NCLEX 风格的优先排序与委派:速成包

公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 14 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。

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1公式与方法

优先排序与委派

方法

  1. 问自己:如果什么都不做,什么会最快伤害患者。
  2. 应用 ABC(心脏骤停时为 C-A-B),然后是 Maslow 需求层次:生理需要先于安全,安全先于心理需要。
  3. 比较各选项:急性先于慢性,不稳定先于稳定,意外先于预期,全身性先于局部,并将每项发现与患者的基线对照。
  4. 除非是紧急情况,否则先评估再行动;然后选择其他步骤所依赖的那一步。
  5. 委派时核对五项正确:任务、情境、人员、指示和监督。评估、宣教和评价仍由注册护士负责。

感染控制与患者安全

方法

  1. 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
  2. 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
  3. 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
  4. 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
  5. 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。

实验室检查值与电解质

方法

  1. 把数值与本实验室自己的参考范围比较,再与患者的基线和趋势比较。
  2. 检查标本:溶血、延迟,或在静脉输液附近采血都可能得出错误结果。
  3. 把数值与其典型体征以及引起它的药物和疾病联系起来。
  4. 注意相互作用:低钾或低镁会增加地高辛中毒的风险;脱水会使锂浓度升高。
  5. 对患者采取行动:评估,血药浓度不安全时暂停用药,复述危急值并通知开医嘱的医生。

内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

方法

  1. 说出问题所在:泵衰竭、动脉阻塞、节律、血栓、气道狭窄、感染或设备问题。
  2. 先检查危险征象:低氧、低血压、胸痛、新出现的意识模糊、冰冷无脉搏的肢体。
  3. 让氧疗与患者相匹配:大多数人为 94–98%,有 CO₂ 潴留风险者为 88–92%。
  4. 把每种药物与其检测和风险联系起来:华法林与 INR,肝素与 aPTT 和血小板,利尿剂与血钾。
  5. 选择安全的第一步措施,然后升级处理并重新评估。

内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

方法

  1. 对每位新出现意识模糊、乏力或癫痫发作的患者都检查血糖。
  2. 把意识水平作为脑部问题最早的警示;瞳孔变化和库欣三联征出现得较晚。
  3. 对于糖尿病急症,要区分 DKA(酮体、酸中毒)和 HHS(渗透压很高、脱水);先补液。
  4. 对于钠和水,要判断是 ADH 过多(SIADH)还是缺乏(尿崩症),并缓慢纠正慢性变化。
  5. 对于肾脏问题,把原因分为肾前性、肾性或肾后性,并监测血钾和液体。

内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

方法

  1. 想一想可能隐藏着什么:内出血、无发热的感染、SpO₂ 正常背后的通气不足。
  2. 利用术后的时间来缩小并发症的范围:出血在数小时内,胸部问题在数天内,伤口和吻合口漏出现得更晚。
  3. 对于疼痛,要评估、用多模式镇痛治疗、重新评估,并且在每次使用阿片类药物时监测镇静程度。
  4. 对于癌症患者,把低谷期的任何疾病都当作中性粒细胞减少性脓毒症处理,并了解肿瘤急症。
  5. 对于烧伤,只计算浅二度/深二度和三度的面积,从烧伤的时刻开始计算 Parkland 时间,并根据尿量调整。

2练习题

1.优先排序与委派中等

A patient arrives in the recovery room after general anesthesia. What does the nurse assess first?

  1. AThe surgical dressing and the drains
  2. BThe pain score
  3. CUrine output
  4. DAirway patency and breathing
2.优先排序与委派困难

A patient has a chest drain for a pneumothorax. The nurse sees constant bubbling in the water-seal chamber. What does this most likely mean?

  1. AThe suction is set too low and needs to be turned up
  2. BThe lung has fully re-expanded, so the drain is ready to come out
  3. CThe drain is working normally and no action is needed
  4. DAn air leak in the patient or the system that needs checking
3.感染控制与患者安全中等

A patient cannot bear weight and cannot help with transfers. Which method is safest to move the patient from bed to chair?

  1. AA mechanical lift used by enough trained staff
  2. BTwo nurses lifting the patient under the arms
  3. CAsking the patient to stand and try their best
  4. DOne nurse doing a standing pivot transfer
4.感染控制与患者安全困难

Patients contaminated with radioactive dust arrive at the hospital. Which step removes most of the external contamination?

  1. AGiving the patient potassium iodide
  2. BRemoving the patient’s clothing
  3. CScrubbing the skin until it is red
  4. DWrapping the patient in a blanket
5.实验室检查值与电解质中等

A healthy patient's result is slightly outside the laboratory reference range, and all other results are normal. Which statement best explains why this can happen?

  1. AReference ranges are the same in every laboratory worldwide
  2. BAny result outside the range always means disease is present
  3. CReference ranges include every healthy person without exception
  4. DRanges cover about 95% of healthy people, so some fall outside
6.实验室检查值与电解质困难

一名钙为 6.8 mg/dL(1.7 mmol/L)的患者突然出现呼吸嘈杂和声音嘶哑。这提示什么?

  1. A今天早晨开始的普通感冒
  2. B喉痉挛,属于需要紧急救助和静脉补钙的急症
  3. C对血液检查结果的焦虑,需要平静的安慰
  4. D无需治疗就会消退的正常反应
7.临床护理中等

一名术后患者心率 125 次/分,血压 88/50 mmHg,敷料被血浸透。发生了什么?

  1. A只是焦虑
  2. B正常的疼痛反应
  3. C出血导致的低血容量性休克
  4. D尿路感染引起的感染性休克
8.临床护理困难

一名重症哮喘患者变得安静,出现"沉默肺"、精疲力竭,呼吸频率下降。这表示什么?

  1. A仅仅是焦虑
  2. B危及生命的哮喘,即将发生呼吸停止
  3. C雾化吸入后的正常恢复
  4. D随着支气管痉挛平息、气道松弛,发作有所好转
9.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸中等

A patient with an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator asks what to do if it fires. Which teaching is correct?

  1. AOne shock and well: contact the device clinic; repeated shocks or unwell: call emergency services
  2. BIgnore any shock at all, because the device is designed to fire every day and needs no follow-up
  3. CDrive straight to hospital alone after any shock so the device can be checked by the team
  4. DRemove the device battery at home if it fires more than once
10.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸困难

Hours after surgery to restore blood flow to an ischaemic leg, the patient has severe calf pain that is worse when the toes are moved passively, and the calf feels tense. What should the nurse suspect?

  1. ACramp from lying still in bed
  2. BExpected postoperative pain from the leg wound
  3. CCompartment syndrome from reperfusion swelling
  4. DA superficial thrombophlebitis of the long saphenous vein
11.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏中等

Why are tacrolimus blood levels checked regularly?

  1. AThe drug only works if levels are as high as possible
  2. BThe levels show whether the patient has diabetes
  3. CThe levels show how much urine the kidney is making
  4. DToo high harms the kidney; too low risks rejection
12.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏困难

一名 T4 水平脊髓损伤的患者出现剧烈搏动性头痛,血压 210/110 mmHg,损伤平面以上皮肤潮红、多汗,脉搏 50 次/分。让患者坐起后,下一个优先事项是什么?

  1. A给予镇静剂,一小时后复测血压
  2. B查找并去除诱因,首先从膀胱开始
  3. C快速静脉推注液体以支持循环
  4. D让患者重新平躺,用枕头抬高双腿
13.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤中等

哪种敷料通常适用于需要湿润的干燥、有腐肉的伤口?

  1. A泡沫
  2. B藻酸盐
  3. C干纱布
  4. D水凝胶
14.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤困难

一名患者上臂有环形全层烧伤。未来数小时内,最重要的评估是什么?

  1. A手部的血液循环和感觉
  2. B每天双眼视力
  3. C肠鸣音和腹围
  4. D瞳孔大小和对光反应

3溶液

1.优先排序与委派

答案: D · Airway patency and breathing

为什么是这个答案

After anesthesia, the airway can be blocked by the tongue or secretions, and breathing may be depressed. The airway and breathing are checked first, followed by circulation and the wound.

答案

D · Airway patency and breathing
2.优先排序与委派

答案: D · An air leak in the patient or the system that needs checking

为什么是这个答案

Continuous bubbling in the water-seal chamber signals an air leak. The nurse checks the connections from the patient to the drain and reports a leak that cannot be fixed.

答案

D · An air leak in the patient or the system that needs checking
3.感染控制与患者安全

答案: A · A mechanical lift used by enough trained staff

为什么是这个答案

For a patient who cannot bear weight or help, a mechanical lift prevents injury to both patient and staff. Lifting under the arms can injure the shoulders, and pivot transfers need weight bearing.

答案

A · A mechanical lift used by enough trained staff
4.感染控制与患者安全

答案: B · Removing the patient’s clothing

为什么是这个答案

Removing clothing, then gently washing the skin, gets rid of most external radioactive contamination. Hard scrubbing damages the skin, and potassium iodide only protects the thyroid from radioactive iodine.

答案

B · Removing the patient’s clothing
5.实验室检查值与电解质

答案: D · Ranges cover about 95% of healthy people, so some fall outside

为什么是这个答案

A reference range is usually the central 95% of results from a healthy population, so about 1 in 20 healthy people will have a value just outside it. The result is interpreted with the clinical picture and previous values, and repeated if needed.核对依据: How to Understand Your Lab Results · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)

答案

D · Ranges cover about 95% of healthy people, so some fall outside
6.实验室检查值与电解质

答案: B · 喉痉挛,属于需要紧急救助和静脉补钙的急症

为什么是这个答案

严重低钙血症可引起喉痉挛,阻塞气道。护士应紧急呼救,支持气道,并按处方准备静脉葡萄糖酸钙,同时进行心电监护。核对依据: Hypocalcemia (StatPearls) · StatPearls (NCBI Bookshelf) (2026)

答案

B · 喉痉挛,属于需要紧急救助和静脉补钙的急症
7.临床护理

答案: C · 出血导致的低血容量性休克

为什么是这个答案

心动过速、低血压加上可见的失血提示失血性(低血容量性)休克。应压迫止血、紧急呼救,并准备补液或输血。

答案

C · 出血导致的低血容量性休克
8.临床护理

答案: B · 危及生命的哮喘,即将发生呼吸停止

为什么是这个答案

沉默肺、精疲力竭、发绀和意识混乱都是危及生命的征象。患者需要上级医生和危重症团队立即介入。

答案

B · 危及生命的哮喘,即将发生呼吸停止
9.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

答案: A · One shock and well: contact the device clinic; repeated shocks or unwell: call emergency services

为什么是这个答案

A single shock with full recovery usually needs a call to the device team. Several shocks in a short time, or a shock with chest pain, breathlessness or collapse, needs emergency help. Patients should not drive themselves after a shock.

答案

A · One shock and well: contact the device clinic; repeated shocks or unwell: call emergency services
10.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

答案: C · Compartment syndrome from reperfusion swelling

为什么是这个答案

When blood flow returns to ischaemic muscle, swelling can raise pressure in a fascial compartment. Pain out of proportion and pain on passive stretch are early signs; pulses may remain until late. It is reported urgently, as fasciotomy may be needed. The limb is kept at heart level, not raised high.

答案

C · Compartment syndrome from reperfusion swelling
11.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

答案: D · Too high harms the kidney; too low risks rejection

为什么是这个答案

Tacrolimus has a narrow therapeutic range and many interactions. High levels can cause nephrotoxicity, tremor and high glucose, while low levels risk rejection. Trough levels are taken before the morning dose.

答案

D · Too high harms the kidney; too low risks rejection
12.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

答案: B · 查找并去除诱因,首先从膀胱开始

为什么是这个答案

自主神经反射异常是急症。让患者坐起并垂下双腿,松开紧身衣物,经常监测血压并寻找诱因:检查导尿管有无扭曲或堵塞,或做膀胱扫描,然后检查肠道。如果去除病因后血压仍高,按医嘱给予速效降压药。

答案

B · 查找并去除诱因,首先从膀胱开始
13.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

答案: D · 水凝胶

为什么是这个答案

水凝胶提供水分,促进干燥腐肉或坏死组织的自溶清创。藻酸盐和泡沫吸收渗出液,适合湿润的伤口;干纱布会粘在创面上,取下时损伤新生组织。

答案

D · 水凝胶
14.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

答案: A · 手部的血液循环和感觉

为什么是这个答案

全层焦痂没有弹性。随着水肿的发展,压力升高,可影响循环(胸部烧伤时则影响呼吸)。定期检查脉搏、颜色、毛细血管再充盈、疼痛和感觉,可及早发现这一问题;可能需要焦痂切开术。

答案

A · 手部的血液循环和感觉

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