优先排序与委派
方法
- 问自己:如果什么都不做,什么会最快伤害患者。
- 应用 ABC(心脏骤停时为 C-A-B),然后是 Maslow 需求层次:生理需要先于安全,安全先于心理需要。
- 比较各选项:急性先于慢性,不稳定先于稳定,意外先于预期,全身性先于局部,并将每项发现与患者的基线对照。
- 除非是紧急情况,否则先评估再行动;然后选择其他步骤所依赖的那一步。
- 委派时核对五项正确:任务、情境、人员、指示和监督。评估、宣教和评价仍由注册护士负责。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 14 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
A nurse teaches a patient who has started warfarin. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
A marathon runner is confused, with a temperature of 41 °C and hot skin. What is the priority?
When should the transparent dressing over a peripheral IV site be changed?
一名护士看到同事没有做手卫生就从一位患者走向下一位患者。最佳做法是什么?
A patient with an upper gastrointestinal bleed has a BUN of 48 mg/dL (urea 17 mmol/L) and a normal creatinine. What is the most likely explanation?
一名患者的万古霉素谷浓度为 28 mcg/mL;开医嘱者设定的目标为 15–20 mcg/mL。下一次给药时间到了。最好的措施是什么?
Which side effect is associated with SGLT2 inhibitors such as dapagliflozin?
After a viral illness, a patient has sharp chest pain that is worse lying flat and eased by sitting forward. What is the most likely cause?
Shortly after a permanent pacemaker is inserted via the subclavian vein, the patient becomes breathless with reduced breath sounds on that side. What complication should be suspected?
重症监护室一名使用呼吸机的患者有发生呼吸机相关性肺炎的风险。哪项护理措施有助于降低这种风险?
The day after a thyroidectomy, a patient reports tingling around the mouth and in the fingers. Why might this happen?
A student has fever, a severe headache, a spreading non-blanching rash and a BP of 85/50 mmHg. A lumbar puncture is planned. What is the priority?
Which risk is particularly linked with tramadol?
一名两个月前放置了冠状动脉支架、服用阿司匹林和氯吡格雷的患者出现黑便,现在情况稳定。对抗血小板药物,最恰当的处理是什么?
答案: B · “If I miss a dose, I will take two the next day.”
Doubling a missed warfarin dose raises the risk of bleeding. Patients are taught to follow the prescriber’s instructions for missed doses, and the other statements are correct.
答案: A · Rapid cooling while supporting airway and circulation
Heat stroke is an emergency in which body temperature rises and the brain is affected. Rapid cooling, for example with cold water or ice, is the priority; antipyretics do not work for heat stroke.
答案: B · When it is damp, loose or visibly soiled
A dressing that is wet, loose or dirty no longer protects the insertion site and is changed using aseptic technique. Otherwise, it is changed according to policy.
答案: D · 立即礼貌地提醒同事
及时而尊重的提醒可防止下一位患者受到伤害。大多数医院鼓励所有工作人员对手卫生问题发声,这是安全文化的一部分。
答案: A · Digested blood adds protein, which the liver turns into urea
Blood in the upper gut is digested, and the absorbed protein is converted to urea, so the BUN rises out of proportion to the creatinine. Reduced kidney blood flow from volume loss can add to the rise.核对依据: BUN - blood test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答案: B · 暂停该剂量,通知开医嘱者并检查肾功能
谷浓度高于目标意味着药物在蓄积,这会增加肾损害的风险。护士应暂停该剂量并通知开医嘱者,后者将调整剂量或间隔。同时检查肾功能。
答案: A · Genital fungal infections
SGLT2 inhibitors cause glycosuria, which increases the risk of genital thrush and urinary infections. They can also rarely cause DKA with only modestly raised glucose.
答案: B · Pericarditis
Pericarditis typically causes sharp, positional chest pain relieved by sitting forward, sometimes with a pericardial rub. Viral infection is a common cause.
答案: C · Pneumothorax
Subclavian puncture can injure the pleura and cause a pneumothorax. A chest X-ray is usually taken after implantation. Other complications include haematoma, lead displacement and infection.
答案: C · 将床头抬高 30–45°
呼吸机集束化护理措施包括床头抬高 30–45°、定期口腔护理、每日评估撤机的准备情况(镇静中断)以及在可行时进行声门下分泌物引流。除非管路被污染或有故障,否则不建议频繁更换管路。
答案: D · The parathyroid glands may have been damaged, lowering calcium
The parathyroid glands lie behind the thyroid and can be damaged or removed during surgery. Low PTH leads to hypocalcaemia, causing tingling, cramps and, if severe, tetany or arrhythmias. Calcium is checked after surgery.
答案: D · Give IV antibiotics at once and start sepsis treatment
Meningococcal septicaemia can kill within hours. Antibiotics must not be delayed for a lumbar puncture or scan. Fluids and other sepsis care are started, and a lumbar puncture is often unsafe in a shocked patient.
答案: D · Serotonin syndrome with some antidepressants, and seizures
Tramadol is a weak opioid that also inhibits serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake. It can lower the seizure threshold and cause serotonin syndrome with SSRIs and other serotonergic drugs.
答案: B · 报告出血;由团队在心脏科的参与下决定,权衡出血与支架血栓
冠状动脉支架置入后早期,停用双联抗血小板治疗有很高的支架血栓和心肌梗死风险,而继续使用则增加出血。决定由医疗团队作出,最好有心脏科和消化科参与;常继续阿司匹林,第二种药物则根据出血严重程度和内镜所见短暂暂停或继续使用。
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