NCLEX 风格的优先排序与委派:速成包

公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 14 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。

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1公式与方法

优先排序与委派

方法

  1. 问自己:如果什么都不做,什么会最快伤害患者。
  2. 应用 ABC(心脏骤停时为 C-A-B),然后是 Maslow 需求层次:生理需要先于安全,安全先于心理需要。
  3. 比较各选项:急性先于慢性,不稳定先于稳定,意外先于预期,全身性先于局部,并将每项发现与患者的基线对照。
  4. 除非是紧急情况,否则先评估再行动;然后选择其他步骤所依赖的那一步。
  5. 委派时核对五项正确:任务、情境、人员、指示和监督。评估、宣教和评价仍由注册护士负责。

感染控制与患者安全

方法

  1. 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
  2. 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
  3. 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
  4. 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
  5. 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。

实验室检查值与电解质

方法

  1. 把数值与本实验室自己的参考范围比较,再与患者的基线和趋势比较。
  2. 检查标本:溶血、延迟,或在静脉输液附近采血都可能得出错误结果。
  3. 把数值与其典型体征以及引起它的药物和疾病联系起来。
  4. 注意相互作用:低钾或低镁会增加地高辛中毒的风险;脱水会使锂浓度升高。
  5. 对患者采取行动:评估,血药浓度不安全时暂停用药,复述危急值并通知开医嘱的医生。

内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

方法

  1. 说出问题所在:泵衰竭、动脉阻塞、节律、血栓、气道狭窄、感染或设备问题。
  2. 先检查危险征象:低氧、低血压、胸痛、新出现的意识模糊、冰冷无脉搏的肢体。
  3. 让氧疗与患者相匹配:大多数人为 94–98%,有 CO₂ 潴留风险者为 88–92%。
  4. 把每种药物与其检测和风险联系起来:华法林与 INR,肝素与 aPTT 和血小板,利尿剂与血钾。
  5. 选择安全的第一步措施,然后升级处理并重新评估。

内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

方法

  1. 对每位新出现意识模糊、乏力或癫痫发作的患者都检查血糖。
  2. 把意识水平作为脑部问题最早的警示;瞳孔变化和库欣三联征出现得较晚。
  3. 对于糖尿病急症,要区分 DKA(酮体、酸中毒)和 HHS(渗透压很高、脱水);先补液。
  4. 对于钠和水,要判断是 ADH 过多(SIADH)还是缺乏(尿崩症),并缓慢纠正慢性变化。
  5. 对于肾脏问题,把原因分为肾前性、肾性或肾后性,并监测血钾和液体。

内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

方法

  1. 想一想可能隐藏着什么:内出血、无发热的感染、SpO₂ 正常背后的通气不足。
  2. 利用术后的时间来缩小并发症的范围:出血在数小时内,胸部问题在数天内,伤口和吻合口漏出现得更晚。
  3. 对于疼痛,要评估、用多模式镇痛治疗、重新评估,并且在每次使用阿片类药物时监测镇静程度。
  4. 对于癌症患者,把低谷期的任何疾病都当作中性粒细胞减少性脓毒症处理,并了解肿瘤急症。
  5. 对于烧伤,只计算浅二度/深二度和三度的面积,从烧伤的时刻开始计算 Parkland 时间,并根据尿量调整。

2练习题

1.优先排序与委派中等

Which finding is an early sign of compartment syndrome in a patient with a lower leg fracture?

  1. AA strong pedal pulse with warm, pink toes and pain that settles with analgesia
  2. BMild bruising around the fracture site on the second day
  3. CItching under the cast during the first week after it was applied
  4. DPain out of proportion to the injury that worsens when the toes are stretched
2.优先排序与委派困难

A patient at 32 weeks of pregnancy feels dizzy and faint while lying flat on her back. What should the nurse do first?

  1. ASit her upright with her head between her knees
  2. BGive her a sugary drink and keep her flat
  3. CRaise her legs while she stays on her back
  4. DTurn her onto her left side
3.感染控制与患者安全中等

A patient has botulism after eating contaminated food. Which precautions are needed?

  1. AStandard precautions
  2. BDroplet precautions
  3. CContact precautions
  4. DAirborne precautions
4.感染控制与患者安全困难

During a power cut in a US hospital, a ventilator must stay powered. Where should it be plugged in?

  1. AInto any white outlet in the room
  2. BInto an extension cord from the corridor
  3. CInto a red outlet connected to the emergency generator
  4. DInto the outlet that is closest to the bed, whatever its color
5.实验室检查值与电解质中等

A pregnant woman's blood type is O Rh-negative, and her antibody screen (indirect Coombs test) is negative. What is usually offered at about 28 weeks?

  1. AAn IV dose of vitamin K given for the fetus
  2. BDaily oral iron and folic acid supplements only
  3. CA transfusion of group O Rh-positive red cells
  4. DAnti-D immunoglobulin (Rho(D) immune globulin)
6.实验室检查值与电解质困难

The nurse teaches a patient with chronic kidney disease about a potassium-restricted diet. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?

  1. A"I'll limit bananas, oranges and potatoes in my meals"
  2. B"I can leach potatoes by soaking them before cooking them"
  3. C"Dried apricots and raisins will be a good snack for me now"
  4. D"I'll check food labels and ask my dietitian about portion sizes"
7.临床护理中等

A patient with COPD and known carbon dioxide retention needs a nebulised bronchodilator. How should it usually be given?

  1. AWithout monitoring oxygen saturation
  2. BOnly with the patient lying flat
  3. CDriven by compressed air, with oxygen given separately if needed
  4. DDriven by high-flow oxygen at 15 L/min for as long as possible
8.临床护理困难

A nurse teaches a patient with asthma about a new inhaled steroid "preventer". Which statement shows a need for further teaching?

  1. A"I will use it every day even when I feel well."
  2. B"I will rinse my mouth after using it."
  3. C"I will only use it when I'm wheezy."
  4. D"I'll keep my reliever inhaler with me."
9.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸中等

Which ECG change is classically linked with hyperkalaemia?

  1. ADelta waves before the QRS
  2. BProminent U waves
  3. CTall, peaked T waves
  4. DA sawtooth baseline
10.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸困难

一名哮喘患者的峰流速为其最佳值的 40%,呼吸频率 28 次/分,不能说完整句子。SpO₂ 94%。该次发作应如何分级?

  1. A中度哮喘加重
  2. B急性重度哮喘
  3. C危及生命的哮喘
  4. D濒死性哮喘
11.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏中等

一名原发性肾上腺皮质功能减退的患者发热。关于类固醇替代治疗,通常的病日建议是什么?

  1. A保持常规剂量,暂时避免多喝水
  2. B增加糖皮质激素剂量,常为加倍
  3. C在发热消退前停用类固醇
  4. D将剂量减半以减少副作用
12.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏困难

一名 CKD 患者血红蛋白 92 g/L,开始使用促红细胞生成刺激剂(ESA)。护士应监测什么?

  1. A血糖,因为 ESA 常引起低血糖
  2. B血压和血红蛋白,因为超过目标会增加血栓风险
  3. C听力,因为 ESA 可损伤内耳
  4. D肝酶,因为 ESA 对肝脏有毒性
13.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤中等

PCA 泵的锁定间隔的目的是什么?

  1. A在上一剂尚未起效前阻止新剂量
  2. B阻止患者在夜间获得任何剂量
  3. C锁住泵,使注射器无法更换
  4. D使患者在大剂量之间等待一天
14.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤困难

一名肺癌患者出现面部肿胀、颈静脉怒张,平卧时呼吸困难加重。可能是哪种急症?

  1. A上腔静脉阻塞
  2. B脊髓压迫
  3. C大面积肺栓塞
  4. D恶性肿瘤相关高钙血症

3溶液

1.优先排序与委派

答案: D · Pain out of proportion to the injury that worsens when the toes are stretched

为什么是这个答案

The earliest sign is severe pain that is not relieved by usual analgesia and worsens on passive stretch. Loss of pulse is a late sign, so the nurse reports pain early.

答案

D · Pain out of proportion to the injury that worsens when the toes are stretched
2.优先排序与委派

答案: D · Turn her onto her left side

为什么是这个答案

Lying on the back lets the uterus compress the inferior vena cava, reducing blood return to the heart. Turning to the left side relieves the pressure and restores the blood pressure.

答案

D · Turn her onto her left side
3.感染控制与患者安全

答案: A · Standard precautions

为什么是这个答案

Botulism is caused by a toxin and does not spread from person to person, so standard precautions are used. Suspected cases are reported to public health at once.

答案

A · Standard precautions
4.感染控制与患者安全

答案: C · Into a red outlet connected to the emergency generator

为什么是这个答案

In US hospitals, red outlets are usually connected to the emergency generator. Life-support equipment is plugged into them, and battery backups are checked as part of emergency planning.

答案

C · Into a red outlet connected to the emergency generator
5.实验室检查值与电解质

答案: D · Anti-D immunoglobulin (Rho(D) immune globulin)

为什么是这个答案

An Rh-negative mother can form anti-D antibodies if Rh-positive fetal blood enters her circulation, which can cause hemolytic disease in a later pregnancy. Anti-D immunoglobulin at about 28 weeks and after delivery of an Rh-positive baby prevents this sensitization.核对依据: Red Blood Cell Antibody Screen · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025); Hemolytic disease of the newborn · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)

答案

D · Anti-D immunoglobulin (Rho(D) immune globulin)
6.实验室检查值与电解质

答案: C · "Dried apricots and raisins will be a good snack for me now"

为什么是这个答案

Dried fruits such as apricots and raisins are very high in potassium and should be limited in kidney disease with hyperkalemia. Limiting high-potassium foods, leaching vegetables and reading labels are correct strategies.核对依据: Potassium in diet · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2026); Spironolactone · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2018)

答案

C · "Dried apricots and raisins will be a good snack for me now"
7.临床护理

答案: C · Driven by compressed air, with oxygen given separately if needed

为什么是这个答案

Nebulisers driven by high-flow oxygen can raise PaCO2 in patients at risk. Air-driven nebulisers are used, with supplementary oxygen via nasal cannulae to keep saturation in the target range.

答案

C · Driven by compressed air, with oxygen given separately if needed
8.临床护理

答案: C · "I will only use it when I'm wheezy."

为什么是这个答案

Inhaled corticosteroids must be used regularly to reduce airway inflammation and prevent attacks. The short-acting reliever is used for symptoms.

答案

C · "I will only use it when I'm wheezy."
9.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

答案: C · Tall, peaked T waves

为什么是这个答案

Rising potassium causes tall, tented T waves, then a flattened P wave, a prolonged PR interval and a widening QRS that can progress to ventricular fibrillation or asystole. U waves suggest hypokalaemia; a sawtooth baseline is atrial flutter.

答案

C · Tall, peaked T waves
10.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

答案: B · 急性重度哮喘

为什么是这个答案

在常用指南(如 BTS/SIGN)中,峰流速为最佳值的 33–50%、呼吸频率 25 次/分或以上、心率 110 次/分或以上,或不能说完整句子,提示急性重度哮喘。危及生命的特征包括峰流速低于 33%、SpO₂ 低于 92%、“沉默肺”、发绀、衰竭或意识混乱;濒死性哮喘是指 PaCO₂ 升高或需要通气。

答案

B · 急性重度哮喘
11.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

答案: B · 增加糖皮质激素剂量,常为加倍

为什么是这个答案

患病期间,接受类固醇替代治疗的人需要更多的糖皮质激素。病日规则通常建议发热期间剂量加倍,如果呕吐而无法服药,则使用应急注射用氢化可的松或紧急就医,以预防肾上腺危象。

答案

B · 增加糖皮质激素剂量,常为加倍
12.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

答案: B · 血压和血红蛋白,因为超过目标会增加血栓风险

为什么是这个答案

ESA 可引起高血压,当血红蛋白被提升得过高时,还会增加血栓形成和卒中的风险。血红蛋白应控制在适中的范围(通常约 100–120 g/L)。应检查铁储备,因为缺铁会限制疗效。

答案

B · 血压和血红蛋白,因为超过目标会增加血栓风险
13.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

答案: A · 在上一剂尚未起效前阻止新剂量

为什么是这个答案

每次推注后,泵在设定的时间内(常为 5–10 分钟)忽略进一步的按压,使该剂量有时间起效。这与剂量限制一起降低了过量的风险。

答案

A · 在上一剂尚未起效前阻止新剂量
14.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

答案: A · 上腔静脉阻塞

为什么是这个答案

肿瘤可压迫或侵犯上腔静脉,引起面部和手臂肿胀、胸壁静脉扩张、头痛和呼吸困难。应让患者坐起并紧急评估;治疗包括类固醇、支架置入以及放疗或化疗。

答案

A · 上腔静脉阻塞

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