优先排序与委派
方法
- 问自己:如果什么都不做,什么会最快伤害患者。
- 应用 ABC(心脏骤停时为 C-A-B),然后是 Maslow 需求层次:生理需要先于安全,安全先于心理需要。
- 比较各选项:急性先于慢性,不稳定先于稳定,意外先于预期,全身性先于局部,并将每项发现与患者的基线对照。
- 除非是紧急情况,否则先评估再行动;然后选择其他步骤所依赖的那一步。
- 委派时核对五项正确:任务、情境、人员、指示和监督。评估、宣教和评价仍由注册护士负责。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 14 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
A patient with diabetes is unresponsive and has a blood glucose of 40 mg/dL (2.2 mmol/L). What should the nurse do first?
A patient on peritoneal dialysis has cloudy fluid draining out and abdominal pain. What does this most likely mean?
两名感染同一种病原体的患者入院,没有可用的单人间。下列哪项是可接受的做法?
In START triage, a casualty cannot walk and is breathing 36 times a minute. Which category applies?
A patient with acute pancreatitis has muscle twitching and numbness around the mouth. Which laboratory value should the nurse check?
一名心力衰竭患者入院时 BNP 很高,在利尿治疗后正在下降。这最可能说明什么?
一名意识不清的糖尿病患者血糖为 2.1 mmol/L,且没有静脉通路。可以给予什么?
Four call bells ring at the same time. Which patient should the nurse see first?
D-二聚体升高意味着什么?
A patient with a confirmed type A aortic dissection is hypertensive and tachycardic while awaiting surgery. Which drug class is usually given first to lower the heart rate and blood pressure?
哪一组结果最支持 DKA 而不是 HHS?
Three days after a stroke, a patient with dysphagia on a modified diet has a temperature of 38.2 °C (100.8 °F), a respiratory rate of 24/min and crackles at the right lung base. What should the nurse do?
A patient on warfarin is booked for elective surgery with a high bleeding risk. What is usual practice?
对于循环不良患者足跟上稳定、干燥、完整的黑色焦痂,通常推荐哪种处理?
答案: D · Give IV dextrose or glucagon as prescribed
An unconscious patient must not be given anything by mouth because of aspiration risk. IV dextrose or glucagon raises the glucose quickly.
答案: C · Peritonitis, which needs prompt reporting and a fluid sample
Cloudy effluent with abdominal pain is a classic sign of peritonitis, a serious complication of peritoneal dialysis. The nurse reports it and sends a sample as prescribed so antibiotics can start.
答案: B · 根据感染控制建议,将他们安置在同一房间(集中隔离)
单人间不足时,感染同一种病原体(且无其他感染)的患者可以同住一室(集中隔离),并继续执行预防措施。感染控制人员会对此提供建议。
答案: B · Red (immediate)
In START, a non-walking casualty who is breathing more than 30 times a minute is tagged red, immediate. Fast breathing suggests a serious problem that needs urgent treatment.
答案: C · Serum calcium
In severe pancreatitis, fatty acids released from damaged fat bind calcium (saponification), causing hypocalcemia. Twitching and perioral numbness are signs of low calcium, which can progress to tetany and seizures.核对依据: Calcium Blood Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)
答案: A · 心脏的牵拉减轻,与病情改善相符
BNP 下降意味着心室负荷减轻,这与液体状态改善相符。应结合症状、体重和检查来解读。核对依据: Natriuretic Peptide Tests (BNP, NT-proBNP) · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2023); Brain natriuretic peptide test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)
答案: C · 肌内注射胰高血糖素
对意识不清的低血糖患者,口服治疗有误吸风险。肌注胰高血糖素可释放肝糖原;如有静脉通路则静脉给予葡萄糖。
答案: D · A patient who has just become breathless after starting an IV antibiotic
Breathlessness soon after a new IV antibiotic suggests possible anaphylaxis, an airway and breathing emergency. The infusion should be stopped and the patient assessed immediately.
答案: C · 存在纤维蛋白降解,但不能证明有血栓
D-二聚体是纤维蛋白的降解产物。临床可能性低(例如 Wells 评分低)的患者结果正常,有助于排除 DVT 或 PE。许多情况下都会升高,因此需要影像学检查(双功能超声或 CT 肺动脉造影)来确认血栓。
答案: D · An intravenous beta-blocker
In acute dissection, IV beta-blockers are usually given first to reduce heart rate and the rate of rise of pressure, limiting extension of the tear. Vasodilators may follow once the heart rate is controlled. Antiplatelets, anticoagulants and thrombolytics are avoided. Type A dissection needs urgent surgery.
答案: D · 酮体高、pH 低于 7.3、碳酸氢盐低
DKA 的定义是高血糖(或已知糖尿病)、酮血症(例如 >3 mmol/L)和代谢性酸中毒(英国标准为 pH < 7.3 或碳酸氢盐 < 15 mmol/L)。HHS 有极高的血糖和高渗透压(常 > 320 mOsm/kg),酮症很少,也没有明显的酸中毒。
答案: A · Suspect aspiration pneumonia, stop oral intake and escalate for review
These signs suggest aspiration pneumonia, which is a common and serious complication of dysphagia. The patient needs medical review, chest assessment, oxygen if needed, and reassessment of their swallow before eating again.
答案: B · Stop it about 5 days before and check the INR
Warfarin is usually stopped about 5 days before such surgery, and the INR is checked beforehand. Patients at high clotting risk may be given bridging therapy with a heparin, as planned by the team.
答案: A · 保持完整,足跟减压并转诊评估
缺血足跟上稳定、干燥的焦痂起着生物屏障的作用,通常不应清创。应给足跟减压并评估循环。如果它变软、松软、发红或渗液,应怀疑感染并寻求专科评估。
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