优先排序与委派
方法
- 问自己:如果什么都不做,什么会最快伤害患者。
- 应用 ABC(心脏骤停时为 C-A-B),然后是 Maslow 需求层次:生理需要先于安全,安全先于心理需要。
- 比较各选项:急性先于慢性,不稳定先于稳定,意外先于预期,全身性先于局部,并将每项发现与患者的基线对照。
- 除非是紧急情况,否则先评估再行动;然后选择其他步骤所依赖的那一步。
- 委派时核对五项正确:任务、情境、人员、指示和监督。评估、宣教和评价仍由注册护士负责。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 14 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
一名护士要求护理助理“评估患者的疼痛,并决定患者是否需要更多药物”。违反了委派的哪项正确原则?
在 START 分诊中,一名不能行走的成人每分钟呼吸 28 次,没有桡动脉搏动,毛细血管再充盈时间 4 秒。该伤员被归入哪一类?
护理采取空气传播预防的患者后,N95 呼吸器应在何时摘下?
A patient takes medicines prescribed by several providers. Which advice best reduces the risk of medication errors at home?
A patient is starting atorvastatin. Which laboratory test is usually checked at baseline?
A patient with cirrhosis and ascites has fever and abdominal tenderness. The ascitic fluid neutrophil count is 400 cells/mm³. What does this indicate?
Which statement about storing insulin is correct?
In a patient with a head injury, which is usually the earliest sign of rising intracranial pressure?
Which ECG change is classically linked with hyperkalaemia?
心脏手术后一小时,纵隔引流管引出 350 mL 鲜红色血液,心率正在上升。护士应怎么做?
Why should long-term steroid treatment not be stopped suddenly?
一名患者反复出现剧烈头痛、出汗、心悸和极高的血压。应考虑哪种疾病?
Why is pethidine (meperidine) generally avoided for regular pain relief?
Why is folinic acid (leucovorin) given after high-dose methotrexate?
答案: A · 正确的任务
评估患者并决定治疗需要护理判断,因此该任务本身不能委派给辅助人员。助理可以报告患者所说的话,但评估和决定要由 RN 做出。
答案: B · 红色(立即)
低于 30 次/分的频率通过了呼吸检查,但桡动脉搏动消失或毛细血管再充盈超过 2 秒不能通过灌注检查,因此该伤员是立即(红色)。在呼吸检查后就停止是个陷阱。
答案: C · 离开房间并关上门之后
因为传染性颗粒仍留在房间的空气中,所以应在房门关闭后到房间外摘下呼吸器,随后进行手卫生。手套、护目装备和隔离衣应先脱下。
答案: D · Keep one up-to-date list of all medicines and use one pharmacy where possible
A single complete medication list and one pharmacy allow interactions and duplicates to be detected. The list, including over-the-counter drugs and supplements, is shown at every visit.
答案: B · Liver enzymes
Statins can raise liver enzymes, so a baseline ALT is usually checked, with a lipid panel to judge response. Routine repeat liver tests are not always needed, but symptoms of liver injury or muscle pain should be reported.核对依据: Statins · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答案: A · Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
An ascitic neutrophil count of 250 cells/mm³ or more indicates spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, which is treated with antibiotics. It can occur without classic signs, so new confusion or worsening kidney function in cirrhosis should also prompt a diagnostic paracentesis.核对依据: Ascites · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024); Peritonitis · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2026)
答案: A · Unopened insulin is kept in the fridge and must not be frozen
Unopened insulin is refrigerated; in-use pens or vials are usually kept at room temperature for a limited time stated by the manufacturer. Frozen or overheated insulin must be discarded.
答案: A · A change in level of consciousness
Subtle changes in consciousness, such as restlessness, confusion or a falling GCS, are often the first signs. Pupil changes and Cushing's triad (hypertension, bradycardia, irregular breathing) are late signs.
答案: B · Tall, peaked T waves
Rising potassium causes tall, tented T waves, then a flattened P wave, a prolonged PR interval and a widening QRS that can progress to ventricular fibrillation or asystole. U waves suggest hypokalaemia; a sawtooth baseline is atrial flutter.
答案: B · 立即报告外科团队
引流量超过约 100–200 mL/h(或突然大量新鲜血液),尤其是伴有心动过速或低血压时,可能提示外科出血,需要紧急评估。夹闭管路可能导致心脏压塞。引流突然停止并伴有血压下降,也可能提示压塞。
答案: C · The suppressed adrenal glands cannot make enough cortisol at once
Long-term glucocorticoids suppress ACTH, and the adrenal glands shrink. Stopping abruptly can cause adrenal insufficiency or crisis. Doses are reduced gradually so the glands can recover.
答案: B · 嗜铬细胞瘤
嗜铬细胞瘤是分泌儿茶酚胺的肿瘤,通常位于肾上腺髓质。引起阵发性高血压、头痛、出汗和心动过速。手术前,必须先开始 α 受体阻滞,然后才能使用任何 β 受体阻滞剂,因为单用 β 受体阻滞可引起高血压危象。
答案: D · A metabolite can build up and cause seizures
Pethidine's metabolite norpethidine accumulates with repeated doses or kidney impairment and can cause agitation, tremor and seizures. Other opioids are preferred.
答案: B · To rescue normal cells from methotrexate toxicity
Methotrexate inhibits dihydrofolate reductase. Timed folinic acid bypasses this block in normal cells, reducing toxicity such as mucositis and myelosuppression, while methotrexate levels and kidney function are monitored.
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