NCLEX 风格的优先排序与委派:速成包

公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 14 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。

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1公式与方法

优先排序与委派

方法

  1. 问自己:如果什么都不做,什么会最快伤害患者。
  2. 应用 ABC(心脏骤停时为 C-A-B),然后是 Maslow 需求层次:生理需要先于安全,安全先于心理需要。
  3. 比较各选项:急性先于慢性,不稳定先于稳定,意外先于预期,全身性先于局部,并将每项发现与患者的基线对照。
  4. 除非是紧急情况,否则先评估再行动;然后选择其他步骤所依赖的那一步。
  5. 委派时核对五项正确:任务、情境、人员、指示和监督。评估、宣教和评价仍由注册护士负责。

感染控制与患者安全

方法

  1. 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
  2. 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
  3. 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
  4. 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
  5. 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。

实验室检查值与电解质

方法

  1. 把数值与本实验室自己的参考范围比较,再与患者的基线和趋势比较。
  2. 检查标本:溶血、延迟,或在静脉输液附近采血都可能得出错误结果。
  3. 把数值与其典型体征以及引起它的药物和疾病联系起来。
  4. 注意相互作用:低钾或低镁会增加地高辛中毒的风险;脱水会使锂浓度升高。
  5. 对患者采取行动:评估,血药浓度不安全时暂停用药,复述危急值并通知开医嘱的医生。

内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

方法

  1. 说出问题所在:泵衰竭、动脉阻塞、节律、血栓、气道狭窄、感染或设备问题。
  2. 先检查危险征象:低氧、低血压、胸痛、新出现的意识模糊、冰冷无脉搏的肢体。
  3. 让氧疗与患者相匹配:大多数人为 94–98%,有 CO₂ 潴留风险者为 88–92%。
  4. 把每种药物与其检测和风险联系起来:华法林与 INR,肝素与 aPTT 和血小板,利尿剂与血钾。
  5. 选择安全的第一步措施,然后升级处理并重新评估。

内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

方法

  1. 对每位新出现意识模糊、乏力或癫痫发作的患者都检查血糖。
  2. 把意识水平作为脑部问题最早的警示;瞳孔变化和库欣三联征出现得较晚。
  3. 对于糖尿病急症,要区分 DKA(酮体、酸中毒)和 HHS(渗透压很高、脱水);先补液。
  4. 对于钠和水,要判断是 ADH 过多(SIADH)还是缺乏(尿崩症),并缓慢纠正慢性变化。
  5. 对于肾脏问题,把原因分为肾前性、肾性或肾后性,并监测血钾和液体。

内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

方法

  1. 想一想可能隐藏着什么:内出血、无发热的感染、SpO₂ 正常背后的通气不足。
  2. 利用术后的时间来缩小并发症的范围:出血在数小时内,胸部问题在数天内,伤口和吻合口漏出现得更晚。
  3. 对于疼痛,要评估、用多模式镇痛治疗、重新评估,并且在每次使用阿片类药物时监测镇静程度。
  4. 对于癌症患者,把低谷期的任何疾病都当作中性粒细胞减少性脓毒症处理,并了解肿瘤急症。
  5. 对于烧伤,只计算浅二度/深二度和三度的面积,从烧伤的时刻开始计算 Parkland 时间,并根据尿量调整。

2练习题

1.优先排序与委派中等

A patient coughs hard after abdominal surgery, and loops of bowel appear through the opened wound. What does the nurse do first?

  1. APush the bowel gently back into the abdomen with a gloved hand
  2. BCover the wound with sterile dressings moistened with saline
  3. CHelp the patient walk to the toilet to relieve abdominal pressure
  4. DLeave the wound uncovered so the surgeon can see it on arrival
2.优先排序与委派困难

一名患者正通过中心静脉导管接受肠外营养。哪项发现需要立即处理?

  1. A导管上的敷料干燥完整
  2. B输注意外中断后出现出汗、颤抖,血糖 62 mg/dL(3.4 mmol/L)
  3. C输注过程中血糖 150 mg/dL(8.3 mmol/L)
  4. D自昨天起体重增加 0.2 kg
3.感染控制与患者安全中等

A nurse has just given an intramuscular injection with a safety needle. What should the nurse do next with the needle?

  1. ARecap it carefully with both hands and dispose of it after the drug round
  2. BBend the needle to make it unusable, then discard it
  3. CActivate the safety device and drop it into a sharps container at once
  4. DLay it on the medication tray and discard it later
4.感染控制与患者安全困难

入院时,患者的居家用药清单中有一种抗凝药,没有出现在新的住院医嘱中。护士应怎么做?

  1. A与开医嘱者澄清这一不一致
  2. B告诉患者偷偷服用自己带来的药
  3. C忽略,因为医院医嘱会取代居家用药
  4. D没有医嘱就给予居家剂量
5.实验室检查值与电解质中等

When blood is drawn from a central venous catheter, why is a small volume of blood usually discarded first, according to policy?

  1. ATo lower the patient's hemoglobin for a blood transfusion
  2. BTo remove blood clots that form in all central lines
  3. CTo check that the catheter tip is still in the right vein
  4. DTo avoid diluting the sample with flush or infusion fluid
6.实验室检查值与电解质困难

A patient has fever, chills, flank pain and costovertebral angle tenderness. Urinalysis shows many white cells and white cell casts. Which condition is most likely?

  1. AAcute pyelonephritis
  2. BSimple cystitis
  3. CNephrotic syndrome
  4. DGlomerulonephritis
7.临床护理中等

一名老年患者在病房中跌倒风险很高。哪项护理措施最恰当?

  1. A始终让患者卧床
  2. B摘掉患者的眼镜以防摔坏
  3. C把呼叫铃和个人物品放在伸手可及处,并复核引起嗜睡的药物
  4. D对每位患者都自动使用床栏
8.临床护理困难

一名髋部骨折的老年患者在受伤两天后出现气短、意识混乱,胸部有瘀点状皮疹。应怀疑哪种并发症?

  1. A骨筋膜室综合征
  2. B压力性损伤
  3. C尿路感染
  4. D脂肪栓塞综合征
9.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸中等

A patient on furosemide has a serum potassium of 3.0 mmol/L (3.0 mEq/L). Which symptoms may this cause?

  1. ASevere headache and a stiff neck
  2. BTingling around the lips and painful spasm of the hands
  3. CMuscle weakness, cramps and an irregular pulse
  4. DFacial flushing, fever and a skin rash
10.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸困难

The monitor shows a regular broad-complex tachycardia at 180/min. The patient is alert with BP 126/78 mmHg and no chest pain. What is the most appropriate plan?

  1. ADeliver an unsynchronised shock immediately, before any other assessment
  2. BStart chest compressions straight away and give a dose of IV adrenaline
  3. CReassure the patient, as this is a normal rhythm
  4. DRecord a 12-lead ECG, call senior help and anticipate an antiarrhythmic
11.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏中等

Why might a patient taking a beta-blocker not notice a hypoglycaemic episode?

  1. ABeta-blockers block the effect of all diabetes medicines
  2. BBeta-blockers make the patient sleep through every hypo
  3. CBeta-blockers can mask the tremor and racing heart of a hypo
  4. DBeta-blockers raise blood glucose, so hypos cannot happen
12.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏困难

A patient with nephrotic syndrome suddenly has loin pain, blood in the urine and a rise in creatinine. What is a likely cause?

  1. ANormal fluctuation in the disease
  2. BRenal vein thrombosis
  3. CToo much dietary protein
  4. DA simple bladder infection
13.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤中等

Which neutrophil count indicates severe neutropenia?

  1. ABelow 0.5 × 109/L
  2. BAbove 10 × 109/L
  3. CAbove 2.0 × 109/L
  4. DBelow 7.5 × 109/L
14.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤困难

烧伤复苏期间,一名体重 80 kg 的成人尿量连续 2 小时为 15 mL/h。这提示什么?

  1. A液体过多;现在应停止所有静脉补液
  2. B复苏不足;通常需要加快补液速度
  3. C导尿管堵塞,直接拔掉即可
  4. D烧伤患者的正常尿量

3溶液

1.优先排序与委派

答案: B · Cover the wound with sterile dressings moistened with saline

为什么是这个答案

Evisceration is a surgical emergency. The nurse covers the organs with sterile saline-moistened dressings, stays with the patient, positions them to reduce strain and calls the surgeon at once.

答案

B · Cover the wound with sterile dressings moistened with saline
2.优先排序与委派

答案: B · 输注意外中断后出现出汗、颤抖,血糖 62 mg/dL(3.4 mmol/L)

为什么是这个答案

肠外营养含有大量葡萄糖,身体会以高胰岛素水平作出反应。如果输注突然中断,可能随后出现反跳性低血糖。护士应按规程处理低血糖,通知医疗人员,并遵循输注中断的政策。血糖轻度升高、敷料完整和体重小幅变化是预期的或轻微的。

答案

B · 输注意外中断后出现出汗、颤抖,血糖 62 mg/dL(3.4 mmol/L)
3.感染控制与患者安全

答案: C · Activate the safety device and drop it into a sharps container at once

为什么是这个答案

Used needles are never recapped with two hands, bent or left lying around. The safety feature is activated straight away and the needle goes into a puncture-resistant sharps container at the point of use.

答案

C · Activate the safety device and drop it into a sharps container at once
4.感染控制与患者安全

答案: A · 与开医嘱者澄清这一不一致

为什么是这个答案

居家用药与住院医嘱之间无法解释的差异,可能是遗漏,也可能是有意更改。护士应询问开医嘱者,使决定明确并有记录。无意中遗漏抗凝药可能导致血栓。

答案

A · 与开医嘱者澄清这一不一致
5.实验室检查值与电解质

答案: D · To avoid diluting the sample with flush or infusion fluid

为什么是这个答案

Central lines contain flush solution or infused fluids, which can dilute the sample or add glucose, heparin or electrolytes. Infusions are paused and an initial volume is discarded (or reinfused per policy) before the sample is drawn; then the line is flushed.

答案

D · To avoid diluting the sample with flush or infusion fluid
6.实验室检查值与电解质

答案: A · Acute pyelonephritis

为什么是这个答案

White cell casts show that the inflammation is in the kidney itself, not just the bladder. With fever and flank pain this indicates pyelonephritis. Glomerulonephritis typically causes red cell casts, and nephrotic syndrome causes heavy protein loss.

答案

A · Acute pyelonephritis
7.临床护理

答案: C · 把呼叫铃和个人物品放在伸手可及处,并复核引起嗜睡的药物

为什么是这个答案

预防跌倒包括评估危险因素、复核镇静类药物、提供眼镜、合适的鞋和助行器、把必需品放在伸手可及处以及协助如厕。

答案

C · 把呼叫铃和个人物品放在伸手可及处,并复核引起嗜睡的药物
8.临床护理

答案: D · 脂肪栓塞综合征

为什么是这个答案

脂肪栓塞通常在长骨或骨盆骨折后 24–72 小时出现,表现为呼吸窘迫、神经系统改变和瘀点状皮疹三联征。

答案

D · 脂肪栓塞综合征
9.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

答案: C · Muscle weakness, cramps and an irregular pulse

为什么是这个答案

The adult reference range is about 3.5–5.0 mmol/L, so 3.0 mmol/L is low. Hypokalaemia causes weakness, cramps, constipation and arrhythmias, with flattened T waves and U waves on the ECG. Tingling lips and hand spasm suggest low calcium.

答案

C · Muscle weakness, cramps and an irregular pulse
10.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

答案: D · Record a 12-lead ECG, call senior help and anticipate an antiarrhythmic

为什么是这个答案

A broad-complex tachycardia is treated as ventricular tachycardia until proven otherwise. With a pulse and no adverse features (shock, syncope, chest pain or heart failure), a 12-lead ECG, electrolyte correction and drug treatment such as amiodarone are used, with expert help. Unstable patients need synchronised cardioversion; pulseless VT is defibrillated.

答案

D · Record a 12-lead ECG, call senior help and anticipate an antiarrhythmic
11.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

答案: C · Beta-blockers can mask the tremor and racing heart of a hypo

为什么是这个答案

Beta-blockers blunt adrenergic warning symptoms such as palpitations and tremor. Sweating is often preserved. Patients should check their glucose when they feel unwell, rather than relying on symptoms alone.

答案

C · Beta-blockers can mask the tremor and racing heart of a hypo
12.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

答案: B · Renal vein thrombosis

为什么是这个答案

Loss of anticoagulant proteins in nephrotic syndrome raises the risk of thrombosis, including in the renal vein. This can cause loin pain, haematuria and worse kidney function. Imaging and anticoagulation are needed.

答案

B · Renal vein thrombosis
13.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

答案: A · Below 0.5 × 109/L

为什么是这个答案

A neutrophil count below 0.5 × 109/L (500/mm³) is severe neutropenia, with a high risk of life-threatening infection. Fever in this setting is treated as neutropenic sepsis.

答案

A · Below 0.5 × 109/L
14.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

答案: B · 复苏不足;通常需要加快补液速度

为什么是这个答案

成人通常的目标是约 0.5 mL/kg/h(此例为 40 mL/h)。15 mL/h 的尿量提示肾灌注不足,检查导尿管后按医嘱加快补液速度。过多的液体同样有害,会引起水肿和骨筋膜室综合征,因此公式只是起点。

答案

B · 复苏不足;通常需要加快补液速度

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