优先排序与委派
方法
- 问自己:如果什么都不做,什么会最快伤害患者。
- 应用 ABC(心脏骤停时为 C-A-B),然后是 Maslow 需求层次:生理需要先于安全,安全先于心理需要。
- 比较各选项:急性先于慢性,不稳定先于稳定,意外先于预期,全身性先于局部,并将每项发现与患者的基线对照。
- 除非是紧急情况,否则先评估再行动;然后选择其他步骤所依赖的那一步。
- 委派时核对五项正确:任务、情境、人员、指示和监督。评估、宣教和评价仍由注册护士负责。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 14 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
Which finding is an early sign of compartment syndrome in a patient with a lower leg fracture?
A patient at 32 weeks of pregnancy feels dizzy and faint while lying flat on her back. What should the nurse do first?
A patient has botulism after eating contaminated food. Which precautions are needed?
During a power cut in a US hospital, a ventilator must stay powered. Where should it be plugged in?
A pregnant woman's blood type is O Rh-negative, and her antibody screen (indirect Coombs test) is negative. What is usually offered at about 28 weeks?
The nurse teaches a patient with chronic kidney disease about a potassium-restricted diet. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
A patient with COPD and known carbon dioxide retention needs a nebulised bronchodilator. How should it usually be given?
A nurse teaches a patient with asthma about a new inhaled steroid "preventer". Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
Which ECG change is classically linked with hyperkalaemia?
一名哮喘患者的峰流速为其最佳值的 40%,呼吸频率 28 次/分,不能说完整句子。SpO₂ 94%。该次发作应如何分级?
一名原发性肾上腺皮质功能减退的患者发热。关于类固醇替代治疗,通常的病日建议是什么?
一名 CKD 患者血红蛋白 92 g/L,开始使用促红细胞生成刺激剂(ESA)。护士应监测什么?
PCA 泵的锁定间隔的目的是什么?
一名肺癌患者出现面部肿胀、颈静脉怒张,平卧时呼吸困难加重。可能是哪种急症?
答案: D · Pain out of proportion to the injury that worsens when the toes are stretched
The earliest sign is severe pain that is not relieved by usual analgesia and worsens on passive stretch. Loss of pulse is a late sign, so the nurse reports pain early.
答案: D · Turn her onto her left side
Lying on the back lets the uterus compress the inferior vena cava, reducing blood return to the heart. Turning to the left side relieves the pressure and restores the blood pressure.
答案: A · Standard precautions
Botulism is caused by a toxin and does not spread from person to person, so standard precautions are used. Suspected cases are reported to public health at once.
答案: C · Into a red outlet connected to the emergency generator
In US hospitals, red outlets are usually connected to the emergency generator. Life-support equipment is plugged into them, and battery backups are checked as part of emergency planning.
答案: D · Anti-D immunoglobulin (Rho(D) immune globulin)
An Rh-negative mother can form anti-D antibodies if Rh-positive fetal blood enters her circulation, which can cause hemolytic disease in a later pregnancy. Anti-D immunoglobulin at about 28 weeks and after delivery of an Rh-positive baby prevents this sensitization.核对依据: Red Blood Cell Antibody Screen · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025); Hemolytic disease of the newborn · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答案: C · "Dried apricots and raisins will be a good snack for me now"
Dried fruits such as apricots and raisins are very high in potassium and should be limited in kidney disease with hyperkalemia. Limiting high-potassium foods, leaching vegetables and reading labels are correct strategies.核对依据: Potassium in diet · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2026); Spironolactone · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2018)
答案: C · Driven by compressed air, with oxygen given separately if needed
Nebulisers driven by high-flow oxygen can raise PaCO2 in patients at risk. Air-driven nebulisers are used, with supplementary oxygen via nasal cannulae to keep saturation in the target range.
答案: C · "I will only use it when I'm wheezy."
Inhaled corticosteroids must be used regularly to reduce airway inflammation and prevent attacks. The short-acting reliever is used for symptoms.
答案: C · Tall, peaked T waves
Rising potassium causes tall, tented T waves, then a flattened P wave, a prolonged PR interval and a widening QRS that can progress to ventricular fibrillation or asystole. U waves suggest hypokalaemia; a sawtooth baseline is atrial flutter.
答案: B · 急性重度哮喘
在常用指南(如 BTS/SIGN)中,峰流速为最佳值的 33–50%、呼吸频率 25 次/分或以上、心率 110 次/分或以上,或不能说完整句子,提示急性重度哮喘。危及生命的特征包括峰流速低于 33%、SpO₂ 低于 92%、“沉默肺”、发绀、衰竭或意识混乱;濒死性哮喘是指 PaCO₂ 升高或需要通气。
答案: B · 增加糖皮质激素剂量,常为加倍
患病期间,接受类固醇替代治疗的人需要更多的糖皮质激素。病日规则通常建议发热期间剂量加倍,如果呕吐而无法服药,则使用应急注射用氢化可的松或紧急就医,以预防肾上腺危象。
答案: B · 血压和血红蛋白,因为超过目标会增加血栓风险
ESA 可引起高血压,当血红蛋白被提升得过高时,还会增加血栓形成和卒中的风险。血红蛋白应控制在适中的范围(通常约 100–120 g/L)。应检查铁储备,因为缺铁会限制疗效。
答案: A · 在上一剂尚未起效前阻止新剂量
每次推注后,泵在设定的时间内(常为 5–10 分钟)忽略进一步的按压,使该剂量有时间起效。这与剂量限制一起降低了过量的风险。
答案: A · 上腔静脉阻塞
肿瘤可压迫或侵犯上腔静脉,引起面部和手臂肿胀、胸壁静脉扩张、头痛和呼吸困难。应让患者坐起并紧急评估;治疗包括类固醇、支架置入以及放疗或化疗。
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