优先排序与委派
方法
- 问自己:如果什么都不做,什么会最快伤害患者。
- 应用 ABC(心脏骤停时为 C-A-B),然后是 Maslow 需求层次:生理需要先于安全,安全先于心理需要。
- 比较各选项:急性先于慢性,不稳定先于稳定,意外先于预期,全身性先于局部,并将每项发现与患者的基线对照。
- 除非是紧急情况,否则先评估再行动;然后选择其他步骤所依赖的那一步。
- 委派时核对五项正确:任务、情境、人员、指示和监督。评估、宣教和评价仍由注册护士负责。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 14 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
Straight after birth, what is the first priority for a healthy-looking newborn?
护士应首先处理护理助理的哪项报告?
一名护士被已知感染 HIV 的患者用过的针头刺伤。为什么必须立即上报?
哪项措施最能预防硬膜外输注的给药途径错误?
A stable adult who is not bleeding receives one unit of packed red cells. By about how much is the hemoglobin expected to rise?
An older adult with type 2 diabetes is drowsy and very dehydrated. Glucose 920 mg/dL (51 mmol/L), serum osmolality 350 mOsm/kg, pH 7.36, urine ketones negative or trace. Which condition fits best?
Which side effect is associated with SGLT2 inhibitors such as dapagliflozin?
An adult with capacity refuses a blood transfusion for religious reasons, even though it may save their life. What should the nurse do?
一名患者心房颤动已超过 48 小时,并已安排择期电复律。为什么事先需要抗凝?
经桡动脉心导管检查术后,最重要的评估是什么?
脑灌注压(CPP)如何计算?
A patient with motor neurone disease reports morning headaches, poor sleep and sleepiness during the day. What do these symptoms suggest?
Which medicine commonly delays wound healing?
Which new prescription for a patient with cirrhosis should the nurse question?
答案: A · Dry and warm the baby while checking that it is breathing
Breathing and keeping warm come first. Drying stimulates breathing and reduces heat loss; skin-to-skin contact helps. Weighing and routine injections can wait.
答案: A · 今天上午腰椎融合术后,双腿没有感觉也不能活动
脊柱手术后双腿新出现无感觉和不能活动,可能意味着血肿压迫脊髓或神经,需要立即评估和上报。肺炎的黄色痰和长期的神经病变是预期的。
答案: A · 暴露后预防用药在数小时内开始效果最好
用肥皂和水清洗伤口后,护士应立即上报,以便评估暴露情况。HIV 暴露后预防应尽快开始,最好在数小时内,最晚不超过 72 小时。
答案: C · 给硬膜外管路做标识,并让其使用专用的输注泵
在连接端给管路贴标识、使用不同(非 Luer)的接头以及单独并有明确标记的泵,可大大减少给药途径连接错误。连接之前应从患者开始沿管路追溯至源头。
答案: B · About 1 g/dL (10 g/L)
In an average-sized adult without ongoing bleeding or hemolysis, one unit of red cells raises the hemoglobin by about 1 g/dL (and the hematocrit by about 3%). A smaller rise suggests ongoing blood loss or red cell destruction.核对依据: Blood Transfusion · StatPearls (NCBI Bookshelf) (2026)
答案: C · Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS)
HHS causes extreme hyperglycemia and high osmolality with severe dehydration, but enough insulin is present to prevent significant ketosis, so the pH is near normal. DKA has ketones and acidosis; SIADH has low osmolality.核对依据: Ketoacidosis · StatPearls (NCBI Bookshelf) (2023); Osmolality blood test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答案: A · Genital fungal infections
SGLT2 inhibitors cause glycosuria, which increases the risk of genital thrush and urinary infections. They can also rarely cause DKA with only modestly raised glucose.
答案: A · Respect the refusal, check it is informed and document it, and inform the team
An adult with capacity has the right to refuse treatment, even life-saving treatment. The team should make sure the patient understands the consequences, discuss alternatives such as cell salvage and record the decision.
答案: A · 恢复窦性心律时,心房内的血栓可能脱落
心房颤动超过 48 小时后,心房内可能存在血栓。恢复有序收缩可将其排出而引起卒中。患者通常在复律前至少抗凝三周(或经食管超声排除血栓),复律后至少抗凝四周。
答案: B · 手部的血液循环、感觉和活动,以及穿刺部位
桡动脉入路后,应检查压迫装置和穿刺部位有无出血或血肿,并检查手部的颜色、温度、毛细血管再充盈、感觉和活动。桡动脉闭塞和前臂骨筋膜室综合征是可能的并发症。
答案: D · 平均动脉压减去颅内压
CPP = MAP − ICP。脑损伤成人的目标通常是 CPP 至少约 60 mmHg。如果颅内压升高或平均动脉压下降,CPP 就会下降,脑组织出现缺血。
答案: C · Weak breathing at night, so a review for ventilation support
Weak respiratory muscles cause nocturnal hypoventilation and a rise in CO2, leading to morning headaches, disturbed sleep and daytime drowsiness. Non-invasive ventilation can improve symptoms and survival, in line with the patient's wishes.
答案: A · Long-term corticosteroids
Corticosteroids suppress the inflammatory phase, collagen formation and immunity, delaying healing and raising infection risk. Other factors include diabetes, smoking, malnutrition, poor perfusion and chemotherapy.
答案: B · Regular ibuprofen for back pain
NSAIDs can cause kidney injury, fluid retention and GI bleeding in cirrhosis and should be avoided. Paracetamol at a reduced, carefully reviewed dose is usually preferred for pain.
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