HHS(渗透压很高、脱水);先补液。
  4. 对于钠和水,要判断是 ADH 过多(SIADH)还是缺乏(尿崩症),并缓慢纠正慢性变化。
  5. 对于肾脏问题,把原因分为肾前性、肾性或肾后性,并监测血钾和液体。

内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

方法

  1. 想一想可能隐藏着什么:内出血、无发热的感染、SpO₂ 正常背后的通气不足。
  2. 利用术后的时间来缩小并发症的范围:出血在数小时内,胸部问题在数天内,伤口和吻合口漏出现得更晚。
  3. 对于疼痛,要评估、用多模式镇痛治疗、重新评估,并且在每次使用阿片类药物时监测镇静程度。
  4. 对于癌症患者,把低谷期的任何疾病都当作中性粒细胞减少性脓毒症处理,并了解肿瘤急症。
  5. 对于烧伤,只计算浅二度/深二度和三度的面积,从烧伤的时刻开始计算 Parkland 时间,并根据尿量调整。

2练习题

1.优先排序与委派中等

A nurse teaches a patient who has started warfarin. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?

  1. A“I will keep my INR blood test appointments.”
  2. B“If I miss a dose, I will take two the next day.”
  3. C“I will use a soft toothbrush.”
  4. D“I will tell my dentist and pharmacist that I take warfarin.”
2.优先排序与委派困难

A marathon runner is confused, with a temperature of 41 °C and hot skin. What is the priority?

  1. ARapid cooling while supporting airway and circulation
  2. BAsking the runner to rest in the shade and drink slowly
  3. CGiving an antipyretic tablet and waiting for it to work
  4. DWrapping the runner in a blanket to prevent shivering
3.感染控制与患者安全中等

When should the transparent dressing over a peripheral IV site be changed?

  1. AOnly when the patient asks for a new dressing
  2. BWhen it is damp, loose or visibly soiled
  3. COnly when the IV catheter is removed, whatever its state
  4. DEvery hour, so the site can be cleaned again
4.感染控制与患者安全困难

一名护士看到同事没有做手卫生就从一位患者走向下一位患者。最佳做法是什么?

  1. A一个月后匿名向主管报告
  2. B等着看同事下次是否会这样做
  3. C什么都不说,以免团队内部发生冲突
  4. D立即礼貌地提醒同事
5.实验室检查值与电解质中等

A patient with an upper gastrointestinal bleed has a BUN of 48 mg/dL (urea 17 mmol/L) and a normal creatinine. What is the most likely explanation?

  1. ADigested blood adds protein, which the liver turns into urea
  2. BThe kidneys have suddenly lost most of their function
  3. CSkeletal muscle is breaking down because of the blood loss
  4. DThe liver has stopped making urea because of the bleeding
6.实验室检查值与电解质困难

一名患者的万古霉素谷浓度为 28 mcg/mL;开医嘱者设定的目标为 15–20 mcg/mL。下一次给药时间到了。最好的措施是什么?

  1. A给予双倍剂量以更快完成疗程
  2. B暂停该剂量,通知开医嘱者并检查肾功能
  3. C按计划给药,一周后复测谷浓度
  4. D缩短给药时间以减少药物暴露
7.临床护理中等

Which side effect is associated with SGLT2 inhibitors such as dapagliflozin?

  1. AGenital fungal infections
  2. BSevere weight gain and fluid retention
  3. CBradycardia
  4. DHair loss
8.临床护理困难

After a viral illness, a patient has sharp chest pain that is worse lying flat and eased by sitting forward. What is the most likely cause?

  1. AAortic dissection
  2. BPericarditis
  3. CPulmonary oedema
  4. DStable angina
9.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸中等

Shortly after a permanent pacemaker is inserted via the subclavian vein, the patient becomes breathless with reduced breath sounds on that side. What complication should be suspected?

  1. AAsthma
  2. BPericarditis
  3. CPneumothorax
  4. DPulmonary oedema
10.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸困难

重症监护室一名使用呼吸机的患者有发生呼吸机相关性肺炎的风险。哪项护理措施有助于降低这种风险?

  1. A避免口腔护理以防牙龈出血
  2. B每隔几小时更换一次呼吸机管路
  3. C将床头抬高 30–45°
  4. D让患者平躺以保护气管插管
11.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏中等

The day after a thyroidectomy, a patient reports tingling around the mouth and in the fingers. Why might this happen?

  1. AThe patient is breathing too slowly after the operation
  2. BThe anaesthetic has caused an allergic reaction
  3. CThe thyroid hormone level has risen too high after surgery
  4. DThe parathyroid glands may have been damaged, lowering calcium
12.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏困难

A student has fever, a severe headache, a spreading non-blanching rash and a BP of 85/50 mmHg. A lumbar puncture is planned. What is the priority?

  1. AWait until after the lumbar puncture before giving antibiotics
  2. BGive paracetamol (acetaminophen) and recheck observations in an hour
  3. CArrange a CT scan of the head before any treatment
  4. DGive IV antibiotics at once and start sepsis treatment
13.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤中等

Which risk is particularly linked with tramadol?

  1. ASevere stomach ulcers in all patients
  2. BRapid liver failure at normal doses
  3. CHigh blood pressure that needs emergency treatment in most patients
  4. DSerotonin syndrome with some antidepressants, and seizures
14.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤困难

一名两个月前放置了冠状动脉支架、服用阿司匹林和氯吡格雷的患者出现黑便,现在情况稳定。对抗血小板药物,最恰当的处理是什么?

  1. A两种药物原样继续,并且不向团队提及出血
  2. B报告出血;由团队在心脏科的参与下决定,权衡出血与支架血栓
  3. C永久停用两种药物,因为任何出血都意味着它们不再安全
  4. D将两种药物的剂量加倍,因为出血意味着支架有更大的血栓风险

3溶液

1.优先排序与委派

答案: B · “If I miss a dose, I will take two the next day.”

为什么是这个答案

Doubling a missed warfarin dose raises the risk of bleeding. Patients are taught to follow the prescriber’s instructions for missed doses, and the other statements are correct.

答案

B · “If I miss a dose, I will take two the next day.”
2.优先排序与委派

答案: A · Rapid cooling while supporting airway and circulation

为什么是这个答案

Heat stroke is an emergency in which body temperature rises and the brain is affected. Rapid cooling, for example with cold water or ice, is the priority; antipyretics do not work for heat stroke.

答案

A · Rapid cooling while supporting airway and circulation
3.感染控制与患者安全

答案: B · When it is damp, loose or visibly soiled

为什么是这个答案

A dressing that is wet, loose or dirty no longer protects the insertion site and is changed using aseptic technique. Otherwise, it is changed according to policy.

答案

B · When it is damp, loose or visibly soiled
4.感染控制与患者安全

答案: D · 立即礼貌地提醒同事

为什么是这个答案

及时而尊重的提醒可防止下一位患者受到伤害。大多数医院鼓励所有工作人员对手卫生问题发声,这是安全文化的一部分。

答案

D · 立即礼貌地提醒同事
5.实验室检查值与电解质

答案: A · Digested blood adds protein, which the liver turns into urea

为什么是这个答案

Blood in the upper gut is digested, and the absorbed protein is converted to urea, so the BUN rises out of proportion to the creatinine. Reduced kidney blood flow from volume loss can add to the rise.核对依据: BUN - blood test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)

答案

A · Digested blood adds protein, which the liver turns into urea
6.实验室检查值与电解质

答案: B · 暂停该剂量,通知开医嘱者并检查肾功能

为什么是这个答案

谷浓度高于目标意味着药物在蓄积,这会增加肾损害的风险。护士应暂停该剂量并通知开医嘱者,后者将调整剂量或间隔。同时检查肾功能。

答案

B · 暂停该剂量,通知开医嘱者并检查肾功能
7.临床护理

答案: A · Genital fungal infections

为什么是这个答案

SGLT2 inhibitors cause glycosuria, which increases the risk of genital thrush and urinary infections. They can also rarely cause DKA with only modestly raised glucose.

答案

A · Genital fungal infections
8.临床护理

答案: B · Pericarditis

为什么是这个答案

Pericarditis typically causes sharp, positional chest pain relieved by sitting forward, sometimes with a pericardial rub. Viral infection is a common cause.

答案

B · Pericarditis
9.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

答案: C · Pneumothorax

为什么是这个答案

Subclavian puncture can injure the pleura and cause a pneumothorax. A chest X-ray is usually taken after implantation. Other complications include haematoma, lead displacement and infection.

答案

C · Pneumothorax
10.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

答案: C · 将床头抬高 30–45°

为什么是这个答案

呼吸机集束化护理措施包括床头抬高 30–45°、定期口腔护理、每日评估撤机的准备情况(镇静中断)以及在可行时进行声门下分泌物引流。除非管路被污染或有故障,否则不建议频繁更换管路。

答案

C · 将床头抬高 30–45°
11.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

答案: D · The parathyroid glands may have been damaged, lowering calcium

为什么是这个答案

The parathyroid glands lie behind the thyroid and can be damaged or removed during surgery. Low PTH leads to hypocalcaemia, causing tingling, cramps and, if severe, tetany or arrhythmias. Calcium is checked after surgery.

答案

D · The parathyroid glands may have been damaged, lowering calcium
12.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

答案: D · Give IV antibiotics at once and start sepsis treatment

为什么是这个答案

Meningococcal septicaemia can kill within hours. Antibiotics must not be delayed for a lumbar puncture or scan. Fluids and other sepsis care are started, and a lumbar puncture is often unsafe in a shocked patient.

答案

D · Give IV antibiotics at once and start sepsis treatment
13.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

答案: D · Serotonin syndrome with some antidepressants, and seizures

为什么是这个答案

Tramadol is a weak opioid that also inhibits serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake. It can lower the seizure threshold and cause serotonin syndrome with SSRIs and other serotonergic drugs.

答案

D · Serotonin syndrome with some antidepressants, and seizures
14.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

答案: B · 报告出血;由团队在心脏科的参与下决定,权衡出血与支架血栓

为什么是这个答案

冠状动脉支架置入后早期,停用双联抗血小板治疗有很高的支架血栓和心肌梗死风险,而继续使用则增加出血。决定由医疗团队作出,最好有心脏科和消化科参与;常继续阿司匹林,第二种药物则根据出血严重程度和内镜所见短暂暂停或继续使用。

答案

B · 报告出血;由团队在心脏科的参与下决定,权衡出血与支架血栓

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