优先排序与委派
方法
- 问自己:如果什么都不做,什么会最快伤害患者。
- 应用 ABC(心脏骤停时为 C-A-B),然后是 Maslow 需求层次:生理需要先于安全,安全先于心理需要。
- 比较各选项:急性先于慢性,不稳定先于稳定,意外先于预期,全身性先于局部,并将每项发现与患者的基线对照。
- 除非是紧急情况,否则先评估再行动;然后选择其他步骤所依赖的那一步。
- 委派时核对五项正确:任务、情境、人员、指示和监督。评估、宣教和评价仍由注册护士负责。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 14 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
一名护士将测量血糖的任务委派给一名受过培训的助理,却从不询问结果。缺少了委派的哪项正确原则?
经尿道前列腺切除术后持续膀胱冲洗,患者的哪项发现是非预期的,需要采取行动?
In the US (EPA/OSHA) hazmat system, which level of PPE gives the highest level of protection?
A nurse sees a doctor about to insert a central line without a sterile gown, and a polite comment was ignored. Which TeamSTEPPS phrase helps to stop the procedure?
A stable adult who is not bleeding receives one unit of packed red cells. By about how much is the hemoglobin expected to rise?
Which patient should the nurse assess first?
A patient without diabetes is started on high-dose prednisolone. Why might capillary blood glucose be monitored?
A patient with several days of vomiting and diarrhoea has low blood pressure, low urine output and a rising creatinine. Which description fits best?
A patient has exercise-induced asthma. Which advice is most appropriate?
During a cardiac arrest, the monitor shows an organised rhythm, but there is no pulse. What should the team do?
哪项尿液表现最能区分尿崩症和 SIADH?
一名颅内压升高的患者需要气管内吸痰。哪种做法最恰当?
为什么在计算补液复苏的烧伤面积时,不计入浅表烧伤(仅发红,如晒伤)?
A patient has had a large terminal ileum resection for Crohn's disease. Which long-term problems should the nurse anticipate?
答案: A · 正确的监督与评价
护士必须跟进、检查结果并据此采取行动。委派后不检查结果违反了监督与评价的原则。
答案: A · 鲜红色尿液伴血块,导尿管流出量减少
鲜红色尿液伴血块提示动脉出血,并可能堵塞导尿管,导致膀胱膨胀。淡粉色尿液、尿急感和轻度痉挛在此手术后很常见。
答案: C · Level A
Level A is a fully encapsulating, vapor-tight suit with self-contained breathing apparatus, used for unknown or highly toxic agents. Level D is ordinary work clothing with minimal protection.
答案: D · “I am concerned, I am uncomfortable, this is a safety issue.”
CUS words (Concerned, Uncomfortable, Safety issue) are agreed language that signals the need to stop and listen. Maximal barrier precautions are part of the central line bundle, so the concern is valid.
答案: A · About 1 g/dL (10 g/L)
In an average-sized adult without ongoing bleeding or hemolysis, one unit of red cells raises the hemoglobin by about 1 g/dL (and the hematocrit by about 3%). A smaller rise suggests ongoing blood loss or red cell destruction.核对依据: Blood Transfusion · StatPearls (NCBI Bookshelf) (2026)
答案: D · Chest pain with troponin rising from the first to the second sample
A rising troponin with chest pain indicates acute myocardial injury, possibly infarction, which needs urgent assessment and treatment. High cholesterol is a long-term risk, a falling BNP shows improvement, and a potassium of 3.6 mEq/L is normal.核对依据: Troponin Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2023)
答案: A · Steroids can raise the blood glucose
Glucocorticoids increase glucose production and insulin resistance, causing steroid-induced hyperglycaemia. Glucose monitoring identifies patients who need treatment.
答案: C · Pre-renal acute kidney injury from poor perfusion, treated by restoring fluid volume
Fluid loss reduces kidney perfusion, causing pre-renal AKI. Prompt fluid replacement can restore function before the kidney tissue itself is damaged.
答案: B · Use the reliever inhaler shortly before exercise and warm up
A short-acting bronchodilator taken shortly before exercise, a gradual warm-up and covering the mouth in cold air help prevent symptoms. Frequent exercise symptoms may mean asthma is poorly controlled and preventer treatment needs review.
答案: C · Continue CPR and give adrenaline (epinephrine), as the rhythm is non-shockable
Pulseless electrical activity is a non-shockable rhythm. Treatment is high-quality CPR, adrenaline as soon as possible and repeated, and a search for reversible causes (the 4 Hs and 4 Ts, such as hypoxia, hypovolaemia, tension pneumothorax and tamponade). Shocks are only for VF and pulseless VT.
答案: C · 尿崩症为稀释尿;SIADH 为浓缩尿
在尿崩症中,缺乏 ADH 作用导致大量稀释尿(比重常低于 1.005)和血清钠升高。在 SIADH 中,ADH 过多导致尿量少、尿液浓缩和血清钠降低。
答案: D · 预先给氧,每次吸引时间要短,并限制吸引次数
吸痰通过咳嗽、低氧和高碳酸血症升高颅内压。仅在需要时进行,并预先给氧,每次不超过约 10–15 秒,次数要少,头部保持抬高并居中。有些病房可使用镇静或利多卡因。
答案: A · 皮肤屏障完整,丢失的液体很少
浅表(表皮)烧伤引起疼痛和发红,但不会像部分层和全层烧伤那样引起毛细血管渗漏和液体丢失。把它们计入会高估烧伤面积,导致补液过多。
答案: A · Vitamin B12 deficiency and bile-acid diarrhoea
The terminal ileum absorbs vitamin B12 and bile acids. After resection, B12 replacement may be needed, and unabsorbed bile acids reaching the colon cause diarrhoea.
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