优先排序与委派
方法
- 问自己:如果什么都不做,什么会最快伤害患者。
- 应用 ABC(心脏骤停时为 C-A-B),然后是 Maslow 需求层次:生理需要先于安全,安全先于心理需要。
- 比较各选项:急性先于慢性,不稳定先于稳定,意外先于预期,全身性先于局部,并将每项发现与患者的基线对照。
- 除非是紧急情况,否则先评估再行动;然后选择其他步骤所依赖的那一步。
- 委派时核对五项正确:任务、情境、人员、指示和监督。评估、宣教和评价仍由注册护士负责。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 14 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
护士应首先看哪位患者?
A patient takes lithium. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
Where should the dispersive (grounding) pad for electrosurgery be placed?
一名患有唇疱疹(herpes labialis)的护士被分配到新生儿室。最恰当的做法是什么?
A patient starts lisinopril (an ACE inhibitor). Which laboratory values should the nurse expect to be monitored?
一名慢性肾脏病患者磷酸盐为 7.2 mg/dL(2.3 mmol/L)。哪项饮食指导最恰当?
Why can a very low serum albumin contribute to oedema?
A nurse teaches a patient with heart failure about self-care. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
为什么吸氧流量低于约 5 L/min 时不应使用简易面罩?
A patient with severe asthma develops a stable narrow-complex tachycardia, and IV adenosine is prescribed. What should the nurse do?
哪项护理措施有助于预防颅内压升高?
一名老年 2 型糖尿病患者血糖 48 mmol/L,渗透压 365 mOsm/kg,无明显酮体,意识混乱。首要任务是什么?
内镜检查前,哪个评分用于评估上消化道出血的风险?
In week 5 of radiotherapy, the skin in the treatment field is broken, moist and painful. What should the nurse do?
答案: C · 一名新出现言语含糊、面部下垂的患者,30 分钟前开始
突然言语含糊和面部下垂提示卒中,治疗取决于时间。其他患者的问题是慢性且稳定的,可以等待。
答案: A · “I will take ibuprofen every day for my headaches.”
NSAIDs such as ibuprofen can raise lithium levels and cause toxicity. Steady fluid and salt intake and regular blood tests help keep levels safe.
答案: D · On clean, dry skin over a well-perfused muscle, close to the surgical site
The pad returns the current safely. Good contact over a well-perfused muscle prevents burns, while bony areas, scars, hair and moisture reduce contact and can cause burns at the pad site.
答案: C · 告知主管,主管可能暂时调整其工作安排
单纯疱疹病毒可在新生儿中引起严重感染。有活动性皮损的工作人员应告知主管并遵循职业健康建议,这通常意味着在皮损愈合前避免接触新生儿和其他高危患者。
答案: D · Potassium and creatinine
ACE inhibitors reduce aldosterone, so potassium can rise, and they lower the filtration pressure in the kidney, so creatinine can rise. Both are checked before and soon after starting or increasing the dose.核对依据: Hyperkalemia · StatPearls (NCBI Bookshelf) (2025)
答案: B · 限制富含磷酸盐的食物,如加工食品和可乐
CKD 中的高磷通过限制磷摄入、随餐服用结合剂和透析来处理。含有磷酸盐添加剂的加工食品、可乐和大量乳制品是主要来源。核对依据: Phosphorus: Tips for People with Chronic Kidney Disease · Indian Health Service (HHS); Phosphorus and Your Kidneys · National Kidney Foundation (2024); Chronic kidney disease · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答案: D · It lowers the oncotic pressure that holds fluid in the blood vessels
Albumin creates oncotic pressure, drawing fluid into the capillaries. When it is low, as in liver disease, nephrotic syndrome or malnutrition, fluid leaks into the tissues.
答案: C · "I only need to weigh myself once a month."
Daily weights at the same time with the same scales detect fluid retention early. A rapid gain, worsening breathlessness or needing more pillows should be reported.
答案: A · 呼出的 CO₂ 会积聚在面罩内并被重复吸入
简易面罩需要约 5–10 L/min 的流量才能把呼出的 CO₂ 冲出面罩。流量较低时,患者可能重复吸入 CO₂;低流量时鼻导管更合适。
答案: B · Question the prescription, as adenosine can cause bronchospasm
Adenosine can trigger severe bronchospasm and is generally avoided in asthma. Alternatives such as verapamil may be used, depending on the patient. The nurse raises the concern with the prescriber before giving it.
答案: A · 预防便秘,并分散安排护理操作
用力排便、咳嗽、长时间吸痰、髋部屈曲、疼痛和躁动都会使颅内压升高。使用大便软化剂、充分镇痛,以及分散安排护理使颅内压能在两次操作之间恢复,有助于使其保持较低水平。
答案: B · 谨慎静脉补液,并密切检查渗透压、血钠和血糖
HHS 首先用静脉补液治疗,单靠补液往往就能降低血糖。渗透压迅速下降有脑水肿风险,所以要逐渐降低。如果有酮体,或补液后血糖不再下降,则以低速率加用胰岛素。由于血栓风险高,VTE 预防很重要。
答案: A · Glasgow-Blatchford 评分
Glasgow-Blatchford 评分使用尿素、血红蛋白、收缩压、脉搏、黑便、晕厥、肝病和心力衰竭,来识别需要干预的患者。完整的 Rockall 评分在内镜检查后使用。
答案: B · Report it, keep it clean and use a non-adherent dressing
Moist desquamation is a more severe radiation skin reaction. The radiotherapy team is informed; the area is kept clean and covered with non-adherent dressings, avoiding adhesive on the skin, and analgesia is given. Infection is watched for.
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