优先排序与委派
方法
- 问自己:如果什么都不做,什么会最快伤害患者。
- 应用 ABC(心脏骤停时为 C-A-B),然后是 Maslow 需求层次:生理需要先于安全,安全先于心理需要。
- 比较各选项:急性先于慢性,不稳定先于稳定,意外先于预期,全身性先于局部,并将每项发现与患者的基线对照。
- 除非是紧急情况,否则先评估再行动;然后选择其他步骤所依赖的那一步。
- 委派时核对五项正确:任务、情境、人员、指示和监督。评估、宣教和评价仍由注册护士负责。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 14 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
A child with fever and headache develops a purple rash that does not fade when pressed with a glass. What should the nurse do?
Two patients on the unit have the same surname. What should the nurse do before giving a medication?
患者的身份腕带丢失,而有一种药物到了给药时间。护士应怎么做?
下列哪组病原体与其基于传播途径的预防措施的搭配是正确的?
An older adult with chronic kidney disease takes glyburide (glibenclamide, a sulfonylurea) and has repeated low glucose readings. Why is this a concern?
A patient with sepsis has the following new results. Which set best shows organ dysfunction?
Which is a first-line nursing measure to help prevent constipation in hospital?
A patient on metformin with reduced kidney function is due a CT scan with IV contrast. Why might metformin be withheld?
为什么缺血性心脏病患者不应突然停用 β 受体阻滞剂?
A patient with life-threatening asthma has not responded to repeated nebulised salbutamol (albuterol), ipratropium and steroids. Which drug is commonly given intravenously next?
一名原发性肾上腺皮质功能减退的患者发热。关于类固醇替代治疗,通常的病日建议是什么?
A patient with Addison's disease has been vomiting for a day. They are confused, with BP 78/40 mmHg, sodium 126 mmol/L and potassium 6.0 mmol/L. What is the priority?
关于轻症急性胰腺炎的喂养,下列哪项说法符合目前的指南?
A patient with diabetes on continuous enteral feeding and an insulin regimen has the feed stopped for a procedure. What is the main concern?
答案: B · Treat it as an emergency and escalate at once
A non-blanching rash with fever can be a sign of meningococcal septicemia, which can progress within hours. Urgent escalation for antibiotics and supportive care is needed.
答案: C · Check two identifiers against the wristband and the medication record
The nurse uses at least two identifiers, such as full name and date of birth, checked against the wristband and record. Open questions (“Please tell me your name”) are safer than yes/no questions.
答案: B · 先用两项识别信息确认身份,并重新戴上新腕带
每次给药都需要确认身份。护士用两项识别信息确认患者身份后,更换腕带。熟悉程度和房间号都不是可接受的识别信息。
答案: C · 腮腺炎——飞沫传播预防
腮腺炎通过呼吸道飞沫传播,因此采用飞沫传播预防。麻疹为空气传播,C. difficile 需要接触传播预防,流感需要飞沫传播预防。
答案: A · The drug and its metabolites build up and cause long lows
Glyburide and its active metabolites are cleared by the kidneys, so they accumulate in CKD and can cause severe, prolonged hypoglycemia. Older adults are at greater risk. The prescriber is informed, and a different drug is usually chosen.
答案: C · Platelets 70 × 10³/µL, creatinine doubled, bilirubin raised
In sepsis, falling platelets (coagulation), a rising creatinine (kidney) and a raised bilirubin (liver) show organ dysfunction, which indicates severe disease. The other sets are normal or near normal.核对依据: Bacterial Sepsis · StatPearls (NCBI Bookshelf) (2023); Laboratory Evaluation of Sepsis · StatPearls (NCBI Bookshelf) (2023)
答案: B · Encouraging fluids, fibre and mobility
Adequate fluids, a fibre-rich diet, mobility and privacy for toileting help prevent constipation. Laxatives are added if needed, especially with opioids.
答案: A · There is a risk of lactic acidosis if kidney function worsens
Iodinated contrast can worsen kidney function, and metformin can then accumulate and cause lactic acidosis. Local policy guides when to stop and restart it.
答案: A · 反跳性心动过速和高血压可诱发心绞痛或心肌梗死
长期 β 受体阻滞会使 β 受体的数量增多、敏感性增强。突然停药使它们暴露于正常水平的肾上腺素,可引起反跳性心动过速、高血压和心肌缺血。应逐渐减量。
答案: B · Magnesium sulfate
A single dose of IV magnesium sulfate is recommended in acute severe or life-threatening asthma that does not respond to initial treatment. Senior and critical care help is called early. Sedatives and beta-blockers are dangerous in acute asthma.
答案: C · 增加糖皮质激素剂量,常为加倍
患病期间,接受类固醇替代治疗的人需要更多的糖皮质激素。病日规则通常建议发热期间剂量加倍,如果呕吐而无法服药,则使用应急注射用氢化可的松或紧急就医,以预防肾上腺危象。
答案: D · IV hydrocortisone straight away, plus IV fluids
An adrenal crisis is life-threatening. IV or IM hydrocortisone is given immediately, without waiting for tests, together with IV saline and checks of glucose and electrolytes. Vomiting prevents tablets from being absorbed.
答案: B · 一旦疼痛和恶心允许,可尽早恢复经口进食
与长时间禁食或肠外营养相比,早期经口或肠内喂养有助于维持肠屏障并减少感染。在轻症胰腺炎中,通常一旦耐受就恢复低脂饮食;不必等酶水平先恢复正常。
答案: A · Hypoglycaemia if insulin continues without the feed
When feed stops but insulin continues, blood glucose can fall sharply. The insulin plan is reviewed with the team, glucose is checked frequently, and a glucose infusion may be needed.
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