优先排序与委派
方法
- 问自己:如果什么都不做,什么会最快伤害患者。
- 应用 ABC(心脏骤停时为 C-A-B),然后是 Maslow 需求层次:生理需要先于安全,安全先于心理需要。
- 比较各选项:急性先于慢性,不稳定先于稳定,意外先于预期,全身性先于局部,并将每项发现与患者的基线对照。
- 除非是紧急情况,否则先评估再行动;然后选择其他步骤所依赖的那一步。
- 委派时核对五项正确:任务、情境、人员、指示和监督。评估、宣教和评价仍由注册护士负责。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 14 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
一名护士要求护理助理使用机械升降机。助理说他们从未接受过使用它的培训。如果护士坚持,将违反委派的哪项正确原则?
After a head injury, a patient passes large amounts of very dilute urine, is thirsty and has a rising serum sodium. Which condition is most likely?
下列哪种脱手套的方法是正确的?
A nurse teaches parents about firearm safety at home. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
哪种心电图改变与低钙血症有关?
A patient with SIADH is on fluid restriction. Which task can the RN delegate to unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP), such as a nursing or healthcare assistant?
一名肝硬化患者出现意识混乱、嗜睡,双手有扑翼样震颤。可能发生了哪种并发症?
Soon after starting chemotherapy for a high-grade lymphoma, a patient has rising potassium, phosphate and uric acid with falling urine output. What is the most likely cause?
一名哮喘患者每周使用缓解型吸入器超过三次。这提示什么?
A patient with COPD who is known to retain CO₂ arrives on 15 L/min oxygen. They are now drowsy with SpO₂ 99%. What is the most appropriate action?
Why is levodopa combined with carbidopa (or benserazide)?
Which task for a patient with a urinary catheter can the nurse delegate to a healthcare assistant (nursing assistant)?
During the first infusion of a monoclonal antibody such as rituximab, which problem is most important to watch for?
重症急性胰腺炎第 2 天,一名患者呼吸困难,SpO₂ 88%,胸部 X 线显示双肺浸润影。最可能的并发症是什么?
答案: D · 正确的人员
正确的人员是指被委派者接受过该任务的培训并有能力完成。使用升降机通常是可委派的任务,但不能委派给没有接受过培训的人。护士应安排培训或在协助下自己完成任务。
答案: B · Diabetes insipidus
Damage to the pituitary or hypothalamus can stop the release of antidiuretic hormone, causing diabetes insipidus. The patient loses water, so urine is dilute and sodium rises; SIADH causes the opposite.
答案: B · 先捏住第一只手套的外面将其剥下,再把裸露的手指伸到第二只手套的袖口下
手套外面是被污染的,所以只能接触另一只手套;裸手只能接触第二只手套的内面。随后进行手卫生。手套绝不能清洗后再次使用。
答案: B · “We keep the gun loaded in the nightstand, and the children know not to touch it.”
Firearms in homes with children should be stored unloaded and locked, with ammunition stored separately and locked. Telling children not to touch a gun does not reliably prevent injuries.
答案: C · QT 间期延长
低钙使 QT 间期延长,可导致危险的心律失常。高钙使 QT 间期缩短,T 波高尖则是高钾血症的典型表现。
答案: A · Measuring and recording intake and output
UAP can measure and record intake and output and weigh the patient, then report the values to the RN. Assessing mental status, teaching and making decisions about laboratory monitoring need nursing judgment and remain with the RN.
答案: B · 肝性脑病
肝性脑病引起意识混乱和扑翼样震颤。常用乳果糖减少氨的吸收,并治疗感染或出血等诱因。
答案: B · Tumour lysis syndrome
Rapid tumour cell death releases potassium, phosphate and nucleic acids (forming uric acid), which can cause AKI and arrhythmias. Prevention includes IV hydration and drugs to lower uric acid.
答案: A · 哮喘控制不佳,治疗需要复核
经常需要缓解药、夜间因症状醒来或活动受限,说明哮喘控制不佳。应检查吸入技术、依从性和诱因,并升级规律使用的预防治疗。
答案: D · Reduce the oxygen to aim for 88–92% and get a blood gas
In patients at risk of hypercapnic respiratory failure, excess oxygen can raise PaCO₂ and cause drowsiness and acidosis. Oxygen is stepped down to a target of 88–92% (for example via a Venturi mask), not stopped abruptly, which could cause dangerous hypoxaemia. An arterial blood gas guides further treatment, which may include NIV.
答案: D · To stop levodopa being converted to dopamine outside the brain
Carbidopa blocks the enzyme that converts levodopa to dopamine in the periphery. More levodopa reaches the brain, so a lower dose works, and side effects such as nausea and low blood pressure are reduced.
答案: A · Emptying the drainage bag and recording the volume
Emptying and recording urine volume is routine and can be delegated to trained staff. Decisions about removal, assessment of a possible blockage and first-time teaching need the registered nurse.
答案: D · An infusion reaction, such as fever, rigors or breathlessness
Infusion-related reactions are most common with the first dose. Premedication, a slow starting rate, close monitoring and readiness to stop the infusion and treat anaphylaxis are standard.
答案: A · 急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)
重症胰腺炎引发全身炎症反应,可导致 ARDS、AKI 和休克。低氧血症伴双肺浸润影是典型表现。需要上报重症监护以获得呼吸支持。
本内容为独立练习材料。ExamProblems 与该考试的主办机构没有隶属关系,也未获其认可,考试名称仅用于描述内容。 NCLEX®, NCLEX-RN® and NCLEX-PN® 是 the National Council of State Boards of Nursing, Inc. (NCSBN) 的商标,该机构与 ExamProblems 无关,不为其背书,也不保证其准确性。
ExamProblems · examproblems.com/courses/nclex-style-prioritization-and-delegation