优先排序与委派
方法
- 问自己:如果什么都不做,什么会最快伤害患者。
- 应用 ABC(心脏骤停时为 C-A-B),然后是 Maslow 需求层次:生理需要先于安全,安全先于心理需要。
- 比较各选项:急性先于慢性,不稳定先于稳定,意外先于预期,全身性先于局部,并将每项发现与患者的基线对照。
- 除非是紧急情况,否则先评估再行动;然后选择其他步骤所依赖的那一步。
- 委派时核对五项正确:任务、情境、人员、指示和监督。评估、宣教和评价仍由注册护士负责。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 14 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
哪项发现是非预期的,需要及时跟进?
护士应对哪位患者的计划出院提出质疑?
患者的身份腕带丢失,而有一种药物到了给药时间。护士应怎么做?
一名夜班护士建议约束一位平静但会四处游走的患者,“这样今晚我们人手少也能应付”。下列哪种回应是正确的?
A stool test for Clostridioides difficile is ordered. Which sample is appropriate?
Three days after starting haloperidol, a patient has a temperature of 40 °C, severe muscle rigidity and confusion. Which laboratory result would the nurse expect?
A patient with renal colic is asked to pass urine through a strainer. Why?
A patient took a large paracetamol (acetaminophen) overdose six hours ago and says they feel well. Why is treatment still urgent?
Which ECG change is classically linked with hyperkalaemia?
一名 COPD 急性加重且 CO₂ 潴留的患者被开具雾化支气管扩张剂。雾化器通常应如何驱动?
Before surgery for a phaeochromocytoma, why is an alpha-blocker started before any beta-blocker?
After removal of a cortisol-producing adrenal adenoma, why may the patient need hydrocortisone for months?
哪种敷料通常适用于需要湿润的干燥、有腐肉的伤口?
A patient taking IV antibiotics has three unexplained loose stools in 24 hours. What should the nurse do first?
答案: A · 一名使用肝素输注的患者出现新的黑色柏油样大便
黑色柏油样大便(黑便)提示上消化道出血,是抗凝治疗的危险并发症。腹腔镜手术后因使用的气体而出现肩痛很常见,COPD 的桶状胸和肝硬化稳定的黄疸是预期的。
答案: B · 术后两天,新出现心率 112 次/分、体温 38.4 °C 的患者
术后新出现发热和心动过速可能提示感染或其他并发症,因此护士在出院前应评估并提出该问题。其他患者是稳定的,达到了预期目标。
答案: B · 先用两项识别信息确认身份,并重新戴上新腕带
每次给药都需要确认身份。护士用两项识别信息确认患者身份后,更换腕带。熟悉程度和房间号都不是可接受的识别信息。
答案: A · 约束绝不能为方便工作人员;应采用巡视或陪护
只有在限制性较小的措施无效、需要保护患者或他人免受即时伤害时才允许使用约束,绝不能出于方便或惩戒。巡视、床报警器、陪护和安静的环境都是替代办法。
答案: A · An unformed (liquid or soft) stool
C. difficile testing is done on unformed stool from patients with diarrhea, because many people carry the organism without disease. Testing formed stool, or stool after laxatives, can lead to misdiagnosis.核对依据: C. diff Testing · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2026)
答案: B · A very high creatine kinase (CK)
These signs suggest neuroleptic malignant syndrome, a medical emergency. Muscle rigidity releases CK, often to very high levels, and the white count is often raised. Myoglobin can damage the kidneys. The antipsychotic is stopped and supportive care is started.
答案: D · To catch any stone so that it can be analysed
Collecting a passed stone allows its composition to be identified, which helps guide diet and treatment to prevent recurrence.
答案: A · Liver damage develops later, and the antidote works best when given early
Paracetamol overdose may cause few early symptoms, but liver failure can develop over days. Acetylcysteine is most effective when started early, guided by timed paracetamol levels.
答案: A · Tall, peaked T waves
Rising potassium causes tall, tented T waves, then a flattened P wave, a prolonged PR interval and a widening QRS that can progress to ventricular fibrillation or asystole. U waves suggest hypokalaemia; a sawtooth baseline is atrial flutter.
答案: A · 用压缩空气驱动,另用鼻导管给予控制性氧疗
雾化器需要约 6–8 L/min 的流量。对高碳酸血症性呼吸衰竭的患者用氧气驱动,可使饱和度过高并加重 CO₂ 潴留。推荐使用空气驱动的雾化器,另外单独给予滴定至 88–92% 的控制性氧疗。
答案: D · A beta-blocker alone can cause a dangerous rise in BP
Blocking beta receptors alone leaves catecholamines acting on alpha receptors, causing severe vasoconstriction and a hypertensive crisis. Alpha blockade, such as with phenoxybenzamine, comes first, and a beta-blocker may be added later for tachycardia.
答案: B · The other adrenal gland has been suppressed
Excess cortisol from the adenoma suppressed ACTH, so the remaining adrenal gland is shrunken and underactive. Steroid replacement is needed until it recovers, which can take months. Stopping too early risks adrenal crisis.
答案: B · 水凝胶
水凝胶提供水分,促进干燥腐肉或坏死组织的自溶清创。藻酸盐和泡沫吸收渗出液,适合湿润的伤口;干纱布会粘在创面上,取下时损伤新生组织。
答案: A · Isolate the patient and send a stool sample for testing
Unexplained diarrhoea in a patient on antibiotics should be treated as possible C. difficile. The patient is isolated promptly, a stool sample is sent and the antibiotics are reviewed with the medical team.
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