NCLEX 风格的优先排序与委派:速成包

公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 14 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。

新题目返回课程

在打印窗口中选择“另存为 PDF”,即可在设备上保存一份副本。

1公式与方法

优先排序与委派

方法

  1. 问自己:如果什么都不做,什么会最快伤害患者。
  2. 应用 ABC(心脏骤停时为 C-A-B),然后是 Maslow 需求层次:生理需要先于安全,安全先于心理需要。
  3. 比较各选项:急性先于慢性,不稳定先于稳定,意外先于预期,全身性先于局部,并将每项发现与患者的基线对照。
  4. 除非是紧急情况,否则先评估再行动;然后选择其他步骤所依赖的那一步。
  5. 委派时核对五项正确:任务、情境、人员、指示和监督。评估、宣教和评价仍由注册护士负责。

感染控制与患者安全

方法

  1. 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
  2. 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
  3. 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
  4. 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
  5. 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。

实验室检查值与电解质

方法

  1. 把数值与本实验室自己的参考范围比较,再与患者的基线和趋势比较。
  2. 检查标本:溶血、延迟,或在静脉输液附近采血都可能得出错误结果。
  3. 把数值与其典型体征以及引起它的药物和疾病联系起来。
  4. 注意相互作用:低钾或低镁会增加地高辛中毒的风险;脱水会使锂浓度升高。
  5. 对患者采取行动:评估,血药浓度不安全时暂停用药,复述危急值并通知开医嘱的医生。

内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

方法

  1. 说出问题所在:泵衰竭、动脉阻塞、节律、血栓、气道狭窄、感染或设备问题。
  2. 先检查危险征象:低氧、低血压、胸痛、新出现的意识模糊、冰冷无脉搏的肢体。
  3. 让氧疗与患者相匹配:大多数人为 94–98%,有 CO₂ 潴留风险者为 88–92%。
  4. 把每种药物与其检测和风险联系起来:华法林与 INR,肝素与 aPTT 和血小板,利尿剂与血钾。
  5. 选择安全的第一步措施,然后升级处理并重新评估。

内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

方法

  1. 对每位新出现意识模糊、乏力或癫痫发作的患者都检查血糖。
  2. 把意识水平作为脑部问题最早的警示;瞳孔变化和库欣三联征出现得较晚。
  3. 对于糖尿病急症,要区分 DKA(酮体、酸中毒)和 HHS(渗透压很高、脱水);先补液。
  4. 对于钠和水,要判断是 ADH 过多(SIADH)还是缺乏(尿崩症),并缓慢纠正慢性变化。
  5. 对于肾脏问题,把原因分为肾前性、肾性或肾后性,并监测血钾和液体。

内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

方法

  1. 想一想可能隐藏着什么:内出血、无发热的感染、SpO₂ 正常背后的通气不足。
  2. 利用术后的时间来缩小并发症的范围:出血在数小时内,胸部问题在数天内,伤口和吻合口漏出现得更晚。
  3. 对于疼痛,要评估、用多模式镇痛治疗、重新评估,并且在每次使用阿片类药物时监测镇静程度。
  4. 对于癌症患者,把低谷期的任何疾病都当作中性粒细胞减少性脓毒症处理,并了解肿瘤急症。
  5. 对于烧伤,只计算浅二度/深二度和三度的面积,从烧伤的时刻开始计算 Parkland 时间,并根据尿量调整。

2练习题

1.优先排序与委派中等

A child with fever and headache develops a purple rash that does not fade when pressed with a glass. What should the nurse do?

  1. AGive acetaminophen (paracetamol) and reassess in four hours
  2. BTreat it as an emergency and escalate at once
  3. CAdvise the family to see their doctor next week
  4. DApply a soothing cream to the rash
2.优先排序与委派困难

Two patients on the unit have the same surname. What should the nurse do before giving a medication?

  1. AAsk the patient, “Are you Mr Smith?” and give the drug once he says yes
  2. BUse the room number as the main identifier
  3. CCheck two identifiers against the wristband and the medication record
  4. DAsk a nursing assistant which patient is which
3.感染控制与患者安全中等

患者的身份腕带丢失,而有一种药物到了给药时间。护士应怎么做?

  1. A用房间号和床号确认身份
  2. B先用两项识别信息确认身份,并重新戴上新腕带
  3. C直接给药,因为护士昨天就认识这位患者
  4. D跳过该药,等到第二天
4.感染控制与患者安全困难

下列哪组病原体与其基于传播途径的预防措施的搭配是正确的?

  1. AC. difficile——空气传播预防
  2. B麻疹——仅接触传播预防
  3. C腮腺炎——飞沫传播预防
  4. D流感——仅空气传播预防
5.实验室检查值与电解质中等

An older adult with chronic kidney disease takes glyburide (glibenclamide, a sulfonylurea) and has repeated low glucose readings. Why is this a concern?

  1. AThe drug and its metabolites build up and cause long lows
  2. BThe drug stops working entirely when the kidneys fail
  3. CThe drug makes the glucose meter read falsely low
  4. DThe drug causes high potassium that lowers the glucose
6.实验室检查值与电解质困难

A patient with sepsis has the following new results. Which set best shows organ dysfunction?

  1. ACalcium 9.4 mg/dL, phosphate 3.5 mg/dL, magnesium 1.9 mEq/L
  2. BWBC 11.5 × 10³/µL, potassium 4.2 mEq/L, albumin 3.8 g/dL
  3. CPlatelets 70 × 10³/µL, creatinine doubled, bilirubin raised
  4. DHemoglobin 12.5 g/dL, sodium 138 mEq/L, glucose 105 mg/dL
7.临床护理中等

Which is a first-line nursing measure to help prevent constipation in hospital?

  1. AKeeping the patient in bed
  2. BEncouraging fluids, fibre and mobility
  3. CRestricting fluids to reduce urine output
  4. DGiving an enema to every patient on admission
8.临床护理困难

A patient on metformin with reduced kidney function is due a CT scan with IV contrast. Why might metformin be withheld?

  1. AThere is a risk of lactic acidosis if kidney function worsens
  2. BMetformin reacts with the contrast to cause severe hyperglycaemia
  3. CMetformin causes severe bleeding during scans
  4. DMetformin makes the images blurry
9.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸中等

为什么缺血性心脏病患者不应突然停用 β 受体阻滞剂?

  1. A反跳性心动过速和高血压可诱发心绞痛或心肌梗死
  2. B药物会在组织中储存数月
  3. C突然停药会引起严重而持久的低血糖
  4. D停药后心率会永久性变慢
10.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸困难

A patient with life-threatening asthma has not responded to repeated nebulised salbutamol (albuterol), ipratropium and steroids. Which drug is commonly given intravenously next?

  1. AMetoprolol
  2. BMagnesium sulfate
  3. CMorphine
  4. DIntravenous furosemide
11.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏中等

一名原发性肾上腺皮质功能减退的患者发热。关于类固醇替代治疗,通常的病日建议是什么?

  1. A将剂量减半以减少副作用
  2. B保持常规剂量,暂时避免多喝水
  3. C增加糖皮质激素剂量,常为加倍
  4. D在发热消退前停用类固醇
12.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏困难

A patient with Addison's disease has been vomiting for a day. They are confused, with BP 78/40 mmHg, sodium 126 mmol/L and potassium 6.0 mmol/L. What is the priority?

  1. AA fluid restriction for the low sodium
  2. BIV potassium to correct the electrolytes
  3. COral hydrocortisone and an antiemetic by mouth
  4. DIV hydrocortisone straight away, plus IV fluids
13.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤中等

关于轻症急性胰腺炎的喂养,下列哪项说法符合目前的指南?

  1. A患者只应接受肠外营养
  2. B一旦疼痛和恶心允许,可尽早恢复经口进食
  3. C在淀粉酶恢复正常之前不进食
  4. D患者必须禁食至少三周以让胰腺休息
14.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤困难

A patient with diabetes on continuous enteral feeding and an insulin regimen has the feed stopped for a procedure. What is the main concern?

  1. AHypoglycaemia if insulin continues without the feed
  2. BRefeeding syndrome from too much glucose
  3. CHyperglycaemia because the stomach is empty
  4. DDiarrhoea from stopping the feed suddenly

3溶液

1.优先排序与委派

答案: B · Treat it as an emergency and escalate at once

为什么是这个答案

A non-blanching rash with fever can be a sign of meningococcal septicemia, which can progress within hours. Urgent escalation for antibiotics and supportive care is needed.

答案

B · Treat it as an emergency and escalate at once
2.优先排序与委派

答案: C · Check two identifiers against the wristband and the medication record

为什么是这个答案

The nurse uses at least two identifiers, such as full name and date of birth, checked against the wristband and record. Open questions (“Please tell me your name”) are safer than yes/no questions.

答案

C · Check two identifiers against the wristband and the medication record
3.感染控制与患者安全

答案: B · 先用两项识别信息确认身份,并重新戴上新腕带

为什么是这个答案

每次给药都需要确认身份。护士用两项识别信息确认患者身份后,更换腕带。熟悉程度和房间号都不是可接受的识别信息。

答案

B · 先用两项识别信息确认身份,并重新戴上新腕带
4.感染控制与患者安全

答案: C · 腮腺炎——飞沫传播预防

为什么是这个答案

腮腺炎通过呼吸道飞沫传播,因此采用飞沫传播预防。麻疹为空气传播,C. difficile 需要接触传播预防,流感需要飞沫传播预防。

答案

C · 腮腺炎——飞沫传播预防
5.实验室检查值与电解质

答案: A · The drug and its metabolites build up and cause long lows

为什么是这个答案

Glyburide and its active metabolites are cleared by the kidneys, so they accumulate in CKD and can cause severe, prolonged hypoglycemia. Older adults are at greater risk. The prescriber is informed, and a different drug is usually chosen.

答案

A · The drug and its metabolites build up and cause long lows
6.实验室检查值与电解质

答案: C · Platelets 70 × 10³/µL, creatinine doubled, bilirubin raised

为什么是这个答案

In sepsis, falling platelets (coagulation), a rising creatinine (kidney) and a raised bilirubin (liver) show organ dysfunction, which indicates severe disease. The other sets are normal or near normal.核对依据: Bacterial Sepsis · StatPearls (NCBI Bookshelf) (2023); Laboratory Evaluation of Sepsis · StatPearls (NCBI Bookshelf) (2023)

答案

C · Platelets 70 × 10³/µL, creatinine doubled, bilirubin raised
7.临床护理

答案: B · Encouraging fluids, fibre and mobility

为什么是这个答案

Adequate fluids, a fibre-rich diet, mobility and privacy for toileting help prevent constipation. Laxatives are added if needed, especially with opioids.

答案

B · Encouraging fluids, fibre and mobility
8.临床护理

答案: A · There is a risk of lactic acidosis if kidney function worsens

为什么是这个答案

Iodinated contrast can worsen kidney function, and metformin can then accumulate and cause lactic acidosis. Local policy guides when to stop and restart it.

答案

A · There is a risk of lactic acidosis if kidney function worsens
9.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

答案: A · 反跳性心动过速和高血压可诱发心绞痛或心肌梗死

为什么是这个答案

长期 β 受体阻滞会使 β 受体的数量增多、敏感性增强。突然停药使它们暴露于正常水平的肾上腺素,可引起反跳性心动过速、高血压和心肌缺血。应逐渐减量。

答案

A · 反跳性心动过速和高血压可诱发心绞痛或心肌梗死
10.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

答案: B · Magnesium sulfate

为什么是这个答案

A single dose of IV magnesium sulfate is recommended in acute severe or life-threatening asthma that does not respond to initial treatment. Senior and critical care help is called early. Sedatives and beta-blockers are dangerous in acute asthma.

答案

B · Magnesium sulfate
11.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

答案: C · 增加糖皮质激素剂量,常为加倍

为什么是这个答案

患病期间,接受类固醇替代治疗的人需要更多的糖皮质激素。病日规则通常建议发热期间剂量加倍,如果呕吐而无法服药,则使用应急注射用氢化可的松或紧急就医,以预防肾上腺危象。

答案

C · 增加糖皮质激素剂量,常为加倍
12.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

答案: D · IV hydrocortisone straight away, plus IV fluids

为什么是这个答案

An adrenal crisis is life-threatening. IV or IM hydrocortisone is given immediately, without waiting for tests, together with IV saline and checks of glucose and electrolytes. Vomiting prevents tablets from being absorbed.

答案

D · IV hydrocortisone straight away, plus IV fluids
13.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

答案: B · 一旦疼痛和恶心允许,可尽早恢复经口进食

为什么是这个答案

与长时间禁食或肠外营养相比,早期经口或肠内喂养有助于维持肠屏障并减少感染。在轻症胰腺炎中,通常一旦耐受就恢复低脂饮食;不必等酶水平先恢复正常。

答案

B · 一旦疼痛和恶心允许,可尽早恢复经口进食
14.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

答案: A · Hypoglycaemia if insulin continues without the feed

为什么是这个答案

When feed stops but insulin continues, blood glucose can fall sharply. The insulin plan is reviewed with the team, glucose is checked frequently, and a glucose infusion may be needed.

答案

A · Hypoglycaemia if insulin continues without the feed

本内容为独立练习材料。ExamProblems 与该考试的主办机构没有隶属关系,也未获其认可,考试名称仅用于描述内容。 NCLEX®, NCLEX-RN® and NCLEX-PN® 是 the National Council of State Boards of Nursing, Inc. (NCSBN) 的商标,该机构与 ExamProblems 无关,不为其背书,也不保证其准确性。

ExamProblems · examproblems.com/courses/nclex-style-prioritization-and-delegation