NCLEX 风格的优先排序与委派:速成包

公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 14 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。

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1公式与方法

优先排序与委派

方法

  1. 问自己:如果什么都不做,什么会最快伤害患者。
  2. 应用 ABC(心脏骤停时为 C-A-B),然后是 Maslow 需求层次:生理需要先于安全,安全先于心理需要。
  3. 比较各选项:急性先于慢性,不稳定先于稳定,意外先于预期,全身性先于局部,并将每项发现与患者的基线对照。
  4. 除非是紧急情况,否则先评估再行动;然后选择其他步骤所依赖的那一步。
  5. 委派时核对五项正确:任务、情境、人员、指示和监督。评估、宣教和评价仍由注册护士负责。

感染控制与患者安全

方法

  1. 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
  2. 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
  3. 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
  4. 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
  5. 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。

实验室检查值与电解质

方法

  1. 把数值与本实验室自己的参考范围比较,再与患者的基线和趋势比较。
  2. 检查标本:溶血、延迟,或在静脉输液附近采血都可能得出错误结果。
  3. 把数值与其典型体征以及引起它的药物和疾病联系起来。
  4. 注意相互作用:低钾或低镁会增加地高辛中毒的风险;脱水会使锂浓度升高。
  5. 对患者采取行动:评估,血药浓度不安全时暂停用药,复述危急值并通知开医嘱的医生。

内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

方法

  1. 说出问题所在:泵衰竭、动脉阻塞、节律、血栓、气道狭窄、感染或设备问题。
  2. 先检查危险征象:低氧、低血压、胸痛、新出现的意识模糊、冰冷无脉搏的肢体。
  3. 让氧疗与患者相匹配:大多数人为 94–98%,有 CO₂ 潴留风险者为 88–92%。
  4. 把每种药物与其检测和风险联系起来:华法林与 INR,肝素与 aPTT 和血小板,利尿剂与血钾。
  5. 选择安全的第一步措施,然后升级处理并重新评估。

内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

方法

  1. 对每位新出现意识模糊、乏力或癫痫发作的患者都检查血糖。
  2. 把意识水平作为脑部问题最早的警示;瞳孔变化和库欣三联征出现得较晚。
  3. 对于糖尿病急症,要区分 DKA(酮体、酸中毒)和 HHS(渗透压很高、脱水);先补液。
  4. 对于钠和水,要判断是 ADH 过多(SIADH)还是缺乏(尿崩症),并缓慢纠正慢性变化。
  5. 对于肾脏问题,把原因分为肾前性、肾性或肾后性,并监测血钾和液体。

内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

方法

  1. 想一想可能隐藏着什么:内出血、无发热的感染、SpO₂ 正常背后的通气不足。
  2. 利用术后的时间来缩小并发症的范围:出血在数小时内,胸部问题在数天内,伤口和吻合口漏出现得更晚。
  3. 对于疼痛,要评估、用多模式镇痛治疗、重新评估,并且在每次使用阿片类药物时监测镇静程度。
  4. 对于癌症患者,把低谷期的任何疾病都当作中性粒细胞减少性脓毒症处理,并了解肿瘤急症。
  5. 对于烧伤,只计算浅二度/深二度和三度的面积,从烧伤的时刻开始计算 Parkland 时间,并根据尿量调整。

2练习题

1.优先排序与委派中等

一名护士将测量血糖的任务委派给一名受过培训的助理,却从不询问结果。缺少了委派的哪项正确原则?

  1. A正确的监督与评价
  2. B适合该环境的正确任务
  3. C正确的情境
  4. D适合该任务的正确人员
2.优先排序与委派困难

经尿道前列腺切除术后持续膀胱冲洗,患者的哪项发现是非预期的,需要采取行动?

  1. A鲜红色尿液伴血块,导尿管流出量减少
  2. B轻度膀胱痉挛,使用处方的解痉药后缓解
  3. C尽管有导尿管,仍有想排尿的感觉
  4. D淡粉色尿液,在一天中逐渐变清
3.感染控制与患者安全中等

In the US (EPA/OSHA) hazmat system, which level of PPE gives the highest level of protection?

  1. ALevel D
  2. BLevel C
  3. CLevel A
  4. DLevel B
4.感染控制与患者安全困难

A nurse sees a doctor about to insert a central line without a sterile gown, and a polite comment was ignored. Which TeamSTEPPS phrase helps to stop the procedure?

  1. A“I will mention this to the manager at the next staff meeting.”
  2. B“Let’s talk about it after you have finished.”
  3. C“I am sure you know what you are doing.”
  4. D“I am concerned, I am uncomfortable, this is a safety issue.”
5.实验室检查值与电解质中等

A stable adult who is not bleeding receives one unit of packed red cells. By about how much is the hemoglobin expected to rise?

  1. AAbout 1 g/dL (10 g/L)
  2. BAbout 5 g/dL (50 g/L)
  3. CAbout 0.1 g/dL (1 g/L)
  4. DAbout 3 g/dL (30 g/L)
6.实验室检查值与电解质困难

Which patient should the nurse assess first?

  1. AStable angina with a total cholesterol of 245 mg/dL (6.3 mmol/L)
  2. BHypertension with a potassium of 3.6 mEq/L on a thiazide
  3. CHeart failure with a BNP lower than the result on admission
  4. DChest pain with troponin rising from the first to the second sample
7.临床护理中等

A patient without diabetes is started on high-dose prednisolone. Why might capillary blood glucose be monitored?

  1. ASteroids can raise the blood glucose
  2. BSteroids make glucose meters inaccurate
  3. CSteroids destroy the pancreas
  4. DSteroids always cause hypoglycaemia
8.临床护理困难

A patient with several days of vomiting and diarrhoea has low blood pressure, low urine output and a rising creatinine. Which description fits best?

  1. AChronic kidney disease, treated with long-term dialysis three times a week
  2. BPost-renal acute kidney injury from obstruction, treated with a catheter
  3. CPre-renal acute kidney injury from poor perfusion, treated by restoring fluid volume
  4. DIntrinsic kidney injury from glomerulonephritis, treated with high-dose steroids
9.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸中等

A patient has exercise-induced asthma. Which advice is most appropriate?

  1. AAvoid all forms of exercise permanently to prevent attacks
  2. BUse the reliever inhaler shortly before exercise and warm up
  3. CTake a beta-blocker before exercise
  4. DExercise only in cold, dry air to toughen the airways
10.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸困难

During a cardiac arrest, the monitor shows an organised rhythm, but there is no pulse. What should the team do?

  1. AGive adenosine to slow the rhythm down
  2. BStop CPR, because an organised rhythm on the monitor means recovery
  3. CContinue CPR and give adrenaline (epinephrine), as the rhythm is non-shockable
  4. DDeliver an unsynchronised shock at once and then check the pulse
11.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏中等

哪项尿液表现最能区分尿崩症和 SIADH?

  1. A两种疾病都排出高度浓缩的尿
  2. B尿崩症为浓缩尿;SIADH 为稀释尿
  3. C尿崩症为稀释尿;SIADH 为浓缩尿
  4. D尿崩症尿中有葡萄糖;SIADH 尿中有蛋白
12.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏困难

一名颅内压升高的患者需要气管内吸痰。哪种做法最恰当?

  1. A常规每 15 分钟吸引一次,即使没有分泌物
  2. B吸引至少 30 秒,一次清除所有分泌物
  3. C吸痰时让患者平躺并转头
  4. D预先给氧,每次吸引时间要短,并限制吸引次数
13.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤中等

为什么在计算补液复苏的烧伤面积时,不计入浅表烧伤(仅发红,如晒伤)?

  1. A皮肤屏障完整,丢失的液体很少
  2. B它们总是在一天内完全愈合
  3. C它们总是太小,无法在图表上准确测量
  4. D它们引起的液体丢失比其他任何深度都多
14.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤困难

A patient has had a large terminal ileum resection for Crohn's disease. Which long-term problems should the nurse anticipate?

  1. AVitamin B12 deficiency and bile-acid diarrhoea
  2. BIron overload and constipation
  3. CExcess vitamin D and calcium kidney stones in the first year
  4. DInsulin deficiency and high blood glucose from loss of the islets

3溶液

1.优先排序与委派

答案: A · 正确的监督与评价

为什么是这个答案

护士必须跟进、检查结果并据此采取行动。委派后不检查结果违反了监督与评价的原则。

答案

A · 正确的监督与评价
2.优先排序与委派

答案: A · 鲜红色尿液伴血块,导尿管流出量减少

为什么是这个答案

鲜红色尿液伴血块提示动脉出血,并可能堵塞导尿管,导致膀胱膨胀。淡粉色尿液、尿急感和轻度痉挛在此手术后很常见。

答案

A · 鲜红色尿液伴血块,导尿管流出量减少
3.感染控制与患者安全

答案: C · Level A

为什么是这个答案

Level A is a fully encapsulating, vapor-tight suit with self-contained breathing apparatus, used for unknown or highly toxic agents. Level D is ordinary work clothing with minimal protection.

答案

C · Level A
4.感染控制与患者安全

答案: D · “I am concerned, I am uncomfortable, this is a safety issue.”

为什么是这个答案

CUS words (Concerned, Uncomfortable, Safety issue) are agreed language that signals the need to stop and listen. Maximal barrier precautions are part of the central line bundle, so the concern is valid.

答案

D · “I am concerned, I am uncomfortable, this is a safety issue.”
5.实验室检查值与电解质

答案: A · About 1 g/dL (10 g/L)

为什么是这个答案

In an average-sized adult without ongoing bleeding or hemolysis, one unit of red cells raises the hemoglobin by about 1 g/dL (and the hematocrit by about 3%). A smaller rise suggests ongoing blood loss or red cell destruction.核对依据: Blood Transfusion · StatPearls (NCBI Bookshelf) (2026)

答案

A · About 1 g/dL (10 g/L)
6.实验室检查值与电解质

答案: D · Chest pain with troponin rising from the first to the second sample

为什么是这个答案

A rising troponin with chest pain indicates acute myocardial injury, possibly infarction, which needs urgent assessment and treatment. High cholesterol is a long-term risk, a falling BNP shows improvement, and a potassium of 3.6 mEq/L is normal.核对依据: Troponin Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2023)

答案

D · Chest pain with troponin rising from the first to the second sample
7.临床护理

答案: A · Steroids can raise the blood glucose

为什么是这个答案

Glucocorticoids increase glucose production and insulin resistance, causing steroid-induced hyperglycaemia. Glucose monitoring identifies patients who need treatment.

答案

A · Steroids can raise the blood glucose
8.临床护理

答案: C · Pre-renal acute kidney injury from poor perfusion, treated by restoring fluid volume

为什么是这个答案

Fluid loss reduces kidney perfusion, causing pre-renal AKI. Prompt fluid replacement can restore function before the kidney tissue itself is damaged.

答案

C · Pre-renal acute kidney injury from poor perfusion, treated by restoring fluid volume
9.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

答案: B · Use the reliever inhaler shortly before exercise and warm up

为什么是这个答案

A short-acting bronchodilator taken shortly before exercise, a gradual warm-up and covering the mouth in cold air help prevent symptoms. Frequent exercise symptoms may mean asthma is poorly controlled and preventer treatment needs review.

答案

B · Use the reliever inhaler shortly before exercise and warm up
10.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

答案: C · Continue CPR and give adrenaline (epinephrine), as the rhythm is non-shockable

为什么是这个答案

Pulseless electrical activity is a non-shockable rhythm. Treatment is high-quality CPR, adrenaline as soon as possible and repeated, and a search for reversible causes (the 4 Hs and 4 Ts, such as hypoxia, hypovolaemia, tension pneumothorax and tamponade). Shocks are only for VF and pulseless VT.

答案

C · Continue CPR and give adrenaline (epinephrine), as the rhythm is non-shockable
11.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

答案: C · 尿崩症为稀释尿;SIADH 为浓缩尿

为什么是这个答案

在尿崩症中,缺乏 ADH 作用导致大量稀释尿(比重常低于 1.005)和血清钠升高。在 SIADH 中,ADH 过多导致尿量少、尿液浓缩和血清钠降低。

答案

C · 尿崩症为稀释尿;SIADH 为浓缩尿
12.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

答案: D · 预先给氧,每次吸引时间要短,并限制吸引次数

为什么是这个答案

吸痰通过咳嗽、低氧和高碳酸血症升高颅内压。仅在需要时进行,并预先给氧,每次不超过约 10–15 秒,次数要少,头部保持抬高并居中。有些病房可使用镇静或利多卡因。

答案

D · 预先给氧,每次吸引时间要短,并限制吸引次数
13.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

答案: A · 皮肤屏障完整,丢失的液体很少

为什么是这个答案

浅表(表皮)烧伤引起疼痛和发红,但不会像部分层和全层烧伤那样引起毛细血管渗漏和液体丢失。把它们计入会高估烧伤面积,导致补液过多。

答案

A · 皮肤屏障完整,丢失的液体很少
14.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

答案: A · Vitamin B12 deficiency and bile-acid diarrhoea

为什么是这个答案

The terminal ileum absorbs vitamin B12 and bile acids. After resection, B12 replacement may be needed, and unabsorbed bile acids reaching the colon cause diarrhoea.

答案

A · Vitamin B12 deficiency and bile-acid diarrhoea

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