优先排序与委派
方法
- 问自己:如果什么都不做,什么会最快伤害患者。
- 应用 ABC(心脏骤停时为 C-A-B),然后是 Maslow 需求层次:生理需要先于安全,安全先于心理需要。
- 比较各选项:急性先于慢性,不稳定先于稳定,意外先于预期,全身性先于局部,并将每项发现与患者的基线对照。
- 除非是紧急情况,否则先评估再行动;然后选择其他步骤所依赖的那一步。
- 委派时核对五项正确:任务、情境、人员、指示和监督。评估、宣教和评价仍由注册护士负责。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 14 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
A patient arrives in the recovery room after general anesthesia. What does the nurse assess first?
A patient has a chest drain for a pneumothorax. The nurse sees constant bubbling in the water-seal chamber. What does this most likely mean?
A patient cannot bear weight and cannot help with transfers. Which method is safest to move the patient from bed to chair?
Patients contaminated with radioactive dust arrive at the hospital. Which step removes most of the external contamination?
A healthy patient's result is slightly outside the laboratory reference range, and all other results are normal. Which statement best explains why this can happen?
一名钙为 6.8 mg/dL(1.7 mmol/L)的患者突然出现呼吸嘈杂和声音嘶哑。这提示什么?
一名术后患者心率 125 次/分,血压 88/50 mmHg,敷料被血浸透。发生了什么?
一名重症哮喘患者变得安静,出现"沉默肺"、精疲力竭,呼吸频率下降。这表示什么?
A patient with an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator asks what to do if it fires. Which teaching is correct?
Hours after surgery to restore blood flow to an ischaemic leg, the patient has severe calf pain that is worse when the toes are moved passively, and the calf feels tense. What should the nurse suspect?
Why are tacrolimus blood levels checked regularly?
一名 T4 水平脊髓损伤的患者出现剧烈搏动性头痛,血压 210/110 mmHg,损伤平面以上皮肤潮红、多汗,脉搏 50 次/分。让患者坐起后,下一个优先事项是什么?
哪种敷料通常适用于需要湿润的干燥、有腐肉的伤口?
一名患者上臂有环形全层烧伤。未来数小时内,最重要的评估是什么?
答案: D · Airway patency and breathing
After anesthesia, the airway can be blocked by the tongue or secretions, and breathing may be depressed. The airway and breathing are checked first, followed by circulation and the wound.
答案: D · An air leak in the patient or the system that needs checking
Continuous bubbling in the water-seal chamber signals an air leak. The nurse checks the connections from the patient to the drain and reports a leak that cannot be fixed.
答案: A · A mechanical lift used by enough trained staff
For a patient who cannot bear weight or help, a mechanical lift prevents injury to both patient and staff. Lifting under the arms can injure the shoulders, and pivot transfers need weight bearing.
答案: B · Removing the patient’s clothing
Removing clothing, then gently washing the skin, gets rid of most external radioactive contamination. Hard scrubbing damages the skin, and potassium iodide only protects the thyroid from radioactive iodine.
答案: D · Ranges cover about 95% of healthy people, so some fall outside
A reference range is usually the central 95% of results from a healthy population, so about 1 in 20 healthy people will have a value just outside it. The result is interpreted with the clinical picture and previous values, and repeated if needed.核对依据: How to Understand Your Lab Results · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答案: B · 喉痉挛,属于需要紧急救助和静脉补钙的急症
严重低钙血症可引起喉痉挛,阻塞气道。护士应紧急呼救,支持气道,并按处方准备静脉葡萄糖酸钙,同时进行心电监护。核对依据: Hypocalcemia (StatPearls) · StatPearls (NCBI Bookshelf) (2026)
答案: C · 出血导致的低血容量性休克
心动过速、低血压加上可见的失血提示失血性(低血容量性)休克。应压迫止血、紧急呼救,并准备补液或输血。
答案: B · 危及生命的哮喘,即将发生呼吸停止
沉默肺、精疲力竭、发绀和意识混乱都是危及生命的征象。患者需要上级医生和危重症团队立即介入。
答案: A · One shock and well: contact the device clinic; repeated shocks or unwell: call emergency services
A single shock with full recovery usually needs a call to the device team. Several shocks in a short time, or a shock with chest pain, breathlessness or collapse, needs emergency help. Patients should not drive themselves after a shock.
答案: C · Compartment syndrome from reperfusion swelling
When blood flow returns to ischaemic muscle, swelling can raise pressure in a fascial compartment. Pain out of proportion and pain on passive stretch are early signs; pulses may remain until late. It is reported urgently, as fasciotomy may be needed. The limb is kept at heart level, not raised high.
答案: D · Too high harms the kidney; too low risks rejection
Tacrolimus has a narrow therapeutic range and many interactions. High levels can cause nephrotoxicity, tremor and high glucose, while low levels risk rejection. Trough levels are taken before the morning dose.
答案: B · 查找并去除诱因,首先从膀胱开始
自主神经反射异常是急症。让患者坐起并垂下双腿,松开紧身衣物,经常监测血压并寻找诱因:检查导尿管有无扭曲或堵塞,或做膀胱扫描,然后检查肠道。如果去除病因后血压仍高,按医嘱给予速效降压药。
答案: D · 水凝胶
水凝胶提供水分,促进干燥腐肉或坏死组织的自溶清创。藻酸盐和泡沫吸收渗出液,适合湿润的伤口;干纱布会粘在创面上,取下时损伤新生组织。
答案: A · 手部的血液循环和感觉
全层焦痂没有弹性。随着水肿的发展,压力升高,可影响循环(胸部烧伤时则影响呼吸)。定期检查脉搏、颜色、毛细血管再充盈、疼痛和感觉,可及早发现这一问题;可能需要焦痂切开术。
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