优先排序与委派
方法
- 问自己:如果什么都不做,什么会最快伤害患者。
- 应用 ABC(心脏骤停时为 C-A-B),然后是 Maslow 需求层次:生理需要先于安全,安全先于心理需要。
- 比较各选项:急性先于慢性,不稳定先于稳定,意外先于预期,全身性先于局部,并将每项发现与患者的基线对照。
- 除非是紧急情况,否则先评估再行动;然后选择其他步骤所依赖的那一步。
- 委派时核对五项正确:任务、情境、人员、指示和监督。评估、宣教和评价仍由注册护士负责。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 14 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
A patient coughs hard after abdominal surgery, and loops of bowel appear through the opened wound. What does the nurse do first?
一名患者正通过中心静脉导管接受肠外营养。哪项发现需要立即处理?
A nurse has just given an intramuscular injection with a safety needle. What should the nurse do next with the needle?
入院时,患者的居家用药清单中有一种抗凝药,没有出现在新的住院医嘱中。护士应怎么做?
When blood is drawn from a central venous catheter, why is a small volume of blood usually discarded first, according to policy?
A patient has fever, chills, flank pain and costovertebral angle tenderness. Urinalysis shows many white cells and white cell casts. Which condition is most likely?
一名老年患者在病房中跌倒风险很高。哪项护理措施最恰当?
一名髋部骨折的老年患者在受伤两天后出现气短、意识混乱,胸部有瘀点状皮疹。应怀疑哪种并发症?
A patient on furosemide has a serum potassium of 3.0 mmol/L (3.0 mEq/L). Which symptoms may this cause?
The monitor shows a regular broad-complex tachycardia at 180/min. The patient is alert with BP 126/78 mmHg and no chest pain. What is the most appropriate plan?
Why might a patient taking a beta-blocker not notice a hypoglycaemic episode?
A patient with nephrotic syndrome suddenly has loin pain, blood in the urine and a rise in creatinine. What is a likely cause?
Which neutrophil count indicates severe neutropenia?
烧伤复苏期间,一名体重 80 kg 的成人尿量连续 2 小时为 15 mL/h。这提示什么?
答案: B · Cover the wound with sterile dressings moistened with saline
Evisceration is a surgical emergency. The nurse covers the organs with sterile saline-moistened dressings, stays with the patient, positions them to reduce strain and calls the surgeon at once.
答案: B · 输注意外中断后出现出汗、颤抖,血糖 62 mg/dL(3.4 mmol/L)
肠外营养含有大量葡萄糖,身体会以高胰岛素水平作出反应。如果输注突然中断,可能随后出现反跳性低血糖。护士应按规程处理低血糖,通知医疗人员,并遵循输注中断的政策。血糖轻度升高、敷料完整和体重小幅变化是预期的或轻微的。
答案: C · Activate the safety device and drop it into a sharps container at once
Used needles are never recapped with two hands, bent or left lying around. The safety feature is activated straight away and the needle goes into a puncture-resistant sharps container at the point of use.
答案: A · 与开医嘱者澄清这一不一致
居家用药与住院医嘱之间无法解释的差异,可能是遗漏,也可能是有意更改。护士应询问开医嘱者,使决定明确并有记录。无意中遗漏抗凝药可能导致血栓。
答案: D · To avoid diluting the sample with flush or infusion fluid
Central lines contain flush solution or infused fluids, which can dilute the sample or add glucose, heparin or electrolytes. Infusions are paused and an initial volume is discarded (or reinfused per policy) before the sample is drawn; then the line is flushed.
答案: A · Acute pyelonephritis
White cell casts show that the inflammation is in the kidney itself, not just the bladder. With fever and flank pain this indicates pyelonephritis. Glomerulonephritis typically causes red cell casts, and nephrotic syndrome causes heavy protein loss.
答案: C · 把呼叫铃和个人物品放在伸手可及处,并复核引起嗜睡的药物
预防跌倒包括评估危险因素、复核镇静类药物、提供眼镜、合适的鞋和助行器、把必需品放在伸手可及处以及协助如厕。
答案: D · 脂肪栓塞综合征
脂肪栓塞通常在长骨或骨盆骨折后 24–72 小时出现,表现为呼吸窘迫、神经系统改变和瘀点状皮疹三联征。
答案: C · Muscle weakness, cramps and an irregular pulse
The adult reference range is about 3.5–5.0 mmol/L, so 3.0 mmol/L is low. Hypokalaemia causes weakness, cramps, constipation and arrhythmias, with flattened T waves and U waves on the ECG. Tingling lips and hand spasm suggest low calcium.
答案: D · Record a 12-lead ECG, call senior help and anticipate an antiarrhythmic
A broad-complex tachycardia is treated as ventricular tachycardia until proven otherwise. With a pulse and no adverse features (shock, syncope, chest pain or heart failure), a 12-lead ECG, electrolyte correction and drug treatment such as amiodarone are used, with expert help. Unstable patients need synchronised cardioversion; pulseless VT is defibrillated.
答案: C · Beta-blockers can mask the tremor and racing heart of a hypo
Beta-blockers blunt adrenergic warning symptoms such as palpitations and tremor. Sweating is often preserved. Patients should check their glucose when they feel unwell, rather than relying on symptoms alone.
答案: B · Renal vein thrombosis
Loss of anticoagulant proteins in nephrotic syndrome raises the risk of thrombosis, including in the renal vein. This can cause loin pain, haematuria and worse kidney function. Imaging and anticoagulation are needed.
答案: A · Below 0.5 × 109/L
A neutrophil count below 0.5 × 109/L (500/mm³) is severe neutropenia, with a high risk of life-threatening infection. Fever in this setting is treated as neutropenic sepsis.
答案: B · 复苏不足;通常需要加快补液速度
成人通常的目标是约 0.5 mL/kg/h(此例为 40 mL/h)。15 mL/h 的尿量提示肾灌注不足,检查导尿管后按医嘱加快补液速度。过多的液体同样有害,会引起水肿和骨筋膜室综合征,因此公式只是起点。
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