优先排序与委派
方法
- 问自己:如果什么都不做,什么会最快伤害患者。
- 应用 ABC(心脏骤停时为 C-A-B),然后是 Maslow 需求层次:生理需要先于安全,安全先于心理需要。
- 比较各选项:急性先于慢性,不稳定先于稳定,意外先于预期,全身性先于局部,并将每项发现与患者的基线对照。
- 除非是紧急情况,否则先评估再行动;然后选择其他步骤所依赖的那一步。
- 委派时核对五项正确:任务、情境、人员、指示和监督。评估、宣教和评价仍由注册护士负责。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 14 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
一名护理助理报告说某患者的血压是 168/98 mmHg(早些时候是 130/80),且患者头痛。RN 应怎么做?
A patient on peritoneal dialysis has cloudy fluid draining out and abdominal pain. What does this most likely mean?
An order reads “Give potassium chloride by IV push.” What should the nurse do?
急诊候诊室里的一名患者咳嗽六周,伴盗汗、体重减轻和痰中带血。护士首先应做什么?
A patient with pneumonia had a CRP of 180 mg/L on admission and 40 mg/L after 4 days of antibiotics. What does this most likely show?
A patient with severe sepsis is oozing blood from IV sites. Platelets 40 × 10³/µL, fibrinogen low, D-dimer very high, PT and aPTT both prolonged. Which condition fits best?
Which side effect is associated with SGLT2 inhibitors such as dapagliflozin?
A catheterised postoperative patient has passed only 10 mL of urine in the last two hours. What should the nurse check first?
COPD 的肺康复是什么?
On day 2 after a surgical tracheostomy, the tube falls out. The patient is breathing but distressed. What should the nurse do first?
关于高渗高血糖状态(HHS),下列哪项说法正确?
一次癫痫发作已持续 12 分钟。已给予两剂苯二氮䓬类药物,发作仍在继续。气道和氧气已处理。常用方案的下一步是什么?
哪种电解质模式是肿瘤溶解综合征的典型表现?
一名患者回肠造口周围的皮肤发红、糜烂、渗液,造口袋经常渗漏。最可能的原因是什么?
答案: C · 评估患者,复测血压,并寻找症状
血压突然升高并伴有头痛是 RN 必须评估的变化。等待一小时会延误护理,而辅助人员不发药,也不决定治疗。
答案: B · Peritonitis, which needs prompt reporting and a fluid sample
Cloudy effluent with abdominal pain is a classic sign of peritonitis, a serious complication of peritoneal dialysis. The nurse reports it and sends a sample as prescribed so antibiotics can start.
答案: A · Not give it, and contact the prescriber, because it is never given by IV push
Potassium chloride given by IV push can cause fatal cardiac arrhythmias and arrest. It is only given diluted by controlled infusion, so the nurse does not give it and contacts the prescriber.
答案: D · 给患者戴上口罩,并转入空气传播隔离病房
咳嗽持续时间长、盗汗、体重减轻和咯血提示肺结核。患者应佩戴外科口罩并迅速转入负压病房,工作人员佩戴呼吸器。床帘不能阻挡经空气传播的颗粒。
答案: C · The inflammation is settling with treatment
CRP has a short half-life of about 19 hours, so it falls within days when inflammation is controlled. A falling CRP, together with clinical improvement, supports a response to treatment; a CRP that stays high or rises again needs review.核对依据: C-reactive protein · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答案: D · Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
In DIC, widespread clotting consumes platelets and clotting factors, so PT and aPTT are prolonged and fibrinogen falls, while clot breakdown raises the D-dimer. ITP lowers platelets only, and hemophilia A prolongs only the aPTT.核对依据: Fibrinogen blood test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025); Prothrombin time (PT) · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025); D-Dimer Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)
答案: D · Genital fungal infections
SGLT2 inhibitors cause glycosuria, which increases the risk of genital thrush and urinary infections. They can also rarely cause DKA with only modestly raised glucose.
答案: B · That the catheter and tubing are not kinked or blocked
A sudden fall in catheter output may be due to a kinked, clamped or blocked catheter. If it is draining freely, the nurse assesses fluid status and vital signs and escalates possible hypovolaemia or AKI.
答案: A · 在监督下进行的运动和教育,以减轻呼吸困难
肺康复结合个体化的运动训练、教育和呼吸技巧。它可提高运动能力,减轻呼吸困难,改善生活质量,并减少住院。推荐用于因呼吸困难而活动受限的 COPD 患者以及急性加重之后。
答案: C · Call for expert help and give oxygen to both the face and the stoma
In the first days after a tracheostomy, the tract is immature and the tube can easily be misplaced into the tissues. Emergency guidance is to call for an airway expert, apply oxygen to face and stoma and assess breathing. Reinsertion is done only by trained staff.
答案: C · 主要影响老年 2 型糖尿病患者,数天内发展
HHS 在数天内发展,常由感染诱发,表现为极度高血糖、极高渗透压和严重脱水,常伴意识混乱。体内的胰岛素足以防止明显的酮症。死亡率高于 DKA,血栓形成的风险也很高。
答案: B · 二线静脉药物,如左乙拉西坦或苯妥英
给予两剂苯二氮䓬类药物后仍持续的癫痫持续状态(确定性持续状态)用二线静脉药物治疗。如果仍然持续(难治性持续状态),则需要在重症监护中进行麻醉和插管。全程继续监测血糖、气道和各项指标。重复使用苯二氮䓬类药物会增加呼吸抑制,而没有多少额外益处。
答案: A · 钾、磷酸盐和尿酸升高;钙降低
肿瘤溶解释放钾、磷酸盐和核酸(使尿酸升高)。磷酸盐结合钙,使其降低。磷酸钙和尿酸结晶可损伤肾脏。
答案: B · 排出物接触皮肤,常因底盘不合适
渗漏的排出物引起的刺激性皮炎是最常见的造口周围皮肤问题,尤其是回肠造口。应重新测量造口,调整开口和用具(如凸面底盘或密封圈),并使用皮肤保护,最好有造口护士参与。糜烂的皮肤也会使用具粘贴不牢,加重渗漏。
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